In the process of construction management of construction projects, the key core content is to fundamentally do a good job in the control and management of project cost. Especially under the background of deepening th...In the process of construction management of construction projects, the key core content is to fundamentally do a good job in the control and management of project cost. Especially under the background of deepening the reform of the current market economy system, to ensure that the cost of construction projects can be controlled scientifically and reasonably, so that the construction cost can be fully reduced, which plays a key role in the construction of the overall project and the sound development of the enterprise. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the control and management of construction project cost, implement more practical control measures, analyze the problems or deficiencies in each stage and deal with them in a timely manner, so as to provide necessary support for the sustainable development of enterprises. Combined with such situations, this paper explores the construction cost management and construction cost control strategies and other related content, hoping that the analysis in this paper can provide some inspiration for the construction cost control work to achieve better progress.展开更多
From the past construction investment situation of airport projects, it can be seen that airport projects usually have the characteristics of large construction scale, high investment, long period, complex projects, m...From the past construction investment situation of airport projects, it can be seen that airport projects usually have the characteristics of large construction scale, high investment, long period, complex projects, many professional crossover, frequent design changes, etc. Therefore, the investment control pressure of airport projects is huge. How to do well the cost control of airport projects is particularly important. In the airport project, the field road project in the flying area accounts for more than 40% of the total investment, which may lead to the problems of large construction quantity and difficult technology in the airport project, which may lead to the increase of the overall investment in the airport project. In summary, it can be seen that the study of airport project cost control is helpful to control the total investment of airport project and the use of project construction cost control is of great significance to macro control cost and improve the efficiency of airport project fund use.展开更多
Future aerospace vehicles （ASV） are designed to fly in both inner and extra atmospheric fields, which requires autonomous adaptability to the uncertainties emanated from abrupt faults and continuously time-varying e...Future aerospace vehicles （ASV） are designed to fly in both inner and extra atmospheric fields, which requires autonomous adaptability to the uncertainties emanated from abrupt faults and continuously time-varying environments. An autonomous control reconfiguration scheme is presented for ASV to deal with the uncertainties on the base of control effectiveness estimation. The on-line estimation methods for the time-varying control effectiveness of linear control system are investigated. Some sufficient conditions for the estimable system are given for different cases. There are proposed corresponding on-line estimation algorithms which are proved to be convergent and robust to noise using the least-square-based methods. On the ground of fuzzy logic and linear programming, the control allocation algorithms, which are able to implement the autonomous control reconfiguration through the redundant actuators, are put forward. Finally, an integrated system is developed to verify the scheme and algorithms by way of numerical simulation and analysis.展开更多
Dear editor,Mosquito-borne diseases,viz.,malaria,filariasis,dengue hemorrhagic fever,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis etc.,created huge impact on humans over the world,and the chemical insecticides remain the mainsta...Dear editor,Mosquito-borne diseases,viz.,malaria,filariasis,dengue hemorrhagic fever,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis etc.,created huge impact on humans over the world,and the chemical insecticides remain the mainstay of effective control.But,indiscriminate and rampant use of the chemical insecticides in controlling mosquito vectors,in order to prevent diseases vectored by them,has resulted problems related to the adverse environmental effects for their(insecticides)potential toxicity,high operational cost,community acceptance,and the development of insecticide resistance among the vectors.The factors mentioned above prompted the search for new means of control strategies.Currently,the botanicals(viz.,plant extracts,essential oils and phytochemicals)with mosquitocidal potential展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different rates of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW for control of Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice in China. [Method] The experimental and eco-friendly herbici...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different rates of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW for control of Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice in China. [Method] The experimental and eco-friendly herbicide, 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW, was applied in field trials in 2013 to investigate its efficacy in five representa-tive rice producing areas, one in each of the provinces Anhui, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning. [Result] The results showed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW could effectively control Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice without negative effects on the rice crop. The optimal application rate of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW was found to be 750-1 500 ml/hm2. [Conclusion] The study confirmed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW has clear potential for wide-spread adoption in rice production systems.展开更多
Budgetary control system is a sin quo non for every business irrespective of whether it is small,medium or large.It is used for forecasting,fixing the responsibility of the departments,and the effective utilization of...Budgetary control system is a sin quo non for every business irrespective of whether it is small,medium or large.It is used for forecasting,fixing the responsibility of the departments,and the effective utilization of resources.It in turn leads to increase in the productivity,profitability and return on investment.Budgetary control system helps the senior managers to ensure that spending limits are adequate.Budgetary control system becomes one of the most vital and critical area of business management.Presently,much attention has been given to improving of budgetary control and planning and their interrelationship in developing countries including India.Two-way analysis is made in this paper:One is developing predictor model for an effective budgetary control system for listed companies in India and the other is the analysis on the quality reporting system for financial statements especially budgetary control system.The method of research is empirical which tests the feasibility of solution using empirical evidences based on the statistical applications.The result of the current study shows that effective budgetary control factors are prominent in determining the budgetary control system in Indian listed companies and have significant correlation between dependent and independent variables.The study suggested initiating steps for using budget as a tool for optimum use of available resources,for avoiding conflicts among departments while allocation of resources and for increasing the inspirational quality of the budget for budgetary control.展开更多
[Objectives]To identify the optimal combination of herbicide concentrations appropriate for soil closed weeding in the soybean and corn intercropping system in Zhongwei City.[Methods]Two herbicides,96%(S)-metolachlor ...[Objectives]To identify the optimal combination of herbicide concentrations appropriate for soil closed weeding in the soybean and corn intercropping system in Zhongwei City.[Methods]Two herbicides,96%(S)-metolachlor and 75%thifensulfuron methyl,were selected for this experiment.A no-herbicide treatment served as the control,and five concentration gradients of the herbicides were established.Prior to sowing,the soil underwent a closed weeding treatment.The impacts of various herbicide concentration combinations on growth indicators,weed control effect,and the yields of soybean and corn across various treatments were analyzed.[Results]The tested combinations of herbicide concentrations did not result in significant phytotoxicity to soybean and corn seedlings.Furthermore,as the herbicide concentrations increased in each treatment,treatments D and E demonstrated the most effective weed control effect.Specifically,40 d post application,the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect reached 97.25% and 98.03% for treatment D,and 97.25% and 98.24% for treatment E,respectively.Additionally,the yields of both soybean and corn showed significant increases.[Conclusions]Considering the overall output-input ratio in this region,treatment D,comprising 96%(S)-metolachlor at 1650 mL/hm^(2) and 75% thifensulfuron-methyl at 48 g/hm^(2),can be identified as the herbicide concentration combination that provides the most effective weed control effect in the soybean and corn strip intercropping system.展开更多
This study compared the control effect of 110 g/L etoxazole SC,15%abamectin·etoxazole SC,30%cyetpyrafen SC,43%bifenazate SC and 1.8%abamectin EC five acaricides sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on Panonychu...This study compared the control effect of 110 g/L etoxazole SC,15%abamectin·etoxazole SC,30%cyetpyrafen SC,43%bifenazate SC and 1.8%abamectin EC five acaricides sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on Panonychus citri,aiming to screen out the appropriate acaricide for the control of this pest by UAV spraying.The results showed that 15%abamectin·etoxazole SC and 30%cyetpyrafen SC had the highest control efficacy,which remained above 90%14 d after application.Secondary performance was observed in 43%bifenazate SC and 110 g/L etoxazole SC,which demonstrated enhancing control effect.However,1.8%abamectin EC showed slower effect.Considering the control effect and population reduction rate of P.citri,15%abamectin·etoxazole SC and 30%cyetpyrafen SC were suggested as the effective acaricides for the control of this pest.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of sublimed sulfur and acaricide on controlling bee mites.[Method] Three independent experiments were carried out in the same apiary during 2007-2009.[Results] The r...[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of sublimed sulfur and acaricide on controlling bee mites.[Method] Three independent experiments were carried out in the same apiary during 2007-2009.[Results] The results showed that this method is effective in eliminating mites settled on combs or hidden during pupae phase,but not in controlling the mites parasitized on adult bees.The control effect on killing Varroa destructor after treated appeared optimal in the first day and then decreased,and that on killing Tvopilaelaps clareae happened in the second day.The results indicated that the effect would be much better if the bees can be treated 1 time to 2 times again in the following 2-5 days after the first treatment.Back to data pool,we found that the treatment of sublimed sulfur paired with acaricide is effective in controlling V.destructor and T.clareae.[Conclusion] This technique could facilitate the apicultural production in the regions suffered from V.destructor and T.clareae.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to determine control effects of the 6 insecticides and recommended the optimal doses. [Method] In 2014, the control effects of sophocarpidine, pymetrozine, beta-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imida...[Objective] The aim was to determine control effects of the 6 insecticides and recommended the optimal doses. [Method] In 2014, the control effects of sophocarpidine, pymetrozine, beta-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and chlor- pyrifos on wheat aphids were tested, and every pesticide was designed with three doses in Shou County, Anhui Province, to explore the significance of differences on control effects. [Result] The results showed that the control effects of the 6 insecti- cides were satisfied, and the insecticides were safe on wheat. [Conclusion] During initial diseasing stage of aphid, it is recommended to use sophocarpidine soluble concentrate （1.5%）, pymetrozine water dispersible granule （50%）, imidacloprid wet- table powder （25%）, and acetamiprid wettable powder （5%）, and chlorpyrifos missi- ble oil （40%）, cypermethrin missible oil （4.5%） and imidacloprid wettable powder （25%） can be applied in peak-diseasing stage.展开更多
[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Si...[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Sichuan plateau was systematically investigated during 2009 and 2011, and the control effects of different fungicides during different spraying periods were studied. [ Result] The species of pathogen mainly was Marssonina ma/i （ P. Henn）, accounting for 32.5%, Phyl-losticta Pirina Sa accounted for 29.9%, and Alternaria mali Roberts accounted for 25.7%. The field fluctuation regularity was as follows ： the disease generally be- gan in the mid-May and ended in early and middle October with only one damage peak during the whole year, the fluctuation had positive correlation with rainfall （ R2 =0.891 8 ＊ ＊ ）. Control test showed that 40% flusilazole had the best control effect （86.5%）, which was best to apply after anthesis. [ Conclusion ] The paper provided theoretical basis for the effective control against apple early defoliation disease.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 an...[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.展开更多
[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inocula...[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inoculated with the fungus pathogen of cucumber powdery mildew naturally occurred in the field.The indoor protective test and field test were performed respectively to observe the control effects of different plant oils EC on the cucumber powdery mildew.[Result] When six plant oils EC including cottonseed oil,soybean oil,canola oil,corn oil,sesame oil and sunflower oil was diluted into 10 and 5 ml/L,they had better control effect on cucumber powdery mildew.As for the indoor protective effect,the protective effect of the vegetable oil EC was equivalent to the control agent triadimefon EC,the field control effect of vegetable oil EC was in the range of 60%-75%,which was consistent with 69%-70% control effect of contrast agent with 1 ml/L triadimefon EC dilution.[Conclusion] All vegetable oils EC had significant control effect on cucumber powdery mildew in the test.展开更多
In order to mitigate the occurrence and damage of cowpea whitefly, reduce chemical pesticide consumption, residue and environmental pollution, the methods of forecasting, randomized block design andstatistical analysi...In order to mitigate the occurrence and damage of cowpea whitefly, reduce chemical pesticide consumption, residue and environmental pollution, the methods of forecasting, randomized block design andstatistical analysis were used in field efficacy trials, to study the control effect of cowpea anthracnose by usingchemical pesticides dinotefuran, acetamiprid, pymetrozine, and bio-pesticide avermectin. The results showed that after applying 1.85% avermectin EC 375 g, 20% dinotefuran SP 600 g, 5% acetamiprid WP 600 g, and 25% pymetrozine WP 600 g （control pesticide） per hm2 once every 5-8 days, and 3 times continuously underserious autumn occurrence of greenhouse whitefly, the control efficacy was 90.9%, 97.0%, 88.0%, 93.9%respectively on the 7th day after the pesticides application; 97.4%, 92.1%, 84.2%, 89.4% respectively on the 14th day after the pesticides application; and 95.6%, 86.7%, 82.2%, 84.5%, respectively on the 20th day afterthe pesticides application. The control effects among avermectin, acetamiprid and pymetrozine were not significantly different, while the effects of avermectin and pymetrozine were significantly higher than that of acetamiprid on the 7th day. The control effects among avermectin, dinotefuran and pymetrozine were not significantly different, while significantly higher than that of acetamiprid on the 14th day. The control effect of avermectin was significantly higher than that of dinotefuran, acetamiprid and pymetrozine on the 20th day. Meanwhile, the control effect of avermectin was slightly lower, higher and much higher than that of dinotefuran on the 7th, 14th, 20th day respectively after the treatment. These results indicated that the four pesticides,especiaLly biopesticide avermectin, were ideal pesticides, which could not only be used for controlling cowpea whitefly, but also realize modern, green, organic and ecological agricultural production.展开更多
The laboratory bioassay and field control efficacy of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus（Spli NPV） Chenzhou strain were preliminarily examined. The efficient artificial propagation method was to feed the host la...The laboratory bioassay and field control efficacy of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus（Spli NPV） Chenzhou strain were preliminarily examined. The efficient artificial propagation method was to feed the host larvae with virus suspension,and the average mortality of the insects was 65.0%. The death peak of the pests appeared 4-8 d after virus infection. The high temperature, high humidity and poor light could help the virus infection and propagation. Filed control efficacy of Chenzhou strain was 86.6% in laboratory, which was better than of another commercial strain. The corrected control efficacy of this strain was 88.4% the field, which was higher than that of avermectin pesticide significantly. It was detected that the occlusion body（OB） concentration of the initial virus＇ s stock solution was 1.03×1011OBs/ml,and it was a strong SpliNPV strain, as it showed an excellent efficacy to control the pest Spodoptera litura, and thus there will be a good prospect of application and development of this SpliNPV strain.展开更多
Objective To compare the efficacy differences between acupuncture and western medicine in treating osteoarthritis of knee joints.Methods One hundred and twenty cases were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and...Objective To compare the efficacy differences between acupuncture and western medicine in treating osteoarthritis of knee joints.Methods One hundred and twenty cases were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and a western medication group with 60 cases in each group.In the acupuncture group,acupuncture was applied mainly at Nèixīyǎn（内膝眼 EX-LE 4）,Dúbí（犊鼻 ST 35）,Yīnlíngquán（阴陵泉 SP 9） and Yánglíngquán（阳陵泉 GB 34） plus other acupoints selected according to syndrome differentiation.In the medication group,Glucosamine Hydrochloride capsules were orally given 3 times daily with 2 capsules each time.Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index（WOMAC）,Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey（SF-36,Chinese version） were used to assess therapeutic effects before treatment,after 4 weeks treatment and 9 weeks after treatment,respectively.Results After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rates were 86.7%（52/60） and 88.3%（53/60） in the acupuncture group and the western medication group,respectively,without significant difference（P〈0.05）.In 9 weeks after treatment,the total effective rates were 83.3%（50/60） and 61.7%（37/60） in the acupuncture group and the western medication group,respectively,with significant difference between the two groups（P〈0.05）.According to WOMAC and SF-36,the scores were all improved in both groups（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,with significant difference in follow-up visit of 9 weeks after treatment between the two groups（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,but not after 4 weeks of treatments（both P〈0.05）.Conclusion Short-term of therapeutic effects of acupuncture and oral administration of Glucosamine Hydrochloride on osteoarthritis of knee joints are similar,but long-term efficacy in the acupuncture group is better than that in the western medication group.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to investigate the occurrence condition of pear blight rot in pear-producing areas in Qianxian of Shannxi Province, so as to find the main cause of the disease and the effective agents for ...[ Objective ] The paper was to investigate the occurrence condition of pear blight rot in pear-producing areas in Qianxian of Shannxi Province, so as to find the main cause of the disease and the effective agents for the disease. [Method] The occurrence condition of pear blight rot was surveyed in field, the inci- dence rate of trees and incidence index of fruits were counted, and the field control test of different agents against pear blight rot was carried out. [ Result] The ma- jor reasons for outbreak of pear blight rot in Ganhe pear-producing areas in Qianxian of Shannxi Province were excessive rainfall and high temperature and humidity in July 2010, poor drainage in orchards and large planting density were also the main factors causing outbreak of pear blight rot. 64% oxadixyl · mancozeb WP, 60% metalaxyl-mancozeb WP and 80% aliette WP had significant control effect on pear blight rot, fruit bagging was also an ideal measure for prevention of the dis- ease. [ Conclusion] Pear production should focus on improving the air and light condition, enhancing the drainage capacity of orchard and promoting bagging culti- vation, and the systemic control agents should be selected to control pear blight rot.展开更多
The paper reviewed the function mechanism of Bilken virusicide against rice stipe disease, and then introduced its control effects in field test as well as its application method.
[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the application of botanical pesticides on controlling turnip aphid （ Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach）. [ Method ] Through potting efficacy experiment of Chinese cabbage, the contr...[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the application of botanical pesticides on controlling turnip aphid （ Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach）. [ Method ] Through potting efficacy experiment of Chinese cabbage, the control effects of two preparations（20% EC and 10% EW）of methanol extract of Blumea megacephala Chang et Tseng against turnip aphid, as well as leaf-protection effect on Chinese cabbage were determined. [ Result] 20% EC of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 10-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 57.78%, 77.19% and 84.79% after pesticide spraying for 24, 48 and 72 h; 10% EW of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 5-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 74.44%, 84.79% and 89.14% after pesticide spra- ying for 24, 48 and 72 h. The leaf-protection rates of 20% EC orB. megacephala in 10-fold dilution were 89.31% and 94.80% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d; the leaf-protection rates of 10% EW of B. megacephala in 5-fold dilution were 93.50% and 97.83% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d. [ Condusion] The methanol extract of B. megacephala had good control effect against turnip aphid and good protection rate on crops.展开更多
In order to test the control effect of 6% tebuconazole FS on maize head smut and to select its optimal dose for mixing seed, field tests were performed in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that 6% tebuconazole FS was ...In order to test the control effect of 6% tebuconazole FS on maize head smut and to select its optimal dose for mixing seed, field tests were performed in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that 6% tebuconazole FS was effective to control maize head smut, and the control effect ranged from 73.4% to 91.1%. In addition, it also improved the maize yield by 36.7%-44.1%, compared with the blank control. The optimal dose of 6% tebuconazole FS for seed dressing was 166.5 g/100 kg to control head smut on maize.展开更多
文摘In the process of construction management of construction projects, the key core content is to fundamentally do a good job in the control and management of project cost. Especially under the background of deepening the reform of the current market economy system, to ensure that the cost of construction projects can be controlled scientifically and reasonably, so that the construction cost can be fully reduced, which plays a key role in the construction of the overall project and the sound development of the enterprise. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the control and management of construction project cost, implement more practical control measures, analyze the problems or deficiencies in each stage and deal with them in a timely manner, so as to provide necessary support for the sustainable development of enterprises. Combined with such situations, this paper explores the construction cost management and construction cost control strategies and other related content, hoping that the analysis in this paper can provide some inspiration for the construction cost control work to achieve better progress.
文摘From the past construction investment situation of airport projects, it can be seen that airport projects usually have the characteristics of large construction scale, high investment, long period, complex projects, many professional crossover, frequent design changes, etc. Therefore, the investment control pressure of airport projects is huge. How to do well the cost control of airport projects is particularly important. In the airport project, the field road project in the flying area accounts for more than 40% of the total investment, which may lead to the problems of large construction quantity and difficult technology in the airport project, which may lead to the increase of the overall investment in the airport project. In summary, it can be seen that the study of airport project cost control is helpful to control the total investment of airport project and the use of project construction cost control is of great significance to macro control cost and improve the efficiency of airport project fund use.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (90205011, 60674103)
文摘Future aerospace vehicles （ASV） are designed to fly in both inner and extra atmospheric fields, which requires autonomous adaptability to the uncertainties emanated from abrupt faults and continuously time-varying environments. An autonomous control reconfiguration scheme is presented for ASV to deal with the uncertainties on the base of control effectiveness estimation. The on-line estimation methods for the time-varying control effectiveness of linear control system are investigated. Some sufficient conditions for the estimable system are given for different cases. There are proposed corresponding on-line estimation algorithms which are proved to be convergent and robust to noise using the least-square-based methods. On the ground of fuzzy logic and linear programming, the control allocation algorithms, which are able to implement the autonomous control reconfiguration through the redundant actuators, are put forward. Finally, an integrated system is developed to verify the scheme and algorithms by way of numerical simulation and analysis.
文摘Dear editor,Mosquito-borne diseases,viz.,malaria,filariasis,dengue hemorrhagic fever,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis etc.,created huge impact on humans over the world,and the chemical insecticides remain the mainstay of effective control.But,indiscriminate and rampant use of the chemical insecticides in controlling mosquito vectors,in order to prevent diseases vectored by them,has resulted problems related to the adverse environmental effects for their(insecticides)potential toxicity,high operational cost,community acceptance,and the development of insecticide resistance among the vectors.The factors mentioned above prompted the search for new means of control strategies.Currently,the botanicals(viz.,plant extracts,essential oils and phytochemicals)with mosquitocidal potential
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different rates of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW for control of Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice in China. [Method] The experimental and eco-friendly herbicide, 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW, was applied in field trials in 2013 to investigate its efficacy in five representa-tive rice producing areas, one in each of the provinces Anhui, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning. [Result] The results showed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW could effectively control Poaceae weeds in transplanted rice without negative effects on the rice crop. The optimal application rate of 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW was found to be 750-1 500 ml/hm2. [Conclusion] The study confirmed that 10% cyhalofop-butyl EW has clear potential for wide-spread adoption in rice production systems.
文摘Budgetary control system is a sin quo non for every business irrespective of whether it is small,medium or large.It is used for forecasting,fixing the responsibility of the departments,and the effective utilization of resources.It in turn leads to increase in the productivity,profitability and return on investment.Budgetary control system helps the senior managers to ensure that spending limits are adequate.Budgetary control system becomes one of the most vital and critical area of business management.Presently,much attention has been given to improving of budgetary control and planning and their interrelationship in developing countries including India.Two-way analysis is made in this paper:One is developing predictor model for an effective budgetary control system for listed companies in India and the other is the analysis on the quality reporting system for financial statements especially budgetary control system.The method of research is empirical which tests the feasibility of solution using empirical evidences based on the statistical applications.The result of the current study shows that effective budgetary control factors are prominent in determining the budgetary control system in Indian listed companies and have significant correlation between dependent and independent variables.The study suggested initiating steps for using budget as a tool for optimum use of available resources,for avoiding conflicts among departments while allocation of resources and for increasing the inspirational quality of the budget for budgetary control.
基金Supported by 2024-2025 Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhongwei City in the Field of Agriculture,Rural Areas and Social Development"Precision Fertilization Trial Study for Soybean and Corn Strip Intercropping in 2025"(2024nync006)"Smart Innovation for the Future"Talent Cultivation Project of Zhongwei City(WDRCB[2023]6).
文摘[Objectives]To identify the optimal combination of herbicide concentrations appropriate for soil closed weeding in the soybean and corn intercropping system in Zhongwei City.[Methods]Two herbicides,96%(S)-metolachlor and 75%thifensulfuron methyl,were selected for this experiment.A no-herbicide treatment served as the control,and five concentration gradients of the herbicides were established.Prior to sowing,the soil underwent a closed weeding treatment.The impacts of various herbicide concentration combinations on growth indicators,weed control effect,and the yields of soybean and corn across various treatments were analyzed.[Results]The tested combinations of herbicide concentrations did not result in significant phytotoxicity to soybean and corn seedlings.Furthermore,as the herbicide concentrations increased in each treatment,treatments D and E demonstrated the most effective weed control effect.Specifically,40 d post application,the plant control effect and fresh weight control effect reached 97.25% and 98.03% for treatment D,and 97.25% and 98.24% for treatment E,respectively.Additionally,the yields of both soybean and corn showed significant increases.[Conclusions]Considering the overall output-input ratio in this region,treatment D,comprising 96%(S)-metolachlor at 1650 mL/hm^(2) and 75% thifensulfuron-methyl at 48 g/hm^(2),can be identified as the herbicide concentration combination that provides the most effective weed control effect in the soybean and corn strip intercropping system.
文摘This study compared the control effect of 110 g/L etoxazole SC,15%abamectin·etoxazole SC,30%cyetpyrafen SC,43%bifenazate SC and 1.8%abamectin EC five acaricides sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)on Panonychus citri,aiming to screen out the appropriate acaricide for the control of this pest by UAV spraying.The results showed that 15%abamectin·etoxazole SC and 30%cyetpyrafen SC had the highest control efficacy,which remained above 90%14 d after application.Secondary performance was observed in 43%bifenazate SC and 110 g/L etoxazole SC,which demonstrated enhancing control effect.However,1.8%abamectin EC showed slower effect.Considering the control effect and population reduction rate of P.citri,15%abamectin·etoxazole SC and 30%cyetpyrafen SC were suggested as the effective acaricides for the control of this pest.
基金Supported by Special Fund for the Construction of Modern Agricultural Technology System(NYCYTX-43-syz3)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of sublimed sulfur and acaricide on controlling bee mites.[Method] Three independent experiments were carried out in the same apiary during 2007-2009.[Results] The results showed that this method is effective in eliminating mites settled on combs or hidden during pupae phase,but not in controlling the mites parasitized on adult bees.The control effect on killing Varroa destructor after treated appeared optimal in the first day and then decreased,and that on killing Tvopilaelaps clareae happened in the second day.The results indicated that the effect would be much better if the bees can be treated 1 time to 2 times again in the following 2-5 days after the first treatment.Back to data pool,we found that the treatment of sublimed sulfur paired with acaricide is effective in controlling V.destructor and T.clareae.[Conclusion] This technique could facilitate the apicultural production in the regions suffered from V.destructor and T.clareae.
基金Supported by Pesticide Innovation and Highly Efficient Implementation Technology of Special Foundation for Anhui Talents Development(13C1109)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to determine control effects of the 6 insecticides and recommended the optimal doses. [Method] In 2014, the control effects of sophocarpidine, pymetrozine, beta-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and chlor- pyrifos on wheat aphids were tested, and every pesticide was designed with three doses in Shou County, Anhui Province, to explore the significance of differences on control effects. [Result] The results showed that the control effects of the 6 insecti- cides were satisfied, and the insecticides were safe on wheat. [Conclusion] During initial diseasing stage of aphid, it is recommended to use sophocarpidine soluble concentrate （1.5%）, pymetrozine water dispersible granule （50%）, imidacloprid wet- table powder （25%）, and acetamiprid wettable powder （5%）, and chlorpyrifos missi- ble oil （40%）, cypermethrin missible oil （4.5%） and imidacloprid wettable powder （25%） can be applied in peak-diseasing stage.
基金Supported by Comprehensive Test Station in West Sichuan Plateau for National Apple's Industrial Technology System ( CARS-28)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The research aimed to discuss the occurrence regularity of apple early defoliation disease and control effects of fungicides in west Sichuan plateau. [ Method ] Apple early defoliation disease in west Sichuan plateau was systematically investigated during 2009 and 2011, and the control effects of different fungicides during different spraying periods were studied. [ Result] The species of pathogen mainly was Marssonina ma/i （ P. Henn）, accounting for 32.5%, Phyl-losticta Pirina Sa accounted for 29.9%, and Alternaria mali Roberts accounted for 25.7%. The field fluctuation regularity was as follows ： the disease generally be- gan in the mid-May and ended in early and middle October with only one damage peak during the whole year, the fluctuation had positive correlation with rainfall （ R2 =0.891 8 ＊ ＊ ）. Control test showed that 40% flusilazole had the best control effect （86.5%）, which was best to apply after anthesis. [ Conclusion ] The paper provided theoretical basis for the effective control against apple early defoliation disease.
基金Supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2012378)Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province(2013-NY-001)Agricultural Science and Technology Research and Development Program of Zhenjiang City(NY2014029)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.
基金Supported by Students Innovation Fund in Liaocheng UniversityKey topics Projects in Liaocheng University(x061005)Science and Technology Development Program,Education Department of Shandong Province(J09Lc17)~~
文摘[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inoculated with the fungus pathogen of cucumber powdery mildew naturally occurred in the field.The indoor protective test and field test were performed respectively to observe the control effects of different plant oils EC on the cucumber powdery mildew.[Result] When six plant oils EC including cottonseed oil,soybean oil,canola oil,corn oil,sesame oil and sunflower oil was diluted into 10 and 5 ml/L,they had better control effect on cucumber powdery mildew.As for the indoor protective effect,the protective effect of the vegetable oil EC was equivalent to the control agent triadimefon EC,the field control effect of vegetable oil EC was in the range of 60%-75%,which was consistent with 69%-70% control effect of contrast agent with 1 ml/L triadimefon EC dilution.[Conclusion] All vegetable oils EC had significant control effect on cucumber powdery mildew in the test.
基金Supported by Approving on the First Batch of National Modern Agriculture Demonstration District by Ministry of Agriculture([2010]No.22)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(XDJK2016A020)~~
文摘In order to mitigate the occurrence and damage of cowpea whitefly, reduce chemical pesticide consumption, residue and environmental pollution, the methods of forecasting, randomized block design andstatistical analysis were used in field efficacy trials, to study the control effect of cowpea anthracnose by usingchemical pesticides dinotefuran, acetamiprid, pymetrozine, and bio-pesticide avermectin. The results showed that after applying 1.85% avermectin EC 375 g, 20% dinotefuran SP 600 g, 5% acetamiprid WP 600 g, and 25% pymetrozine WP 600 g （control pesticide） per hm2 once every 5-8 days, and 3 times continuously underserious autumn occurrence of greenhouse whitefly, the control efficacy was 90.9%, 97.0%, 88.0%, 93.9%respectively on the 7th day after the pesticides application; 97.4%, 92.1%, 84.2%, 89.4% respectively on the 14th day after the pesticides application; and 95.6%, 86.7%, 82.2%, 84.5%, respectively on the 20th day afterthe pesticides application. The control effects among avermectin, acetamiprid and pymetrozine were not significantly different, while the effects of avermectin and pymetrozine were significantly higher than that of acetamiprid on the 7th day. The control effects among avermectin, dinotefuran and pymetrozine were not significantly different, while significantly higher than that of acetamiprid on the 14th day. The control effect of avermectin was significantly higher than that of dinotefuran, acetamiprid and pymetrozine on the 20th day. Meanwhile, the control effect of avermectin was slightly lower, higher and much higher than that of dinotefuran on the 7th, 14th, 20th day respectively after the treatment. These results indicated that the four pesticides,especiaLly biopesticide avermectin, were ideal pesticides, which could not only be used for controlling cowpea whitefly, but also realize modern, green, organic and ecological agricultural production.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Fund of Changsha Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(K1301004-21)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101460)Science and Technology Fund of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co.,Ltd.(09-11Aa30)~~
文摘The laboratory bioassay and field control efficacy of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus（Spli NPV） Chenzhou strain were preliminarily examined. The efficient artificial propagation method was to feed the host larvae with virus suspension,and the average mortality of the insects was 65.0%. The death peak of the pests appeared 4-8 d after virus infection. The high temperature, high humidity and poor light could help the virus infection and propagation. Filed control efficacy of Chenzhou strain was 86.6% in laboratory, which was better than of another commercial strain. The corrected control efficacy of this strain was 88.4% the field, which was higher than that of avermectin pesticide significantly. It was detected that the occlusion body（OB） concentration of the initial virus＇ s stock solution was 1.03×1011OBs/ml,and it was a strong SpliNPV strain, as it showed an excellent efficacy to control the pest Spodoptera litura, and thus there will be a good prospect of application and development of this SpliNPV strain.
文摘Objective To compare the efficacy differences between acupuncture and western medicine in treating osteoarthritis of knee joints.Methods One hundred and twenty cases were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and a western medication group with 60 cases in each group.In the acupuncture group,acupuncture was applied mainly at Nèixīyǎn（内膝眼 EX-LE 4）,Dúbí（犊鼻 ST 35）,Yīnlíngquán（阴陵泉 SP 9） and Yánglíngquán（阳陵泉 GB 34） plus other acupoints selected according to syndrome differentiation.In the medication group,Glucosamine Hydrochloride capsules were orally given 3 times daily with 2 capsules each time.Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index（WOMAC）,Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey（SF-36,Chinese version） were used to assess therapeutic effects before treatment,after 4 weeks treatment and 9 weeks after treatment,respectively.Results After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rates were 86.7%（52/60） and 88.3%（53/60） in the acupuncture group and the western medication group,respectively,without significant difference（P〈0.05）.In 9 weeks after treatment,the total effective rates were 83.3%（50/60） and 61.7%（37/60） in the acupuncture group and the western medication group,respectively,with significant difference between the two groups（P〈0.05）.According to WOMAC and SF-36,the scores were all improved in both groups（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,with significant difference in follow-up visit of 9 weeks after treatment between the two groups（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,but not after 4 weeks of treatments（both P〈0.05）.Conclusion Short-term of therapeutic effects of acupuncture and oral administration of Glucosamine Hydrochloride on osteoarthritis of knee joints are similar,but long-term efficacy in the acupuncture group is better than that in the western medication group.
基金Supported by Special Funding for Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to investigate the occurrence condition of pear blight rot in pear-producing areas in Qianxian of Shannxi Province, so as to find the main cause of the disease and the effective agents for the disease. [Method] The occurrence condition of pear blight rot was surveyed in field, the inci- dence rate of trees and incidence index of fruits were counted, and the field control test of different agents against pear blight rot was carried out. [ Result] The ma- jor reasons for outbreak of pear blight rot in Ganhe pear-producing areas in Qianxian of Shannxi Province were excessive rainfall and high temperature and humidity in July 2010, poor drainage in orchards and large planting density were also the main factors causing outbreak of pear blight rot. 64% oxadixyl · mancozeb WP, 60% metalaxyl-mancozeb WP and 80% aliette WP had significant control effect on pear blight rot, fruit bagging was also an ideal measure for prevention of the dis- ease. [ Conclusion] Pear production should focus on improving the air and light condition, enhancing the drainage capacity of orchard and promoting bagging culti- vation, and the systemic control agents should be selected to control pear blight rot.
文摘The paper reviewed the function mechanism of Bilken virusicide against rice stipe disease, and then introduced its control effects in field test as well as its application method.
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the application of botanical pesticides on controlling turnip aphid （ Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach）. [ Method ] Through potting efficacy experiment of Chinese cabbage, the control effects of two preparations（20% EC and 10% EW）of methanol extract of Blumea megacephala Chang et Tseng against turnip aphid, as well as leaf-protection effect on Chinese cabbage were determined. [ Result] 20% EC of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 10-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 57.78%, 77.19% and 84.79% after pesticide spraying for 24, 48 and 72 h; 10% EW of B. megacephala had the highest efficacy in 5-fold dilution, and its control effects against turnip aphid were 74.44%, 84.79% and 89.14% after pesticide spra- ying for 24, 48 and 72 h. The leaf-protection rates of 20% EC orB. megacephala in 10-fold dilution were 89.31% and 94.80% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d; the leaf-protection rates of 10% EW of B. megacephala in 5-fold dilution were 93.50% and 97.83% after pesticide spraying for 3 and 5 d. [ Condusion] The methanol extract of B. megacephala had good control effect against turnip aphid and good protection rate on crops.
文摘In order to test the control effect of 6% tebuconazole FS on maize head smut and to select its optimal dose for mixing seed, field tests were performed in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that 6% tebuconazole FS was effective to control maize head smut, and the control effect ranged from 73.4% to 91.1%. In addition, it also improved the maize yield by 36.7%-44.1%, compared with the blank control. The optimal dose of 6% tebuconazole FS for seed dressing was 166.5 g/100 kg to control head smut on maize.
