Terahertz biotechnology has been increasingly applied in various biomedical fields and has especially shown great potential for application in brain sciences.In this article,we review the development of terahertz biot...Terahertz biotechnology has been increasingly applied in various biomedical fields and has especially shown great potential for application in brain sciences.In this article,we review the development of terahertz biotechnology and its applications in the field of neuropsychiatry.Available evidence indicates promising prospects for the use of terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging techniques in the diagnosis of amyloid disease,cerebrovascular disease,glioma,psychiatric disease,traumatic brain injury,and myelin deficit.In vitro and animal experiments have also demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of terahertz technology in some neuropsychiatric diseases.Although the precise underlying mechanism of the interactions between terahertz electromagnetic waves and the biosystem is not yet fully understood,the research progress in this field shows great potential for biomedical noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications.However,the biosafety of terahertz radiation requires further exploration regarding its two-sided efficacy in practical applications.This review demonstrates that terahertz biotechnology has the potential to be a promising method in the field of neuropsychiatry based on its unique advantages.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent bioc...Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.展开更多
Bay-site carboxyl functionalized perylene diimide derivative 1,7-COOH-PDI-C_(12)(PDI-COOH)was synthesized and distinct enhanced fluorescence was observed through combining with calcium ion(Ca^(2+))in THF/H_(2)O soluti...Bay-site carboxyl functionalized perylene diimide derivative 1,7-COOH-PDI-C_(12)(PDI-COOH)was synthesized and distinct enhanced fluorescence was observed through combining with calcium ion(Ca^(2+))in THF/H_(2)O solution.The assembly and fluorescence behavior of PDI-COOH/Ca^(2+)were studied in detail by changing hydration state with different concentrations.Based on the differences in assembly morphology and stoichiometric ratios of PDICOOH/Ca^(2+),we proposed the fluorescence emission mechanism of PDI-COOH/Ca^(2+)in THF/H_(2)O and THF,respectively.This work reveals a novel strategy of aggregated state fluorescence enhancement and reminds us of the important role of water in molecular fluorescence emission and assembly.展开更多
The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alka...The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.展开更多
In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence ...In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence regarding patient care by recording the change in outcomes for a particular treatment to a given condition and finally to understand whether a patient will benefit from a particular treatment and to quantify the treatment effect.For any PROM to be usable in health care,we need it to be reliable,encapsulating the points of interest with the potential to detect any real change.Using structured outcome measures routinely in clinical practice helps the physician to understand the functional limitation of a patient that would otherwise not be clear in an office interview,and this allows the physician and patient to have a meaningful conver-sation as well as a customized plan for each patient.Having mentioned the rationale and the benefits of PROMs,understanding the quantification process is crucial before embarking on management decisions.A better interpretation of change needs to identify the treatment effect based on clinical relevance for a given condition.There are a multiple set of measurement indices to serve this effect and most of them are used interchangeably without clear demarcation on their differences.This article details the various quantification metrics used to evaluate the treatment effect using PROMs,their limitations and the scope of usage and implementation in clinical practice.展开更多
Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the c...Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the challenges of the iodine cathode and metal anode,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),sluggish kinetics,shuttle effect of polyiodine ion at the cathode and dendrite formation,corrosion and passivation at the anode.This review summarizes recent developments in metaliodine batteries,including zinc-iodine batteries,lithiumiodine batteries,sodium-iodine batteries,etc.The challenges in the cathode,anode,electrolyte and separator of metal-iodine batteries are discussed,along with the corresponding design and synthesis strategies and specific methods to improve the electrochemical performance.Selecting appropriate cathode hosts,constructing surface protective layers,adding anode additives,making threedimensional anode designs and employing better electrolytes and functional separators to obstruct the production and shuttling of polyiodine ions are highlighted.Finally,future guidelines and directions for the development of metal-iodine batteries are proposed.展开更多
1.Introduction.Ni-Mn-X(X=Ga,In,Sn,or Sb)Heusler alloys have versatile properties[1-4],such as shape memory effect[1],superelastic-ity[5],magnetocaloric effect[3],elastocaloric effect[6],and even multicaloric effect[7]...1.Introduction.Ni-Mn-X(X=Ga,In,Sn,or Sb)Heusler alloys have versatile properties[1-4],such as shape memory effect[1],superelastic-ity[5],magnetocaloric effect[3],elastocaloric effect[6],and even multicaloric effect[7],that indicate their potential for use in actu-ators,sensors,micropumps,energy harvesters,and solid-state re-frigeration[8-10].Among the alloys,Ni-Mn-Sn-based alloys are environment-friendly and cost-effective[6,7,11],and hence,they have received widespread attention.展开更多
Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field ...Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field surveys,and loss evaluations.The paper focuses on the intensity distribution and structural damage characteristics of the 2025 M7.9 Myanmar earthquake,yielding the following key findings.(1)The seismogenic fault rupture propagated in a nearly N-S direction,with a surface rupture length of approximately 450 km.The seismic impact zone exhibited an elongated N-S distribution and a shorter E-W span,distributed like a belt around the seismogenic fault.(2)Within the seismic impact zones,existing buildings comprised five primary structural types,with timber(bamboo)structures constituting the largest proportion(≈80%in rural areas,≈50%in urban areas).The relatively low disaster losses and casualties were primarily attributable to the good seismic performance and low damage ratio of timber(bamboo)structures across varying intensity zones.(3)An anomalous zone of intensityⅨwas located at the boundary between intensityⅥandⅦregions in Nay Pyi Taw.Here,ridge topography combined with soft soil layers significantly amplified ground motion,exacerbating structural damage.(4)Directional effects of ground motion were observed,with the structural damage phenomena and peak ground acceleration(PGA)values in the N-S direction exceeding those in the E-W direction.This validates that the maximum PGA distribution of strike-slip fault earthquakes aligns with the fault strike.The research is expected to provide technical support for post-disaster reconstruction planning,site selection,and disaster mitigation strategies in Myanmar.展开更多
The flexoelectric effect refers to the electromechanical coupling between electric polarization and mechanical strain gradient.It universally exists in a variety of materials in any space group,such as liquid crystals...The flexoelectric effect refers to the electromechanical coupling between electric polarization and mechanical strain gradient.It universally exists in a variety of materials in any space group,such as liquid crystals,dielectrics,biological materials,and semiconductors.Because of its unique size effect,nanoscale flexoelectricity has shown novel phenomena and promising applications in electronics,optronics,mechatronics,and photovoltaics.In this review,we provide a succinct report on the discovery and development of the flexoelectric effect,focusing on flexoelectric materials and related applications.Finally,we discuss recent flexoelectric research progress and still‐unsolved problems.展开更多
Theoretically,copper–niobium(Cu-Nb)composite superconducting cavities have excellent potential for high thermal and mechanical stability.They can appropriately exploit the high-gradient surface processing recipes dev...Theoretically,copper–niobium(Cu-Nb)composite superconducting cavities have excellent potential for high thermal and mechanical stability.They can appropriately exploit the high-gradient surface processing recipes developed for the bulk niobium(Nb)cavity and the thick copper(Cu)layer’s high thermal conductivity and rigidity,thereby enhancing the operational stability of the bulk Nb cavities.This study conducted a global review of the technical approaches employed for fabricating Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities.We explored Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities based on two technologies at the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMP,CAS),including their manufacturing processes,radio-frequency(RF)characteristics,and mechanical performance.These cavities exhibit robust mechanical stability.First,the investigation of several 1.3 GHz single-cell elliptical cavities using the Cu-Nb composite sheets indicated that the wavy structure at the Cu-Nb interface influenced the reliable welding of the Cu-Nb composite parts.We observed the generation and trapping of magnetic flux density during the T_c crossing of Nb in cooldown process.The cooling rates during the T_c crossing of Nb exerted a substantial impact on the performance of the cavities.Furthermore,we measured and analyzed the surface resistance R_(s)attributed to the trapped magnetic flux induced by the Seebeck effect after quenching events.Second,for the first time,a low-beta bulk Nb cavity was plated with Cu on its outer surface using electroplating technology.We achieved a high peak electric field E_(pk)of~88.8 MV/m at 2 K and the unloaded quality factor Q_(0)at the E_(pk)of 88.8 MV/m exceeded 1×10^(10).This demonstrated that the electroplating Cu on the bulk Nb cavity is a practical method of developing the Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavity with superior thermal stability.The results presented here provide valuable insights for applying Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities in superconducting accelerators with stringent operational stability requirements.展开更多
Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P...Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.展开更多
Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest managemen...Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.展开更多
Liver cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related deaths and the primary cause of death in patients with compensated cirrhosis.In recent years,the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cancer...Liver cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related deaths and the primary cause of death in patients with compensated cirrhosis.In recent years,the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cancer has attracted more and more attention and recognition.Luteolin(LUT)and glycyrrhetinic(GA)are natural compounds extracted from Chinese herbal medicine.LUT exhibits various biological activity including anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,antiviral,anti-tumor,and neuroprotective effects.GA significantly inhibits the growth and metastasis of cancer cells.However,the low water solubility of both compounds hinders their clinical applications.In this study,rod-shaped nanoparticles(NPs)self-assembled from LUT and GA were designed to enhance drug solubility and tumor-targeting capability.We verified that the assembly mechanism of the NPs was π-π stacking.These NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cells while had no significant effect on normal liver cells.In a mouse model of liver cancer,these NPs demonstrated superior tumor-targeting ability due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect,and the affinity of GA for liver cancer cells,resulting in better therapeutic efficacy with lower systemic toxicity.Results of network pharmacology analysis showed that LUT and GA respectively targeted estrogen receptor 1(ESR1)protein and cyclin-dependent kinase 1(CDK1)protein to corporately induce tumor cell cycle arrest,which induced the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.In conclusion,this study provides a novel reference for the treatment of liver cancer.展开更多
The high-efficiency conversion of biomass resources to biofuels has attracted widespread attention, and the active sites and synergistic effect of catalysts significantly impact their surface arrangement and electroni...The high-efficiency conversion of biomass resources to biofuels has attracted widespread attention, and the active sites and synergistic effect of catalysts significantly impact their surface arrangement and electronic structure. Here, a nickel-based transition metal carbide catalyst(Ni/TMC) with high Lewis acidity was prepared by self-assembly of transition metal carbide(TMC) and nickel, which exhibited excellent performance on synergistic hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) into liquid biofuel 2,5-dimethylfuran(DMF).Notably, Ni/WC with the highest Lewis acidity(4728.3 μmol g^(-1)) can achieve 100% conversion of HMF to 97.6% yield of DMF, with a turnover frequency of up to 46.5 h^(-1). The characterization results demonstrate that the rich Lewis acid sites yielded by the synergistic effect between Ni species and TMC are beneficial for the C=O hydrogenation and C–O cleavage, thereby accelerating the process of hydrodeoxygenation(HDO). Besides, a kinetic model for the HDO of HMF to DMF process has been established based on the experimental results, which elucidated a significant correlation between the measured and the predicted data(R^(2)> 0.97). Corresponding to the adsorption configuration of Ni/WC and substrate determined by in-situ FTIR characterization, this study provides a novel insight into the selective conversion of HMF process for functional biofuel and bio-chemicals.展开更多
Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic ...Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic behavior in the reaction mixture.We investigated the catalytic destruction of multi-component VOCs including dichloromethane(DCM)and ethyl acetate(EA),as representatives from pharmaceutical waste gases,over co-supported HxPO_(4)-RuOx/CeO_(2) catalyst.A mutual inhibitory effect relating to concentrations because of competitive adsorption was verified in the binary VOCs oxidation and EA posed a more negative effect on DCM oxidation owing to EA’s superior adsorption capacity.Preferential adsorption of EA on acidic sites(HxPO_(4)/CeO_(2))promoted DCM activation on basic sites(O^(2−))and the dominating EA oxidation blocked DCM’s access to oxidation centers(RuOx/CeO_(2)),resulting in boosted monochloromethane yield and increased chlorine deposition for DCM oxidation.The impaired redox ability of Ru species owing to chlorine deposition in turn jeopardized deep oxidation of EA and its by-products,leading to increased gaseous by-products such as acetic acid originating fromEA pyrolysis.Notably,DCM at low concentration slightly promoted EA conversion at low temperatures with or without water,consistent with the enhanced EA adsorption in co-adsorption analyses.This was mainly due to that DCM impeded the shielding effect of hydrolysate deposition from rapid EA hydrolysis depending on the decreased acidity.Moreover,water benefited EA hydrolysis but decreased CO_(2) selectivity while the generated water derived from EA was likely to affect DCM transformation.This work may provide theoretical guidance for the promotion of applied catalysts toward industrial applications.展开更多
Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effect...Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effective indicators of ecological change.While previous studies have primarily focused on local community structures and species diversity during a specific season,there is a need to extend the research timeframe and explore broader spatial variations.Additionally,expanding from simple species diversity indices to more multidimensional diversity indices would provide a more comprehensive understanding of wetland health and resilience.To address these gaps,we investigated the effects of wetland degradation on bird diversity across taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional dimensions in the Zoige Wetland,a plateau meadow wetland biodiversity hotspot.Surveys were conducted during both breeding(summer)and overwintering(winter)seasons across 20 transects in 5 sampling areas,representing 4 degradation levels(pristine,low,medium,and high).Our study recorded a total of 106 bird species from 32 families and 14 orders,revealing distinct seasonal patterns in bird community composition and diversity.Biodiversity indices were significantly higher in pristine and low-degraded wetlands,particularly benefiting waterfowl(Anseriformes,Ciconiiformes)and wading birds(Charadriiformes)in winter,when these areas provided superior food resources and habitat conditions.In contrast,medium and highly degraded wetlands supported increased numbers of terrestrial birds(Passeriformes)and raptors(Accipitriformes,Falconiformes).Seasonal differences in taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity indices highlighted the contrasting ecological roles of wetlands during breeding and overwintering periods.Furthermore,indicator species analysis revealed key species associated with specific degradation levels and seasons,providing valuable insights into wetland health.This study underscores the importance of spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding avian responses to wetland degradation.By linking seasonal patterns of bird diversity to habitat conditions,our findings contribute to conservation efforts and provide a framework for assessing wetland degradation and its ecological impacts.展开更多
The Qinba Mountains are climatically and ecologically recognized as the north-south transitional zone of China.Analysis of its phenology is critical for comprehending the response of vegetation to climatic change.We r...The Qinba Mountains are climatically and ecologically recognized as the north-south transitional zone of China.Analysis of its phenology is critical for comprehending the response of vegetation to climatic change.We retrieved the start of spring phenology(SOS)of eight forest communities from the MODIS products and adopted it as an indicator for spring phenology.Trend analysis,partial correlation analysis,and GeoDetector were employed to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns and climatic drivers of SOS.The results indicated that the SOS presented an advance trend from 2001 to 2020,with a mean rate of−0.473 d yr^(−1).The SOS of most forests correlated negatively with air temperature(TEMP)and positively with precipitation(PRE),suggesting that rising TEMP and increasing PRE in spring would forward and delay SOS,respectively.The dominant factors influencing the sensitivity of SOS to climatic variables were altitude,forest type,and latitude,while the effects of slope and aspect were relatively minor.The response of SOS to climatic factors varied significantly in space and among forest communities,partly due to the influence of altitude,slope,and aspect.展开更多
The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagra...The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagration coupling damage model is developed to predict the penetration depth and cratering diameter.Four type of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-copper(Al-PTFE-Cu)reactive liners with densities of 2.3,2.7,3.5,and 4.5 g·cm^(-3) are selected to conduct the penetration experiments.The comparison results show that model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.By comparing the penetration depth and cratering diameter in the inert penetration mode and the penetration-deflagration coupling mode,the influence mechanism that the penetration-induced chemical response is unfavorable to penetration but has an enhanced cratering effect is revealed.From the formation characteristics,penetration effect and penetration-induced chemical reaction be-haviors,the influence of reactive liner density on the penetration-deflagration performance is further analyzed.The results show that increasing the density of reactive liner significantly increases both the kinetic energy and length of the reactive penetrator,meanwhile effectively reduces the weakened effect of penetration-induced chemical response,resulting in an enhanced penetration capability.However,due to the decreased diameter and potential energy content of reactive penetrator,the cratering capa-bility is weakened significantly.展开更多
Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective ...Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2017YFC0909200(to DC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.62075225(to HZ)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Medical Health Science and Technology Project,No.2023XY053(to ZP)Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medical Science and Technology Project,No.2023ZL703(to ZP).
文摘Terahertz biotechnology has been increasingly applied in various biomedical fields and has especially shown great potential for application in brain sciences.In this article,we review the development of terahertz biotechnology and its applications in the field of neuropsychiatry.Available evidence indicates promising prospects for the use of terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging techniques in the diagnosis of amyloid disease,cerebrovascular disease,glioma,psychiatric disease,traumatic brain injury,and myelin deficit.In vitro and animal experiments have also demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of terahertz technology in some neuropsychiatric diseases.Although the precise underlying mechanism of the interactions between terahertz electromagnetic waves and the biosystem is not yet fully understood,the research progress in this field shows great potential for biomedical noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications.However,the biosafety of terahertz radiation requires further exploration regarding its two-sided efficacy in practical applications.This review demonstrates that terahertz biotechnology has the potential to be a promising method in the field of neuropsychiatry based on its unique advantages.
基金supported by the grants from University of Macao,China,Nos.MYRG2022-00221-ICMS(to YZ)and MYRG-CRG2022-00011-ICMS(to RW)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2023A1515010034(to YZ)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.
文摘Bay-site carboxyl functionalized perylene diimide derivative 1,7-COOH-PDI-C_(12)(PDI-COOH)was synthesized and distinct enhanced fluorescence was observed through combining with calcium ion(Ca^(2+))in THF/H_(2)O solution.The assembly and fluorescence behavior of PDI-COOH/Ca^(2+)were studied in detail by changing hydration state with different concentrations.Based on the differences in assembly morphology and stoichiometric ratios of PDICOOH/Ca^(2+),we proposed the fluorescence emission mechanism of PDI-COOH/Ca^(2+)in THF/H_(2)O and THF,respectively.This work reveals a novel strategy of aggregated state fluorescence enhancement and reminds us of the important role of water in molecular fluorescence emission and assembly.
基金financially supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322203)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GHZDXM-21)。
文摘The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.
文摘In the practice of healthcare,patient-reported outcomes(PROs)and PRO measures(PROMs)are used as an attempt to observe the changes in complex clinical situations.They guide us in making decisions based on the evidence regarding patient care by recording the change in outcomes for a particular treatment to a given condition and finally to understand whether a patient will benefit from a particular treatment and to quantify the treatment effect.For any PROM to be usable in health care,we need it to be reliable,encapsulating the points of interest with the potential to detect any real change.Using structured outcome measures routinely in clinical practice helps the physician to understand the functional limitation of a patient that would otherwise not be clear in an office interview,and this allows the physician and patient to have a meaningful conver-sation as well as a customized plan for each patient.Having mentioned the rationale and the benefits of PROMs,understanding the quantification process is crucial before embarking on management decisions.A better interpretation of change needs to identify the treatment effect based on clinical relevance for a given condition.There are a multiple set of measurement indices to serve this effect and most of them are used interchangeably without clear demarcation on their differences.This article details the various quantification metrics used to evaluate the treatment effect using PROMs,their limitations and the scope of usage and implementation in clinical practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371240)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20230556)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722686)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2023ZB701)The Big Data Computing Center of Southeast University.
文摘Metal-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their long cycle life,high energy density,remarkable charging capability and low self-discharge rate.Nevertheless,this development is hampered by the challenges of the iodine cathode and metal anode,including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),sluggish kinetics,shuttle effect of polyiodine ion at the cathode and dendrite formation,corrosion and passivation at the anode.This review summarizes recent developments in metaliodine batteries,including zinc-iodine batteries,lithiumiodine batteries,sodium-iodine batteries,etc.The challenges in the cathode,anode,electrolyte and separator of metal-iodine batteries are discussed,along with the corresponding design and synthesis strategies and specific methods to improve the electrochemical performance.Selecting appropriate cathode hosts,constructing surface protective layers,adding anode additives,making threedimensional anode designs and employing better electrolytes and functional separators to obstruct the production and shuttling of polyiodine ions are highlighted.Finally,future guidelines and directions for the development of metal-iodine batteries are proposed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Pro-gram of China(No.2022YFB3805701)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.52371182,51701052,52192592,52192593)+1 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2019QNRC001)the Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program.
文摘1.Introduction.Ni-Mn-X(X=Ga,In,Sn,or Sb)Heusler alloys have versatile properties[1-4],such as shape memory effect[1],superelastic-ity[5],magnetocaloric effect[3],elastocaloric effect[6],and even multicaloric effect[7],that indicate their potential for use in actu-ators,sensors,micropumps,energy harvesters,and solid-state re-frigeration[8-10].Among the alloys,Ni-Mn-Sn-based alloys are environment-friendly and cost-effective[6,7,11],and hence,they have received widespread attention.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.U2239252National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52279128Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China under Grant No.YQ2022E013。
文摘Dispatched by the Chinese government,a multidisciplinary team of 30 researchers collaborated with a team from Myanmar to conduct a 14-day on-site investigation.The work encompassed seismic intensity assessments,field surveys,and loss evaluations.The paper focuses on the intensity distribution and structural damage characteristics of the 2025 M7.9 Myanmar earthquake,yielding the following key findings.(1)The seismogenic fault rupture propagated in a nearly N-S direction,with a surface rupture length of approximately 450 km.The seismic impact zone exhibited an elongated N-S distribution and a shorter E-W span,distributed like a belt around the seismogenic fault.(2)Within the seismic impact zones,existing buildings comprised five primary structural types,with timber(bamboo)structures constituting the largest proportion(≈80%in rural areas,≈50%in urban areas).The relatively low disaster losses and casualties were primarily attributable to the good seismic performance and low damage ratio of timber(bamboo)structures across varying intensity zones.(3)An anomalous zone of intensityⅨwas located at the boundary between intensityⅥandⅦregions in Nay Pyi Taw.Here,ridge topography combined with soft soil layers significantly amplified ground motion,exacerbating structural damage.(4)Directional effects of ground motion were observed,with the structural damage phenomena and peak ground acceleration(PGA)values in the N-S direction exceeding those in the E-W direction.This validates that the maximum PGA distribution of strike-slip fault earthquakes aligns with the fault strike.The research is expected to provide technical support for post-disaster reconstruction planning,site selection,and disaster mitigation strategies in Myanmar.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52192611,51872031,61904013,and 62405157)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2023M741890 and GZC20231215)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The flexoelectric effect refers to the electromechanical coupling between electric polarization and mechanical strain gradient.It universally exists in a variety of materials in any space group,such as liquid crystals,dielectrics,biological materials,and semiconductors.Because of its unique size effect,nanoscale flexoelectricity has shown novel phenomena and promising applications in electronics,optronics,mechatronics,and photovoltaics.In this review,we provide a succinct report on the discovery and development of the flexoelectric effect,focusing on flexoelectric materials and related applications.Finally,we discuss recent flexoelectric research progress and still‐unsolved problems.
基金supported by the Large Research Infrastructures China initiative Accelerator Driven System(No.2017-000052-75-01-000590)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2022422)+1 种基金the Young Scientists of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12005275)the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory(No.HND22PTZZYY)。
文摘Theoretically,copper–niobium(Cu-Nb)composite superconducting cavities have excellent potential for high thermal and mechanical stability.They can appropriately exploit the high-gradient surface processing recipes developed for the bulk niobium(Nb)cavity and the thick copper(Cu)layer’s high thermal conductivity and rigidity,thereby enhancing the operational stability of the bulk Nb cavities.This study conducted a global review of the technical approaches employed for fabricating Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities.We explored Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities based on two technologies at the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMP,CAS),including their manufacturing processes,radio-frequency(RF)characteristics,and mechanical performance.These cavities exhibit robust mechanical stability.First,the investigation of several 1.3 GHz single-cell elliptical cavities using the Cu-Nb composite sheets indicated that the wavy structure at the Cu-Nb interface influenced the reliable welding of the Cu-Nb composite parts.We observed the generation and trapping of magnetic flux density during the T_c crossing of Nb in cooldown process.The cooling rates during the T_c crossing of Nb exerted a substantial impact on the performance of the cavities.Furthermore,we measured and analyzed the surface resistance R_(s)attributed to the trapped magnetic flux induced by the Seebeck effect after quenching events.Second,for the first time,a low-beta bulk Nb cavity was plated with Cu on its outer surface using electroplating technology.We achieved a high peak electric field E_(pk)of~88.8 MV/m at 2 K and the unloaded quality factor Q_(0)at the E_(pk)of 88.8 MV/m exceeded 1×10^(10).This demonstrated that the electroplating Cu on the bulk Nb cavity is a practical method of developing the Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavity with superior thermal stability.The results presented here provide valuable insights for applying Cu-Nb composite superconducting cavities in superconducting accelerators with stringent operational stability requirements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41473068)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722667)。
文摘Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.
文摘Agricultural intensification has led to an increase in monoculture and the use of chemical pesticides,resulting in a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in ecosystem services,particularly biological pest management.However,studies have shown that agroforestry can not only improve land productivity and biodiversity but also regulate some ecosystem services.This study reviews the impacts of physical and biological factors on herbivorous pests,parasites,and predatory natural enemies in fruit-crop agroforestry systems.Fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity by altering crop layouts,regulating the microclimate and soil quality,and offering food resources and shelter for natural enemies,thus promoting biological pest control.This enhances biological control and makes the agrocomplex system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that volatile plant substances attract or repel pests and natural enemies based on the characteristics of the insects themselves.When scientifically designed,fruit-crop agroforestry systems provide high spatial heterogeneity and favorable microclimatic conditions,which enhance biological pest control and make the agroforestry system an effective tool for sustainable agriculture.Our research shows that fruit-crop agroforestry systems can provide richer food resources and habitat,enhancing biological pest control and improving pest management.
基金the financial support from Henan Province Natural Science Foundation(No.252300420583)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(Nos.242102310455,242102310473,242102310517)the Key Project of Science and Technology Research funded by the Henan Provincial Department of Education(No.24A350002)。
文摘Liver cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related deaths and the primary cause of death in patients with compensated cirrhosis.In recent years,the role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of liver cancer has attracted more and more attention and recognition.Luteolin(LUT)and glycyrrhetinic(GA)are natural compounds extracted from Chinese herbal medicine.LUT exhibits various biological activity including anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,antiviral,anti-tumor,and neuroprotective effects.GA significantly inhibits the growth and metastasis of cancer cells.However,the low water solubility of both compounds hinders their clinical applications.In this study,rod-shaped nanoparticles(NPs)self-assembled from LUT and GA were designed to enhance drug solubility and tumor-targeting capability.We verified that the assembly mechanism of the NPs was π-π stacking.These NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cells while had no significant effect on normal liver cells.In a mouse model of liver cancer,these NPs demonstrated superior tumor-targeting ability due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect,and the affinity of GA for liver cancer cells,resulting in better therapeutic efficacy with lower systemic toxicity.Results of network pharmacology analysis showed that LUT and GA respectively targeted estrogen receptor 1(ESR1)protein and cyclin-dependent kinase 1(CDK1)protein to corporately induce tumor cell cycle arrest,which induced the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.In conclusion,this study provides a novel reference for the treatment of liver cancer.
基金Fundamental Research Foundation of CAF (CAFYBB2022QB001)National Nature Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scientists Fund (32222058)。
文摘The high-efficiency conversion of biomass resources to biofuels has attracted widespread attention, and the active sites and synergistic effect of catalysts significantly impact their surface arrangement and electronic structure. Here, a nickel-based transition metal carbide catalyst(Ni/TMC) with high Lewis acidity was prepared by self-assembly of transition metal carbide(TMC) and nickel, which exhibited excellent performance on synergistic hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) into liquid biofuel 2,5-dimethylfuran(DMF).Notably, Ni/WC with the highest Lewis acidity(4728.3 μmol g^(-1)) can achieve 100% conversion of HMF to 97.6% yield of DMF, with a turnover frequency of up to 46.5 h^(-1). The characterization results demonstrate that the rich Lewis acid sites yielded by the synergistic effect between Ni species and TMC are beneficial for the C=O hydrogenation and C–O cleavage, thereby accelerating the process of hydrodeoxygenation(HDO). Besides, a kinetic model for the HDO of HMF to DMF process has been established based on the experimental results, which elucidated a significant correlation between the measured and the predicted data(R^(2)> 0.97). Corresponding to the adsorption configuration of Ni/WC and substrate determined by in-situ FTIR characterization, this study provides a novel insight into the selective conversion of HMF process for functional biofuel and bio-chemicals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21906087 and 52070168)the Key R&D Plan of Zhejiang Province (No.2023C03127)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.226-2022-00150).
文摘Catalytic destruction is an ascendant technology for the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)originating fromsolvent-based industrial processes.The varied composition tends to influence each VOC’s catalytic behavior in the reaction mixture.We investigated the catalytic destruction of multi-component VOCs including dichloromethane(DCM)and ethyl acetate(EA),as representatives from pharmaceutical waste gases,over co-supported HxPO_(4)-RuOx/CeO_(2) catalyst.A mutual inhibitory effect relating to concentrations because of competitive adsorption was verified in the binary VOCs oxidation and EA posed a more negative effect on DCM oxidation owing to EA’s superior adsorption capacity.Preferential adsorption of EA on acidic sites(HxPO_(4)/CeO_(2))promoted DCM activation on basic sites(O^(2−))and the dominating EA oxidation blocked DCM’s access to oxidation centers(RuOx/CeO_(2)),resulting in boosted monochloromethane yield and increased chlorine deposition for DCM oxidation.The impaired redox ability of Ru species owing to chlorine deposition in turn jeopardized deep oxidation of EA and its by-products,leading to increased gaseous by-products such as acetic acid originating fromEA pyrolysis.Notably,DCM at low concentration slightly promoted EA conversion at low temperatures with or without water,consistent with the enhanced EA adsorption in co-adsorption analyses.This was mainly due to that DCM impeded the shielding effect of hydrolysate deposition from rapid EA hydrolysis depending on the decreased acidity.Moreover,water benefited EA hydrolysis but decreased CO_(2) selectivity while the generated water derived from EA was likely to affect DCM transformation.This work may provide theoretical guidance for the promotion of applied catalysts toward industrial applications.
基金supported by the Southwest Minzu University Research Startup Funds (No.16011221038,RQD2022021)Double World-Class Project (No.CX2023010)。
文摘Wetland degradation is an escalating global challenge with profound impacts on animal diversity,particularly during successional processes.Birds,as highly mobile and environmentally sensitive organisms,serve as effective indicators of ecological change.While previous studies have primarily focused on local community structures and species diversity during a specific season,there is a need to extend the research timeframe and explore broader spatial variations.Additionally,expanding from simple species diversity indices to more multidimensional diversity indices would provide a more comprehensive understanding of wetland health and resilience.To address these gaps,we investigated the effects of wetland degradation on bird diversity across taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional dimensions in the Zoige Wetland,a plateau meadow wetland biodiversity hotspot.Surveys were conducted during both breeding(summer)and overwintering(winter)seasons across 20 transects in 5 sampling areas,representing 4 degradation levels(pristine,low,medium,and high).Our study recorded a total of 106 bird species from 32 families and 14 orders,revealing distinct seasonal patterns in bird community composition and diversity.Biodiversity indices were significantly higher in pristine and low-degraded wetlands,particularly benefiting waterfowl(Anseriformes,Ciconiiformes)and wading birds(Charadriiformes)in winter,when these areas provided superior food resources and habitat conditions.In contrast,medium and highly degraded wetlands supported increased numbers of terrestrial birds(Passeriformes)and raptors(Accipitriformes,Falconiformes).Seasonal differences in taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity indices highlighted the contrasting ecological roles of wetlands during breeding and overwintering periods.Furthermore,indicator species analysis revealed key species associated with specific degradation levels and seasons,providing valuable insights into wetland health.This study underscores the importance of spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding avian responses to wetland degradation.By linking seasonal patterns of bird diversity to habitat conditions,our findings contribute to conservation efforts and provide a framework for assessing wetland degradation and its ecological impacts.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFE0208100,No.2021YFC3000201Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province,No.232300420165。
文摘The Qinba Mountains are climatically and ecologically recognized as the north-south transitional zone of China.Analysis of its phenology is critical for comprehending the response of vegetation to climatic change.We retrieved the start of spring phenology(SOS)of eight forest communities from the MODIS products and adopted it as an indicator for spring phenology.Trend analysis,partial correlation analysis,and GeoDetector were employed to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns and climatic drivers of SOS.The results indicated that the SOS presented an advance trend from 2001 to 2020,with a mean rate of−0.473 d yr^(−1).The SOS of most forests correlated negatively with air temperature(TEMP)and positively with precipitation(PRE),suggesting that rising TEMP and increasing PRE in spring would forward and delay SOS,respectively.The dominant factors influencing the sensitivity of SOS to climatic variables were altitude,forest type,and latitude,while the effects of slope and aspect were relatively minor.The response of SOS to climatic factors varied significantly in space and among forest communities,partly due to the influence of altitude,slope,and aspect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172052)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.QKKT24-02).
文摘The penetration-deflagration coupling damage performance of rod-like reactive shaped charge pene-trator(RRSCP)impacting thick steel plates is investigated by theoretical analysis and experiments.A penetration-deflagration coupling damage model is developed to predict the penetration depth and cratering diameter.Four type of aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-copper(Al-PTFE-Cu)reactive liners with densities of 2.3,2.7,3.5,and 4.5 g·cm^(-3) are selected to conduct the penetration experiments.The comparison results show that model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.By comparing the penetration depth and cratering diameter in the inert penetration mode and the penetration-deflagration coupling mode,the influence mechanism that the penetration-induced chemical response is unfavorable to penetration but has an enhanced cratering effect is revealed.From the formation characteristics,penetration effect and penetration-induced chemical reaction be-haviors,the influence of reactive liner density on the penetration-deflagration performance is further analyzed.The results show that increasing the density of reactive liner significantly increases both the kinetic energy and length of the reactive penetrator,meanwhile effectively reduces the weakened effect of penetration-induced chemical response,resulting in an enhanced penetration capability.However,due to the decreased diameter and potential energy content of reactive penetrator,the cratering capa-bility is weakened significantly.
文摘Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.
