It is commonly believed that most European clocks that reached China before the nineteenth century were sent to the emperor as diplomatic presents from European rulers,or were given to Chinese officials by European me...It is commonly believed that most European clocks that reached China before the nineteenth century were sent to the emperor as diplomatic presents from European rulers,or were given to Chinese officials by European merchants in attempts to improve trading conditions.Although such presents had been given in earlier times,British records show that,by the eighteenth century when the export of clocks to China reached its height,most clocks,including the finest,reached China as private trade goods.Once in Canton(Guangzhou),the best clocks were bought by local Chinese officials for inclusion in their annual tribute to the emperor and senior members of the government in Beijing,where many of these clocks survive in the former imperial collection.展开更多
In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,Marx explores historical tradition and ideology in the context of the turbulent political landscape of 19th-century France.He provides a detailed analysis of how these ele...In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,Marx explores historical tradition and ideology in the context of the turbulent political landscape of 19th-century France.He provides a detailed analysis of how these elements shaped the mentality of the peasant class and facilitated Louis Bonaparte's coup d'état.At the same time,Marx reveals how the bourgeoisie,through historical imitation,deceived themselves and others to preserve their own interests.The illusory effect of historical tradition and ideology reflects the inheritability of ideology,indicating the need to establish a proletarian ideology to break the negative influences brought about by backward ideas.展开更多
This study presents a scheme for delimiting the meiyu period in the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) region. This scheme was applied to the Clear and Rain Records of Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to reconstruct the 1723-1800...This study presents a scheme for delimiting the meiyu period in the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) region. This scheme was applied to the Clear and Rain Records of Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to reconstruct the 1723-1800 meiyu climate series. The beginning and ending dates, length, precipitation, and the intensity grades of meiyu were determined. The years of early, heavy, light, and empty meiyu were also given. Statistical analyses of the 18th century meiyu series indicate the existence of the quasi-periodicities of 2-3, 4-5, and 9 years. Many basic characteristics of the modern meiyu also existed in the 18th century. Some characteristics of the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High in the 18th century in typical meiyu years were inferred from the historical meiyu series.展开更多
In this study the Qing weather records 'Clear and Rain Records' were used to reconstruct the 18th century summer (June-August) precipitation and monthly precipitation series of May, June, July, and August. The...In this study the Qing weather records 'Clear and Rain Records' were used to reconstruct the 18th century summer (June-August) precipitation and monthly precipitation series of May, June, July, and August. The nature of these records and the techniquc of transforming them into numerical codes are described. The procedure of converting these descriptive records into quantitative monthly precipitation and its scientific basis are given in detail. The reliability of the obtaind precipitation series is also ex- amined.展开更多
文摘It is commonly believed that most European clocks that reached China before the nineteenth century were sent to the emperor as diplomatic presents from European rulers,or were given to Chinese officials by European merchants in attempts to improve trading conditions.Although such presents had been given in earlier times,British records show that,by the eighteenth century when the export of clocks to China reached its height,most clocks,including the finest,reached China as private trade goods.Once in Canton(Guangzhou),the best clocks were bought by local Chinese officials for inclusion in their annual tribute to the emperor and senior members of the government in Beijing,where many of these clocks survive in the former imperial collection.
文摘In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,Marx explores historical tradition and ideology in the context of the turbulent political landscape of 19th-century France.He provides a detailed analysis of how these elements shaped the mentality of the peasant class and facilitated Louis Bonaparte's coup d'état.At the same time,Marx reveals how the bourgeoisie,through historical imitation,deceived themselves and others to preserve their own interests.The illusory effect of historical tradition and ideology reflects the inheritability of ideology,indicating the need to establish a proletarian ideology to break the negative influences brought about by backward ideas.
基金This work was performed under the partial support of the U.S. National Science Foundation grant ATM-8511905. It is part of U.S.-PRC cooperative research project on historical climate. The latter part of this study was also partially supported by Xi'an Lo
文摘This study presents a scheme for delimiting the meiyu period in the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) region. This scheme was applied to the Clear and Rain Records of Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to reconstruct the 1723-1800 meiyu climate series. The beginning and ending dates, length, precipitation, and the intensity grades of meiyu were determined. The years of early, heavy, light, and empty meiyu were also given. Statistical analyses of the 18th century meiyu series indicate the existence of the quasi-periodicities of 2-3, 4-5, and 9 years. Many basic characteristics of the modern meiyu also existed in the 18th century. Some characteristics of the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High in the 18th century in typical meiyu years were inferred from the historical meiyu series.
基金supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Climate Dynamics Section Grant ATM-8511905.
文摘In this study the Qing weather records 'Clear and Rain Records' were used to reconstruct the 18th century summer (June-August) precipitation and monthly precipitation series of May, June, July, and August. The nature of these records and the techniquc of transforming them into numerical codes are described. The procedure of converting these descriptive records into quantitative monthly precipitation and its scientific basis are given in detail. The reliability of the obtaind precipitation series is also ex- amined.
