This paper introduces the method of note-taking based on the Gile's Effort Models,exploring how tokeep the balance of memory and note-aking in consecutive interpreting.The paper also analyses some examples tofind ...This paper introduces the method of note-taking based on the Gile's Effort Models,exploring how tokeep the balance of memory and note-aking in consecutive interpreting.The paper also analyses some examples tofind an effective way to balance the memory and note-taking in consecutive interpreting,so as to help interpreters tobetter convey the meaning of speakers accurately and quickly with the help of interpreting notes,thereby improvingthe quality of interpreting.展开更多
Testing-effort（TE） and imperfect debugging（ID） in the reliability modeling process may further improve the fitting and prediction results of software reliability growth models（SRGMs）. For describing the S-shaped...Testing-effort（TE） and imperfect debugging（ID） in the reliability modeling process may further improve the fitting and prediction results of software reliability growth models（SRGMs）. For describing the S-shaped varying trend of TE increasing rate more accurately, first, two S-shaped testing-effort functions（TEFs）, i.e.,delayed S-shaped TEF（DS-TEF） and inflected S-shaped TEF（IS-TEF）, are proposed. Then these two TEFs are incorporated into various types（exponential-type, delayed S-shaped and inflected S-shaped） of non-homogeneous Poisson process（NHPP）SRGMs with two forms of ID respectively for obtaining a series of new NHPP SRGMs which consider S-shaped TEFs as well as ID. Finally these new SRGMs and several comparison NHPP SRGMs are applied into four real failure data-sets respectively for investigating the fitting and prediction power of these new SRGMs.The experimental results show that：（i） the proposed IS-TEF is more suitable and flexible for describing the consumption of TE than the previous TEFs;（ii） incorporating TEFs into the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM may be more effective and appropriate compared with the exponential-type and the delayed S-shaped NHPP SRGMs;（iii） the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM considering both IS-TEF and ID yields the most accurate fitting and prediction results than the other comparison NHPP SRGMs.展开更多
This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it...This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.展开更多
We propose a software reliability growth model with testing-effort based on a continuous-state space stochastic process, such as a lognormal process, and conduct its goodness-of-fit evaluation. We also discuss a param...We propose a software reliability growth model with testing-effort based on a continuous-state space stochastic process, such as a lognormal process, and conduct its goodness-of-fit evaluation. We also discuss a parameter estimation method of our model. Then, we derive several software reliability assessment measures by the probability distribution of its solution process, and compare our model with existing continuous-state space software reliability growth models in terms of the mean square error and the Akaike’s information criterion by using actual fault count data.展开更多
Under the guidance of Daniel Gile's Effort Model, the paper makes an illustration of unbalanced effort distribution in the first phase of E-C consecutive interpretation through case studies, which are based on fie...Under the guidance of Daniel Gile's Effort Model, the paper makes an illustration of unbalanced effort distribution in the first phase of E-C consecutive interpretation through case studies, which are based on field interpretation practices. The paper explores the causes of improper effort distribution from three perspectives, namely knowledge of the language, extra-linguistic knowledge, and note-taking method. Then it renders several strategies to address improper effort distribution problems, aiming to offer some inspirations for the future field practice.展开更多
The software stage-effort estimation can be used to dynamically adjust software project schedule, further to help make the project finished on budget. This paper presents a grey model Verhulst based method for stage-e...The software stage-effort estimation can be used to dynamically adjust software project schedule, further to help make the project finished on budget. This paper presents a grey model Verhulst based method for stage-effort estimation during software development process, a bias correction technology was used to improve the estimation accuracy. The proposed method was evaluated with a large-scale industrial software engineering database. The results are very encouraging and indicate the method has considerable potential.展开更多
网络直播广告作为一种新型营销方式快速发展,优化直播广告运营主体努力水平及定价策略是一项值得深入研究的课题。本文基于广告投放效果的两种定价模式,构建了包含两个广告商和一个主播的网络直播广告定价决策模型,探索广告商与主播的...网络直播广告作为一种新型营销方式快速发展,优化直播广告运营主体努力水平及定价策略是一项值得深入研究的课题。本文基于广告投放效果的两种定价模式,构建了包含两个广告商和一个主播的网络直播广告定价决策模型,探索广告商与主播的最优努力水平选择及广告定价策略。研究发现:CPW(cost per watch)定价模式下,广告商承担了消费者是否购买的不确定性风险,当消费者敏感性系数偏低时,广告商会提交较低的出价,且B/D两类广告商赢得竞拍的概率相等;对比CPW模式,在CPA(cost per action)定价模式下广告商的努力水平更低,且CPA定价模式中B型(品牌型)广告商赢得竞拍的概率更大,但赢得竞拍的广告商边际利润往往较低;与广告商相反,主播在CPA定价模式下的收益大于CPW,且随消费者敏感性系数的增加,两种定价模式下的收益差逐渐增大;CPW定价模式下预期观看直播的用户量和购买率均高于CPA,网络直播市场倾向于从CPW广告定价合同中获得较大收益。展开更多
Testing-time when a change of a stochastic characteristic of the software failure-occurrence time or software failure-occurrence time-interval is observed is called change-point. It is said that effect of the change-p...Testing-time when a change of a stochastic characteristic of the software failure-occurrence time or software failure-occurrence time-interval is observed is called change-point. It is said that effect of the change-point on the software reliability growth process influences on accuracy for software reliability assessment based on a software reliability growth model (SRGM). We propose an SRGM with the effect of the change-point based on a bivariate SRGM, in which the software reliability growth process is assumed to depend on the testing-time and testing-effort factors simultaneously, for accurate software reliability assessment. And we discuss an optimal software release problem for deriving optimal testing-effort expenditures based on our model. Further, we show numerical examples of software reliability assessment based on our bivariate SRGM and estimation of optimal testing-effort expenditures by using actual data.展开更多
In software industry the major problem encountered during project scheduling is in deciding what proportion of the resources has allocated to the testing phase. In general it has been observed that about 40%-50% of th...In software industry the major problem encountered during project scheduling is in deciding what proportion of the resources has allocated to the testing phase. In general it has been observed that about 40%-50% of the resources need to be allocated to the testing phase. However it is very difficult to predict the exact amount of effort required to be allocated to testing phase. As a result the project planning goes haywire. The project which has not been tested sufficiently can cause huge losses to the organization. This research paper focuses on finding a method which gives a measure of the effort to be spent on the testing phase. This paper provides effort estimates during pre-coding and post-coding phases using neural network to predict more accurately.展开更多
文摘This paper introduces the method of note-taking based on the Gile's Effort Models,exploring how tokeep the balance of memory and note-aking in consecutive interpreting.The paper also analyses some examples tofind an effective way to balance the memory and note-taking in consecutive interpreting,so as to help interpreters tobetter convey the meaning of speakers accurately and quickly with the help of interpreting notes,thereby improvingthe quality of interpreting.
基金supported by the Pre-research Foundation of CPLA General Equipment Department
文摘Testing-effort（TE） and imperfect debugging（ID） in the reliability modeling process may further improve the fitting and prediction results of software reliability growth models（SRGMs）. For describing the S-shaped varying trend of TE increasing rate more accurately, first, two S-shaped testing-effort functions（TEFs）, i.e.,delayed S-shaped TEF（DS-TEF） and inflected S-shaped TEF（IS-TEF）, are proposed. Then these two TEFs are incorporated into various types（exponential-type, delayed S-shaped and inflected S-shaped） of non-homogeneous Poisson process（NHPP）SRGMs with two forms of ID respectively for obtaining a series of new NHPP SRGMs which consider S-shaped TEFs as well as ID. Finally these new SRGMs and several comparison NHPP SRGMs are applied into four real failure data-sets respectively for investigating the fitting and prediction power of these new SRGMs.The experimental results show that：（i） the proposed IS-TEF is more suitable and flexible for describing the consumption of TE than the previous TEFs;（ii） incorporating TEFs into the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM may be more effective and appropriate compared with the exponential-type and the delayed S-shaped NHPP SRGMs;（iii） the inflected S-shaped NHPP SRGM considering both IS-TEF and ID yields the most accurate fitting and prediction results than the other comparison NHPP SRGMs.
文摘This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.
文摘We propose a software reliability growth model with testing-effort based on a continuous-state space stochastic process, such as a lognormal process, and conduct its goodness-of-fit evaluation. We also discuss a parameter estimation method of our model. Then, we derive several software reliability assessment measures by the probability distribution of its solution process, and compare our model with existing continuous-state space software reliability growth models in terms of the mean square error and the Akaike’s information criterion by using actual fault count data.
文摘Under the guidance of Daniel Gile's Effort Model, the paper makes an illustration of unbalanced effort distribution in the first phase of E-C consecutive interpretation through case studies, which are based on field interpretation practices. The paper explores the causes of improper effort distribution from three perspectives, namely knowledge of the language, extra-linguistic knowledge, and note-taking method. Then it renders several strategies to address improper effort distribution problems, aiming to offer some inspirations for the future field practice.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60673124)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(2006AA01Z183).
文摘The software stage-effort estimation can be used to dynamically adjust software project schedule, further to help make the project finished on budget. This paper presents a grey model Verhulst based method for stage-effort estimation during software development process, a bias correction technology was used to improve the estimation accuracy. The proposed method was evaluated with a large-scale industrial software engineering database. The results are very encouraging and indicate the method has considerable potential.
文摘网络直播广告作为一种新型营销方式快速发展,优化直播广告运营主体努力水平及定价策略是一项值得深入研究的课题。本文基于广告投放效果的两种定价模式,构建了包含两个广告商和一个主播的网络直播广告定价决策模型,探索广告商与主播的最优努力水平选择及广告定价策略。研究发现:CPW(cost per watch)定价模式下,广告商承担了消费者是否购买的不确定性风险,当消费者敏感性系数偏低时,广告商会提交较低的出价,且B/D两类广告商赢得竞拍的概率相等;对比CPW模式,在CPA(cost per action)定价模式下广告商的努力水平更低,且CPA定价模式中B型(品牌型)广告商赢得竞拍的概率更大,但赢得竞拍的广告商边际利润往往较低;与广告商相反,主播在CPA定价模式下的收益大于CPW,且随消费者敏感性系数的增加,两种定价模式下的收益差逐渐增大;CPW定价模式下预期观看直播的用户量和购买率均高于CPA,网络直播市场倾向于从CPW广告定价合同中获得较大收益。
文摘Testing-time when a change of a stochastic characteristic of the software failure-occurrence time or software failure-occurrence time-interval is observed is called change-point. It is said that effect of the change-point on the software reliability growth process influences on accuracy for software reliability assessment based on a software reliability growth model (SRGM). We propose an SRGM with the effect of the change-point based on a bivariate SRGM, in which the software reliability growth process is assumed to depend on the testing-time and testing-effort factors simultaneously, for accurate software reliability assessment. And we discuss an optimal software release problem for deriving optimal testing-effort expenditures based on our model. Further, we show numerical examples of software reliability assessment based on our bivariate SRGM and estimation of optimal testing-effort expenditures by using actual data.
文摘In software industry the major problem encountered during project scheduling is in deciding what proportion of the resources has allocated to the testing phase. In general it has been observed that about 40%-50% of the resources need to be allocated to the testing phase. However it is very difficult to predict the exact amount of effort required to be allocated to testing phase. As a result the project planning goes haywire. The project which has not been tested sufficiently can cause huge losses to the organization. This research paper focuses on finding a method which gives a measure of the effort to be spent on the testing phase. This paper provides effort estimates during pre-coding and post-coding phases using neural network to predict more accurately.
