Dye wastewater poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms due to its high toxicity.Reducing or eliminating the dye waste from the water is necessary for a healthy and sustainable aquaculture.This study investigat...Dye wastewater poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms due to its high toxicity.Reducing or eliminating the dye waste from the water is necessary for a healthy and sustainable aquaculture.This study investigated the adsorption properties of Congo red dye on Mytilus edulis shell powders prepared by calcination at 500℃,700℃,and 900℃.The modified shell powder products were analyzed by SEM(scanning eletron microscopy)and FTIR(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)for the morphology and structural characterization.The effects of different calcination temperatures,reaction times,reaction temperatures,and initial concentration of Congo red on the adsorption properties were investigated.The adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption models were also established.The results revealed that the shell powder calcinated at 900℃showed the best adsorption capacity on Congo red from aqueous solution.The adsorption reaction reached equilibrium after 150 min and followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.At 25℃,96.2%of the Congo red in the solution could be removed,and the adsorption capacity could reach at least 1015 mg g^(–1).The adsorption isotherm is fit with the Freundlich model,indicating a multiphase adsorption process.These results are helpful for cleaning and treating printing and dyeing effluents as well as high-value utilization of shell waste resources.展开更多
Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(...Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)is a powerful tool for gene expression analysis.The accuracy of qRT-PCR results largely depends on suitable reference genes.In this study,a transcriptome-wide identification of reference genes was conducted based on 447 transcriptome datasets,comprising 200 tissue samples,107 treated samples,and 140 samples from various moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)forms.A total of 3444,1013,and 3962 stably expressed genes were identified from these three groups,respectively.Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in pathways,including the spliceosome,proteasome,and oxidative phosphorylation.Eight candidate genes(ADPRE,GAPDH,TRX,TUBA,NRP,MBF,UNK,and CAM1),were selected for qRT-PCR validation using 112 samples.To assess their stability,five statistical methods(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,Delta-Ct,and RefFinder)were employed.The most suitable reference genes were ADPRE and GAPDH for different tissues,GAPDH and CAM1 for different treatments,and GAPDH and TRX for various moso bamboo forms.Overall,ADPRE and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes across all conditions,while TUBA and TRX were the least stable reference genes.In addition,a significant negative correlation was found between the Ct values of RT-qPCR and the log2TPM values from the transcriptome data(Ct=-1.534x+37.221),providing a potential method for estimating gene expression levels.The identified reference genes,particularly ADPRE and GAPDH,provide a robust set of references for gene expression studies in moso bamboo.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen con...This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen content in both environments,comparative analysis of the annual average oxygen concentration showed that the average inside the forest was 22.13%,while the value outside it was 21.39%.The annual average oxygen concentration inside the forest was 3.34%higher than that outside the forest.(2)Regarding the seasonal variation in oxygen content at both sites,the oxygen concentration inside the forest was consistently higher than that outside the forest in all four seasons.The oxygen concentrations inside the forest were 22.1%,21.9%,21.8%,and 21.5%in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,while outside the forest,they were 22.0%,21.8%,21.7%,and 21.4%for the same seasons,respectively.(3)The diurnal variation trends of oxygen concentration at both sites were similar throughout all four seasons,exhibiting a single-peak and double-trough curve pattern.The peak period occurred at 13:00 in spring,summer,and winter,and at 9:00 in autumn.The trough periods were observed at 7:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00 or at 5:00.展开更多
Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants.In this study,the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed,and their antioxidant capacity w...Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants.In this study,the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed,and their antioxidant capacity was measured.Then,the crude extract mixture was separated and purified using a Sephadex LH-20 gel,and the antioxidant activity of the purified products was determined.Human umbilical vein endothelial human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC)cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose to construct a model of oxidative stress.Then,the cells were treated with the active component to observe whether the products of T.edulis could have a good protective effect on HUVEC cells induced by glucose.Transcriptome analysis was also performed on HUVEC cells after same treatment to explore the possible mechanism of the component F2 protecting HUVEC cells from oxidative stress induced by high glucose.The results showed that component F2 obtained from T.edulis has strong antioxidant activity.Moreover,F2 can play a strong antioxidant protective role in HUVEC cells.Meanwhile,the gene expression of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1),γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit(GCLC)and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1(NQO1)in HUVEC cells was up-regulated after treated with F2.This study provides reference value for the further development and application of T.edulis and the d evelopment of functional food.展开更多
Coula edulis is non-timber forest product (NTFP) used in Africa for its hazelnuts, which contain edible seeds with a demonstrated nutritional potential. However, there have been very few scientific studies of this spe...Coula edulis is non-timber forest product (NTFP) used in Africa for its hazelnuts, which contain edible seeds with a demonstrated nutritional potential. However, there have been very few scientific studies of this species in the Republic of Congo. Thus, the aim of the current study was therefore to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from Coula edulis hazelnut seeds collected at random in the Republic of Congo. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and its fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The extracted oil from Coula edulis hazelnut kernels is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (95.28%), particularly oleic acid (94.5%), which classifies it as an oleic oil and gives it interesting nutritional and therapeutic properties. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids (4.15%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.35%) are not well represented. Its low poly-unsaturated fatty acid content makes it more stable when stored at room temperature.展开更多
The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and...The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.展开更多
The aim of this work is to model the drying kinetics of Safou pulp with or without endocarp using a phenomenological approach. Oven-drying kinetics at 70˚C, 90˚C and 105˚C were monitored using the curves given by the ...The aim of this work is to model the drying kinetics of Safou pulp with or without endocarp using a phenomenological approach. Oven-drying kinetics at 70˚C, 90˚C and 105˚C were monitored using the curves given by the reduced mass as a function of time, which are modeled according to the Avrami/page, Fick and Peleg models using OringinPro 2018 software. The results showed that parameters k and n of the Avrami/Page model vary very little with fruit size and drying temperature (0.0018 ± 0.0002 k n k (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical, while b (Fick model) and n (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical for the same sample. For the Peleg model, the parameter a, varies from 0.0018 ± 0.0002 to 0.03328 ± 0.0079, with a ratio of 18.6 for all experimental conditions studied. However, with 0.977 R2 χ2 < 0.00002, we have a good fit of the model to the experimental data. The same applies to parameter b, which ranges from 0.82 ± 0.05 to 1.21 ± 0.02. Thus, drying modeling by these three models can be used to describe and predict the progress of oven-drying of safou pulp.展开更多
[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as m...[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS＋1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS＋ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite （1∶ 1, V/V）, survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic ...This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chlorophyll flu- orescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves. [Method] Using the chloro- phyll fluorescence system and fluorescence imaging syste...[Objective] This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chlorophyll flu- orescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves. [Method] Using the chloro- phyll fluorescence system and fluorescence imaging system in the Mini-IMAGING- PAM, the chlorophyll fluorescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves were measured and the fluorescence parameters were calculated. [Result] The homo- geneities of the maximal quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm） and the leaf absorptivity （Abs） were higher, with CVs （Coefficient of Variation） of 1.58%-1.68% and 1.75%- 2.12% respectively, while the heterogeneities of the actual quantum yield （Y）, non- photochemical quenching （NPQ/4）, photochemical quenching（qP） and relative photo- synthetic rate （PS/50） were higher, with CVs of 9.60%-14.23%, 10.23%-13.02%, 11.92%-13.02% and 11.15%-17.74% respectively. The trends of heterogeneity change in Y, qP and PSI50 were basically the same with transversely higher het- erogeneity at two sides and lower heterogeneity in the middle, namely with larger CVs at the edges of leaves and smaller ones around the midrib. Longitudinally, the coefficients of variation of Y, qP and PS/50 decreased gradually （from top to bot- tom）, which indicated that the heterogeneity declined from the leaf tip to the base. The trends of heterogeneity change in PS/50 and NPQ/4 were opposite. [Conclusion] The fluorescence parameters of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves revealed different heterogeneity.展开更多
The mitre squid(U roteuthis chinensis) and the swordtip squid( U. edulis) are Indo-Pacific cephalopod species that are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean. They are currently exploited in the East and South China Se...The mitre squid(U roteuthis chinensis) and the swordtip squid( U. edulis) are Indo-Pacific cephalopod species that are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean. They are currently exploited in the East and South China Seas and make up a significant portion of the Chinese neritic squid catch. Beaks, the feeding organs of squid, are important for individual size and biomass estimation because of their high resistance to degradation in predator stomachs and consistent dimensions. In this study, 104 U. chinensis and 143 U. edulis individuals were sampled from northern South China Sea with mantle length from 70 to 260 mm and 96 to 284 mm, respectively. The results indicated that morphological beak values were greater for U. edulis, compared to U. chinensis, for upper hood length(UHL), upper crest length(UCL), upper lateral wall length(ULWL), lower crest length(LCL), and lower lateral wall length(LLWL). According to principal component analysis, UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LCL/ML, LLWL/ML and LWL/ML could represent the characteristics of beaks for U. chinensis, while UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LHL/ML, LCL/ML and LLWL/ML could represent it for U. edulis. According to Akaike's information criterion(AIC) values, a power function was the most suitable model for U. chinensis, while a linear function was the most suitable model for U. edulis. The beak variable-mantle length ratio(beak variable/mantle length) declined with the increasing of mantle length and declined sharply at the early stage of growth in both beaks and species. The ratio changed quickly after achieving the mantle length of 140 mm for U. chinensis, while the ratio changed quickly after 170 mm for U. edulis. Beaks in both species experienced sharper changes through maturity stage I to II than other maturity stages. This study gives us basic beak morphology information for U. chinensis and U. edulis in the East and South China Seas. Geometric morphological methods combined with dietary analysis should be used in the future.展开更多
Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on c...Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses,the effects of seven soil factors on organic carbon and their sensitivities to change were studied using path and sensitivity analyses.The results revealed differences in the interconnections and intensities of soil factors on organic carbon.Soil porosity,field capacity,and ammonium nitrogen levels were the main factors affecting organic carbon in the ecosystem.Soil porosity had a strong direct effect on organic carbon content and a strong indirect effect through field capacity.Field capacity and ammonium nitrogen levels mainly affected organic carbon directly.Field capacity,soil porosity,and ammonium nitrogen content,as well as bulk density,b-glucosidase activity,and invertase activity,were sensitive factors.Polyphenol oxidase activity was insensitive.Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of soil factors on organic carbon,which can be utilised to improve P.edulis forest management strategies and promote carbon sequestration capacities.展开更多
The large water-pumping and particle-capturing gills of the filter-feeding blue mussel Mytilus edulis are oversized for respiratory purposes. Consequently, the oxygen uptake rate of the mussel has been suggested to be...The large water-pumping and particle-capturing gills of the filter-feeding blue mussel Mytilus edulis are oversized for respiratory purposes. Consequently, the oxygen uptake rate of the mussel has been suggested to be rather insensitive to decreasing oxygen concentrations in the ambient water, since the diffusion rate of oxygen from water flowing through the mussel determines oxygen uptake. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the oxygen uptake in mussels exposed to various oxygen concentrations. These concentrations were established via N2-bubbling of the water in a respiration chamber with mussels fed algal cells to stimulate fully opening of the valves. It was found that mussels exposecl to oxygen concentrations decreasing from 9 to 2 mg O2/L resulted in a slow but significant reduction in the respiration rate, while the filtration rate remained high and constant. Thus, a decrease of oxygen concentration by 78% only resulted in a 25% decrease in respiration rate. However, at oxygen concentrations below 2 mg O2/L M. edulis responded by gradually closing its valves, resulting in a rapid decrease of filtration rate, concurrent with a rapid reduction of respiration rate. These observations indicated that M. edulis is no longer able to maintain its normal aerobic metabolism at oxygen concentration below 2 mg O2/L, and there seems to be an energy-saving mechanism in bivalve molluscs to strongly reduce their activity when exposed to low oxygen conditions.展开更多
Owing to the formation of aggregation and gelation during storage,certain proteins and peptides exhibit limited applications in aqueous protein food products.The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence ...Owing to the formation of aggregation and gelation during storage,certain proteins and peptides exhibit limited applications in aqueous protein food products.The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of homogenization and xanthan gum addition on the dispersion stability of Mytilus edulis hydrolysate(PHM).High-pressure homogenization(HPH)at 360 and 40 bar in the first and second values,respectively,and adding xanthan gum at a concentration of 1 mg/mL showed significantly improvement on the stability of the PHM solution.PHM-xanthan gum solutions(PHMX)showed the highest polypeptide precipitation rate and turbidity retention rate compared with those of PHM.Moreover,the centrifugal precipitation rate of PHMX without HPH was higher than that of homogeneous PHMX.After HPH treatment at 400 bar,the percentage of smaller particles in PHM and PHMX was increased,the aqueous system became more uniform,and the fluorescence intensity reached its maximum.HPH pretreatment improved the polypeptide dispersion stability and turbidity retention rate of PHM and PHMX and reduced the fluorescence intensity.The interactions of xanthan gum and polypeptide render the network microstructure more uniform under the conditions of homogenization,thus improving the dispersion stability of PHMX solutions.Therefore,under the premise of adding xanthan gum,HPH can better enhance the dispersion stability of the polypeptide in PHM.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the spermicidal activity of Passiflora edulis extract on human spermatozoa. Methods Human spermatozoa were incubated with P. edulis extracts and their motility and viability were evaluated; addit...Objective To evaluate the spermicidal activity of Passiflora edulis extract on human spermatozoa. Methods Human spermatozoa were incubated with P. edulis extracts and their motility and viability were evaluated; additionally, the cytotoxic effect of the extracts was evaluated by the tetrazolium bromide （MTT） reduction assay. Results The motility and viability were decreased immediately after treatment with a 21% dilution of the supernatant of the extract of P. edulis （P〈0.01）. No cytatoxic effect of the extracts studied was found on proliferation of MDBK and VERO cells. Conclusion These results may open the way for the use of P. edulis as a spermicidal product with less adverse effects.展开更多
Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its appli...Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.展开更多
Objective Age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and increase the levels of cholesterol auto-oxidation products such as 7β-hydroxychol...Objective Age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and increase the levels of cholesterol auto-oxidation products such as 7β-hydroxycholesterol(7β-OHC). Thus, it is imperative to identify agents that can prevent 7β-OHC-induced side-effects. Methods We evaluated the potential protective effects of Carpobrotus edulis ethanol-water extract(EWe) on murine oligodendrocytes(158 N) cultured in the absence or presence of 7β-OHC(20 μg/mL, 24 h). The cells were incubated with EWe(20-200 μg/mL) 2 h before 7β-OHC treatment. Mitochondrial activity and cell growth were evaluated with the MTT assay. Photometric methods were used to analyze antioxidant enzyme [catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)] activities and the generation of lipid and protein oxidation products [malondialdehyde(MDA), conjugated diene(CD), and carbonylated proteins(CPs)]. Results Treatment with 7β-OHC induced cell death and oxidative stress(reflected by alteration in CAT and SOD activities). Overproduction of lipid peroxidation products(MDA and CDs) and CPs was also reported. The cytotoxic effects associated with 7β-OHC were attenuated by 160 μg/mL of EWe of C. edulis. Cell death induced by 7β-OHC treatment was ameliorated, GPx and CAT activities were restored to normal, and MDA, CD, and CP levels were reduced following C. edulis extract treatment. Conclusion These data demonstrate the protective activities of C. edulis EWe against 7β-OHC-induced disequilibrium in the redox status of 158 N cells, indicative of the potential role of this plant extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Organic pollution is a serious environmental problem in coastal areas and it is important to establish quantitative methods for monitoring this pollution. This study screened a series of sensitive biomarkers to constr...Organic pollution is a serious environmental problem in coastal areas and it is important to establish quantitative methods for monitoring this pollution. This study screened a series of sensitive biomarkers to construct an integrated biomarker response （IBR） index using Mytilus edulis. Mussels were exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene trader controlled laboratory conditions and the activities of components of the glutathione antioxidant system, and the concentrations of oxidative-damage markers, were measured in the gills and digestive glands. Anthracene exposure resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide radicals （O2-·）, indicating that oxidative damage had occurred. Correspondingly, anthracene exposure induced increased activities of glutathione S-transferase （GST）, glutathione peroxidase （GPx） and reduced glutathione （GSH） in digestive glands, and GPx and glutathione reductase （GR） in gills, consistent with stimulation of the antioxidant system. A field experiment was set up, in which mussels from a relatively clean area were transplanted to a contaminated site. One month later, the activities of GST, GPx and GR had increased in several tissues, particularly in the digestive glands. Based on the laboratory experiment, an IBR, which showed a positive relationship with anthracene exposure, was constructed. The IBR is suggested to be a potentially useful tool for assessing anthracene pollution.展开更多
Chemical composition of the bark extracts of Coula edulis was investigated to find potential antioxidant,anti-termite and antifungal compounds which can find useful applications in the fields of food,nutraceuticals,co...Chemical composition of the bark extracts of Coula edulis was investigated to find potential antioxidant,anti-termite and antifungal compounds which can find useful applications in the fields of food,nutraceuticals,cosmetics or agrochemical.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several groups of active molecules such as alkaloids,polyphenols,flavonoids,saponins and sterols and/or terpenes in the different extracts.Total phenols,condensed tannins and flavonoids contents corroborated phytochemical screening.Gas chromatographymass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis revealed compounds in dichloromethane extract different from those obtained with all the other solvents.Hexadecanoic and trans-9-octadecenoic acids,as well as stigmasterol andβ-sitosterol have been identified as the major compounds in the dichloromethane extract.Extracts obtained with acetone and toluene/ethanol mixture(2/1,v/v)indicated the presence of few amounts of fatty acids and sugars,catechin in small amount and huge amounts of phenolic acids like gallic and ellagic acids.The radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle(DPPH)and the cationic radical 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS+)were used for evaluation of antioxidant properties of the different extracts.The dichloromethane extracts had a very low antioxidant activity,while acetone and toluene/ethanol extracts presented EC50 values similar to those of catechin and BHT used as reference antioxidant compounds.Effect of the different extracts of the bark of C.edulis on fungal growth inhibition indicated better inhibition of the mycelium growth of brown rot fungi compared to white rot fungi.Low anti-termite activities were recorded with the aqueous extracts,while stronger activities were recorded with dichloromethane,acetone and toluene/ethanol extracts.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD2401105)the Fujian Science and Technology Planning ProjectSTS Program(No.2021T3013)。
文摘Dye wastewater poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms due to its high toxicity.Reducing or eliminating the dye waste from the water is necessary for a healthy and sustainable aquaculture.This study investigated the adsorption properties of Congo red dye on Mytilus edulis shell powders prepared by calcination at 500℃,700℃,and 900℃.The modified shell powder products were analyzed by SEM(scanning eletron microscopy)and FTIR(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)for the morphology and structural characterization.The effects of different calcination temperatures,reaction times,reaction temperatures,and initial concentration of Congo red on the adsorption properties were investigated.The adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption models were also established.The results revealed that the shell powder calcinated at 900℃showed the best adsorption capacity on Congo red from aqueous solution.The adsorption reaction reached equilibrium after 150 min and followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.At 25℃,96.2%of the Congo red in the solution could be removed,and the adsorption capacity could reach at least 1015 mg g^(–1).The adsorption isotherm is fit with the Freundlich model,indicating a multiphase adsorption process.These results are helpful for cleaning and treating printing and dyeing effluents as well as high-value utilization of shell waste resources.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD2200502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971736).
文摘Bamboo was one of the first plants to be cultivated in China and is widely used in industry and daily life.The study of gene function has become an important part of bamboo breeding,whereas quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)is a powerful tool for gene expression analysis.The accuracy of qRT-PCR results largely depends on suitable reference genes.In this study,a transcriptome-wide identification of reference genes was conducted based on 447 transcriptome datasets,comprising 200 tissue samples,107 treated samples,and 140 samples from various moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)forms.A total of 3444,1013,and 3962 stably expressed genes were identified from these three groups,respectively.Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in pathways,including the spliceosome,proteasome,and oxidative phosphorylation.Eight candidate genes(ADPRE,GAPDH,TRX,TUBA,NRP,MBF,UNK,and CAM1),were selected for qRT-PCR validation using 112 samples.To assess their stability,five statistical methods(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper,Delta-Ct,and RefFinder)were employed.The most suitable reference genes were ADPRE and GAPDH for different tissues,GAPDH and CAM1 for different treatments,and GAPDH and TRX for various moso bamboo forms.Overall,ADPRE and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes across all conditions,while TUBA and TRX were the least stable reference genes.In addition,a significant negative correlation was found between the Ct values of RT-qPCR and the log2TPM values from the transcriptome data(Ct=-1.534x+37.221),providing a potential method for estimating gene expression levels.The identified reference genes,particularly ADPRE and GAPDH,provide a robust set of references for gene expression studies in moso bamboo.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks (ZX2019ZX2017).
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the air oxygen content inside and outside a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Qishan Forest Park throughout all four seasons.(1)Regarding the overall annual variation in oxygen content in both environments,comparative analysis of the annual average oxygen concentration showed that the average inside the forest was 22.13%,while the value outside it was 21.39%.The annual average oxygen concentration inside the forest was 3.34%higher than that outside the forest.(2)Regarding the seasonal variation in oxygen content at both sites,the oxygen concentration inside the forest was consistently higher than that outside the forest in all four seasons.The oxygen concentrations inside the forest were 22.1%,21.9%,21.8%,and 21.5%in spring,summer,autumn,and winter,respectively,while outside the forest,they were 22.0%,21.8%,21.7%,and 21.4%for the same seasons,respectively.(3)The diurnal variation trends of oxygen concentration at both sites were similar throughout all four seasons,exhibiting a single-peak and double-trough curve pattern.The peak period occurred at 13:00 in spring,summer,and winter,and at 9:00 in autumn.The trough periods were observed at 7:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00 or at 5:00.
基金supported by the Open Grant of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health(20182024)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370104)+4 种基金The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(2021JJ30029)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province,China(tsqn201909168)“Double Hundred”Program for Foreign Experts of Shandong Province,China(WST2017004)Hunan Province Postgraduate Education Innovation Project and Professional Capacity Enhancement(CX20200297)Project the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(2020zzts424,2020zzts422)。
文摘Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants.In this study,the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed,and their antioxidant capacity was measured.Then,the crude extract mixture was separated and purified using a Sephadex LH-20 gel,and the antioxidant activity of the purified products was determined.Human umbilical vein endothelial human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC)cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose to construct a model of oxidative stress.Then,the cells were treated with the active component to observe whether the products of T.edulis could have a good protective effect on HUVEC cells induced by glucose.Transcriptome analysis was also performed on HUVEC cells after same treatment to explore the possible mechanism of the component F2 protecting HUVEC cells from oxidative stress induced by high glucose.The results showed that component F2 obtained from T.edulis has strong antioxidant activity.Moreover,F2 can play a strong antioxidant protective role in HUVEC cells.Meanwhile,the gene expression of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1),γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit(GCLC)and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1(NQO1)in HUVEC cells was up-regulated after treated with F2.This study provides reference value for the further development and application of T.edulis and the d evelopment of functional food.
文摘Coula edulis is non-timber forest product (NTFP) used in Africa for its hazelnuts, which contain edible seeds with a demonstrated nutritional potential. However, there have been very few scientific studies of this species in the Republic of Congo. Thus, the aim of the current study was therefore to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from Coula edulis hazelnut seeds collected at random in the Republic of Congo. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and its fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The extracted oil from Coula edulis hazelnut kernels is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (95.28%), particularly oleic acid (94.5%), which classifies it as an oleic oil and gives it interesting nutritional and therapeutic properties. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids (4.15%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.35%) are not well represented. Its low poly-unsaturated fatty acid content makes it more stable when stored at room temperature.
文摘The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.
文摘The aim of this work is to model the drying kinetics of Safou pulp with or without endocarp using a phenomenological approach. Oven-drying kinetics at 70˚C, 90˚C and 105˚C were monitored using the curves given by the reduced mass as a function of time, which are modeled according to the Avrami/page, Fick and Peleg models using OringinPro 2018 software. The results showed that parameters k and n of the Avrami/Page model vary very little with fruit size and drying temperature (0.0018 ± 0.0002 k n k (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical, while b (Fick model) and n (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical for the same sample. For the Peleg model, the parameter a, varies from 0.0018 ± 0.0002 to 0.03328 ± 0.0079, with a ratio of 18.6 for all experimental conditions studied. However, with 0.977 R2 χ2 < 0.00002, we have a good fit of the model to the experimental data. The same applies to parameter b, which ranges from 0.82 ± 0.05 to 1.21 ± 0.02. Thus, drying modeling by these three models can be used to describe and predict the progress of oven-drying of safou pulp.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(30960231)Project of the State Forestry Administration(2005-06)~~
文摘[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS＋1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS＋ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite （1∶ 1, V/V）, survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(cstc2012jjA80026)Scientific Research Project of Chongqing Education Committee(KJ131311)Scientific Research Project of Yangtze Normal University(2013XJZD003)~~
文摘This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Basic Research of International Center for Bamboo and Rattan(1632011005)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chlorophyll flu- orescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves. [Method] Using the chloro- phyll fluorescence system and fluorescence imaging system in the Mini-IMAGING- PAM, the chlorophyll fluorescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves were measured and the fluorescence parameters were calculated. [Result] The homo- geneities of the maximal quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm） and the leaf absorptivity （Abs） were higher, with CVs （Coefficient of Variation） of 1.58%-1.68% and 1.75%- 2.12% respectively, while the heterogeneities of the actual quantum yield （Y）, non- photochemical quenching （NPQ/4）, photochemical quenching（qP） and relative photo- synthetic rate （PS/50） were higher, with CVs of 9.60%-14.23%, 10.23%-13.02%, 11.92%-13.02% and 11.15%-17.74% respectively. The trends of heterogeneity change in Y, qP and PSI50 were basically the same with transversely higher het- erogeneity at two sides and lower heterogeneity in the middle, namely with larger CVs at the edges of leaves and smaller ones around the midrib. Longitudinally, the coefficients of variation of Y, qP and PS/50 decreased gradually （from top to bot- tom）, which indicated that the heterogeneity declined from the leaf tip to the base. The trends of heterogeneity change in PS/50 and NPQ/4 were opposite. [Conclusion] The fluorescence parameters of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves revealed different heterogeneity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41306127,41276156)supported by SHOU International Center for Marine Studies and Shanghai 1000 Talent Program
文摘The mitre squid(U roteuthis chinensis) and the swordtip squid( U. edulis) are Indo-Pacific cephalopod species that are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean. They are currently exploited in the East and South China Seas and make up a significant portion of the Chinese neritic squid catch. Beaks, the feeding organs of squid, are important for individual size and biomass estimation because of their high resistance to degradation in predator stomachs and consistent dimensions. In this study, 104 U. chinensis and 143 U. edulis individuals were sampled from northern South China Sea with mantle length from 70 to 260 mm and 96 to 284 mm, respectively. The results indicated that morphological beak values were greater for U. edulis, compared to U. chinensis, for upper hood length(UHL), upper crest length(UCL), upper lateral wall length(ULWL), lower crest length(LCL), and lower lateral wall length(LLWL). According to principal component analysis, UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LCL/ML, LLWL/ML and LWL/ML could represent the characteristics of beaks for U. chinensis, while UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LHL/ML, LCL/ML and LLWL/ML could represent it for U. edulis. According to Akaike's information criterion(AIC) values, a power function was the most suitable model for U. chinensis, while a linear function was the most suitable model for U. edulis. The beak variable-mantle length ratio(beak variable/mantle length) declined with the increasing of mantle length and declined sharply at the early stage of growth in both beaks and species. The ratio changed quickly after achieving the mantle length of 140 mm for U. chinensis, while the ratio changed quickly after 170 mm for U. edulis. Beaks in both species experienced sharper changes through maturity stage I to II than other maturity stages. This study gives us basic beak morphology information for U. chinensis and U. edulis in the East and South China Seas. Geometric morphological methods combined with dietary analysis should be used in the future.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Basic Work Special(No.2014FY120700)
文摘Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses,the effects of seven soil factors on organic carbon and their sensitivities to change were studied using path and sensitivity analyses.The results revealed differences in the interconnections and intensities of soil factors on organic carbon.Soil porosity,field capacity,and ammonium nitrogen levels were the main factors affecting organic carbon in the ecosystem.Soil porosity had a strong direct effect on organic carbon content and a strong indirect effect through field capacity.Field capacity and ammonium nitrogen levels mainly affected organic carbon directly.Field capacity,soil porosity,and ammonium nitrogen content,as well as bulk density,b-glucosidase activity,and invertase activity,were sensitive factors.Polyphenol oxidase activity was insensitive.Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of soil factors on organic carbon,which can be utilised to improve P.edulis forest management strategies and promote carbon sequestration capacities.
基金Supported by the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(No.2016HY-ZD0102)
文摘The large water-pumping and particle-capturing gills of the filter-feeding blue mussel Mytilus edulis are oversized for respiratory purposes. Consequently, the oxygen uptake rate of the mussel has been suggested to be rather insensitive to decreasing oxygen concentrations in the ambient water, since the diffusion rate of oxygen from water flowing through the mussel determines oxygen uptake. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the oxygen uptake in mussels exposed to various oxygen concentrations. These concentrations were established via N2-bubbling of the water in a respiration chamber with mussels fed algal cells to stimulate fully opening of the valves. It was found that mussels exposecl to oxygen concentrations decreasing from 9 to 2 mg O2/L resulted in a slow but significant reduction in the respiration rate, while the filtration rate remained high and constant. Thus, a decrease of oxygen concentration by 78% only resulted in a 25% decrease in respiration rate. However, at oxygen concentrations below 2 mg O2/L M. edulis responded by gradually closing its valves, resulting in a rapid decrease of filtration rate, concurrent with a rapid reduction of respiration rate. These observations indicated that M. edulis is no longer able to maintain its normal aerobic metabolism at oxygen concentration below 2 mg O2/L, and there seems to be an energy-saving mechanism in bivalve molluscs to strongly reduce their activity when exposed to low oxygen conditions.
基金This work was supported by the State Key Research and Development Plan M¨odern Food Processing and Food Storage and Transportation Technology and Equipment”(2017YFD0400201)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771926).
文摘Owing to the formation of aggregation and gelation during storage,certain proteins and peptides exhibit limited applications in aqueous protein food products.The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of homogenization and xanthan gum addition on the dispersion stability of Mytilus edulis hydrolysate(PHM).High-pressure homogenization(HPH)at 360 and 40 bar in the first and second values,respectively,and adding xanthan gum at a concentration of 1 mg/mL showed significantly improvement on the stability of the PHM solution.PHM-xanthan gum solutions(PHMX)showed the highest polypeptide precipitation rate and turbidity retention rate compared with those of PHM.Moreover,the centrifugal precipitation rate of PHMX without HPH was higher than that of homogeneous PHMX.After HPH treatment at 400 bar,the percentage of smaller particles in PHM and PHMX was increased,the aqueous system became more uniform,and the fluorescence intensity reached its maximum.HPH pretreatment improved the polypeptide dispersion stability and turbidity retention rate of PHM and PHMX and reduced the fluorescence intensity.The interactions of xanthan gum and polypeptide render the network microstructure more uniform under the conditions of homogenization,thus improving the dispersion stability of PHMX solutions.Therefore,under the premise of adding xanthan gum,HPH can better enhance the dispersion stability of the polypeptide in PHM.
基金WCM was supported by a fellowship from Colciencias, Colombia
文摘Objective To evaluate the spermicidal activity of Passiflora edulis extract on human spermatozoa. Methods Human spermatozoa were incubated with P. edulis extracts and their motility and viability were evaluated; additionally, the cytotoxic effect of the extracts was evaluated by the tetrazolium bromide （MTT） reduction assay. Results The motility and viability were decreased immediately after treatment with a 21% dilution of the supernatant of the extract of P. edulis （P〈0.01）. No cytatoxic effect of the extracts studied was found on proliferation of MDBK and VERO cells. Conclusion These results may open the way for the use of P. edulis as a spermicidal product with less adverse effects.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan(1632014003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101148 and 31300177)
文摘Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.
文摘Objective Age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and increase the levels of cholesterol auto-oxidation products such as 7β-hydroxycholesterol(7β-OHC). Thus, it is imperative to identify agents that can prevent 7β-OHC-induced side-effects. Methods We evaluated the potential protective effects of Carpobrotus edulis ethanol-water extract(EWe) on murine oligodendrocytes(158 N) cultured in the absence or presence of 7β-OHC(20 μg/mL, 24 h). The cells were incubated with EWe(20-200 μg/mL) 2 h before 7β-OHC treatment. Mitochondrial activity and cell growth were evaluated with the MTT assay. Photometric methods were used to analyze antioxidant enzyme [catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)] activities and the generation of lipid and protein oxidation products [malondialdehyde(MDA), conjugated diene(CD), and carbonylated proteins(CPs)]. Results Treatment with 7β-OHC induced cell death and oxidative stress(reflected by alteration in CAT and SOD activities). Overproduction of lipid peroxidation products(MDA and CDs) and CPs was also reported. The cytotoxic effects associated with 7β-OHC were attenuated by 160 μg/mL of EWe of C. edulis. Cell death induced by 7β-OHC treatment was ameliorated, GPx and CAT activities were restored to normal, and MDA, CD, and CP levels were reduced following C. edulis extract treatment. Conclusion These data demonstrate the protective activities of C. edulis EWe against 7β-OHC-induced disequilibrium in the redox status of 158 N cells, indicative of the potential role of this plant extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
基金Supported by the Joint Funds of National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaMarine Science Research Center of the People’s Government of Shandong Province(No.U1406403)
文摘Organic pollution is a serious environmental problem in coastal areas and it is important to establish quantitative methods for monitoring this pollution. This study screened a series of sensitive biomarkers to construct an integrated biomarker response （IBR） index using Mytilus edulis. Mussels were exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene trader controlled laboratory conditions and the activities of components of the glutathione antioxidant system, and the concentrations of oxidative-damage markers, were measured in the gills and digestive glands. Anthracene exposure resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide radicals （O2-·）, indicating that oxidative damage had occurred. Correspondingly, anthracene exposure induced increased activities of glutathione S-transferase （GST）, glutathione peroxidase （GPx） and reduced glutathione （GSH） in digestive glands, and GPx and glutathione reductase （GR） in gills, consistent with stimulation of the antioxidant system. A field experiment was set up, in which mussels from a relatively clean area were transplanted to a contaminated site. One month later, the activities of GST, GPx and GR had increased in several tissues, particularly in the digestive glands. Based on the laboratory experiment, an IBR, which showed a positive relationship with anthracene exposure, was constructed. The IBR is suggested to be a potentially useful tool for assessing anthracene pollution.
文摘Chemical composition of the bark extracts of Coula edulis was investigated to find potential antioxidant,anti-termite and antifungal compounds which can find useful applications in the fields of food,nutraceuticals,cosmetics or agrochemical.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several groups of active molecules such as alkaloids,polyphenols,flavonoids,saponins and sterols and/or terpenes in the different extracts.Total phenols,condensed tannins and flavonoids contents corroborated phytochemical screening.Gas chromatographymass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis revealed compounds in dichloromethane extract different from those obtained with all the other solvents.Hexadecanoic and trans-9-octadecenoic acids,as well as stigmasterol andβ-sitosterol have been identified as the major compounds in the dichloromethane extract.Extracts obtained with acetone and toluene/ethanol mixture(2/1,v/v)indicated the presence of few amounts of fatty acids and sugars,catechin in small amount and huge amounts of phenolic acids like gallic and ellagic acids.The radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle(DPPH)and the cationic radical 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS+)were used for evaluation of antioxidant properties of the different extracts.The dichloromethane extracts had a very low antioxidant activity,while acetone and toluene/ethanol extracts presented EC50 values similar to those of catechin and BHT used as reference antioxidant compounds.Effect of the different extracts of the bark of C.edulis on fungal growth inhibition indicated better inhibition of the mycelium growth of brown rot fungi compared to white rot fungi.Low anti-termite activities were recorded with the aqueous extracts,while stronger activities were recorded with dichloromethane,acetone and toluene/ethanol extracts.
