Incremental code editing,as a fundamental task in software development,requires developers to iteratively identify edit locations and modify code.However,existing language model-driven approaches primarily focus on ge...Incremental code editing,as a fundamental task in software development,requires developers to iteratively identify edit locations and modify code.However,existing language model-driven approaches primarily focus on generating edit solutions for a single location,failing to provide comprehensive end-to-end solutions.To address this limitation and support real-world editing scenarios,we propose CoEdPilot,a project-wide interactive code editing recommendation tool.CoEdPilot utilizes edit descriptions and edit history,and recommends the next edit location with solutions across the entire project.It further refines its recommendations based on user editing feedback,enabling an end-to-end,iterative,and interactive editing process.We implement CoEdPilot as a visual studio code extension that monitors user actions,identifies subsequent editing locations,and generates edits throughout the project.Its functionality is powered by a set of back-end language models,which are trained on 180000 high-quality commits from 471 open-source repositories.Extensive experiments demonstrate CoEdPilot's capabilities in accurately identifying editing locations(i.e.,edit location predicted with an accuracy of 85.03%–88.99%)and generating high-quality edit solutions(i.e.,generated edit content with a top-1 exact match rate(EMR)of 33.48%–48.94%).Our case study and user study of 18 participants further validate CoEdPilot's practicability.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative ...Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative fruit production and synchronized fruit ripening from both main and axillary shoots.Here,we focused on SlD14and SlMAX1,two key genes involved in the regulation of strigolactone(SL)signaling and biosynthesis,with the goal of maximizing yield and syn chronizing fruit ripening by fine-tuning axillary shoot growth.Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology,we found that the sld14,slmax1,and sld14 slmax1mutant plants exhibited reduced plant height and increased axillary shoot proliferation compared to wild-type plants.However,these mutants showed reduced yield and delayed ripening,likely due to a source-sink imbalance caused by excessive axillary shoot development.A weak sld14 allele displayed a milder phenotype,maintaining total fruit yield and harvest index despite smaller individual fruit size.These findings indicate that allelic variation in SL-related genes can influence plant architecture and yield components.Our results suggest that weak or partial alleles may serve as promising targets for tailoring tomato architecture to space-limited cultivation systems.展开更多
High-quality silage is the cornerstone to sustainable livestock development and animal food production.As the core fermentation bacteria of silage,Lactobacillus directly regulates silage fermentation by producing lact...High-quality silage is the cornerstone to sustainable livestock development and animal food production.As the core fermentation bacteria of silage,Lactobacillus directly regulates silage fermentation by producing lactic acid,enzymes,and other bioactive molecules.However,traditional screening methods for functional strains are labor-intensive and time-consuming.Recent advances in synthetic biology,particularly the development of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology,offer a revolutionary approach to designing Lactobacillus strains with customized traits.This review systematically reviewed the importance of silage in sustainable agricultural development and the limitations of current silage preparation and promotion.It also discussed the application of strain engineering approaches in optimizing the phenotypic performance of Lactobacillus for better silage.Building on this,we reviewed the research progress of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in Lactobacillus and discussed how to leverage its high efficiency and precision to optimize the strain's traits for improved silage quality and functionality.CRISPR-Cas9 toolkits are expected to achieve directed evolution of strain performance,ultimately yielding next-generation silage microbial inoculants with multiple functions,adaptability to multiple substrates,and eco-friendly characteristics.The use of such innovative biotechnologies would facilitate resource-efficient utilization,promote animal performance and health for sustainable development in livestock production.展开更多
Rice, a global staple food, is critical for food security. The cultivated Oryza sativa, domesticated from wild O. rufipogon, derives~80%of its 993 identified domestication-related genes from O. rufipogon and 20%from S...Rice, a global staple food, is critical for food security. The cultivated Oryza sativa, domesticated from wild O. rufipogon, derives~80%of its 993 identified domestication-related genes from O. rufipogon and 20%from South/Southeast Asian wild O. nivara(Jing et al., 2023). Genes like An-1, BH4, PROG1,SH4, Rc, Rd, and GS3—which regulate awn length, hull color,til er angle, seed shattering, pericarp color, seed length, and thousand-grain weight, respectively—were selected against during domestication to form modern O. sativa(Yu et al., 2021).However, domestication and yield-focused breeding eliminated wild rice's valuable genes(e.g., for disease resistance, stress tolerance, nutrition), narrowing genetic diversity and impeding efforts to meet growing societal demands.展开更多
Emerging and powerful genome editing tools,particularly CRISPR/Cas9,are facilitating functional genomics research and accelerating crop improvement(Jiang et al.2021;Cao et al.2023;Chen C et al.2023;Liu et al.2023a).Ho...Emerging and powerful genome editing tools,particularly CRISPR/Cas9,are facilitating functional genomics research and accelerating crop improvement(Jiang et al.2021;Cao et al.2023;Chen C et al.2023;Liu et al.2023a).However,the detection and screening of transgenic lines remain major bottlenecks,being time-consuming,labor-intensive,and inefficient during transformation and subsequent mutation identification.A simple and efficient visual marker system plays a critical role in addressing these challenges.Recent studies demonstrated that the GmW1 and RUBY reporter systems were used to obtain visual transgenic soybean(Glycine max) plants(Chen L et al.2023;Chen et al.2024).展开更多
Superconducting diodes,which enable dissipationless supercurrent flow in one direction while blocking it in the reverse direction,are emerging as pivotal components for superconducting electronics.The development of e...Superconducting diodes,which enable dissipationless supercurrent flow in one direction while blocking it in the reverse direction,are emerging as pivotal components for superconducting electronics.The development of editable superconducting diodes could unlock transformative applications,including dynamically reconfigurable quantum circuits that adapt to operational requirements.Here,we report the first observation of the superconducting diode effect(SDE)in LaAlO_(3)/KTaO_(3) heterostructures—a two-dimensional oxide interface superconductor with exceptional tunability.We observe a strong SDE in Hall-bar(or strip-shaped)devices under perpendicular magnetic fields(<15 Oe),with efficiencies above 40%and rectification signals exceeding 10 mV.Through conductive atomic force microscope lithography,we demonstrate reversible nanoscale editing of the SDE’s polarity and efficiency by locally modifying the superconducting channel edges.This approach enables multiple nonvolatile configurations within a single device,realizing an editable superconducting diode.Our work establishes LaAlO_(3)/KTaO_(3) as a platform for vortex-based nonreciprocal transport and provides a pathway toward designer quantum circuits with on-demand functionalities.展开更多
Organic and pharmaceutical synthesis have traditionally relied on the stepwise transformation ofactivated functional groups to synthesize cyclic molecules.The design of valuable heterocyclic compounds,for instance,has...Organic and pharmaceutical synthesis have traditionally relied on the stepwise transformation ofactivated functional groups to synthesize cyclic molecules.The design of valuable heterocyclic compounds,for instance,has depended on multi-step routes such as polar or radical cyclization,cycloadditions,and the manipulation of various functional groups to achieve ring formation or connection[1,2].展开更多
Epigenetics-mediated breeding(epibreeding)involves engineering crop traits and stress responses through the targeted manipulation of key epigenetic features to enhance agricultural productivity.While conventional bree...Epigenetics-mediated breeding(epibreeding)involves engineering crop traits and stress responses through the targeted manipulation of key epigenetic features to enhance agricultural productivity.While conventional breeding methods raise concerns about reduced genetic diversity,epibreeding propels crop improvement through epigenetic variations that regulate gene expression,ultimately impacting crop yield.Epigenetic regulation in crops encompasses various modes,including histone modification,DNA modification,RNA modification,non-coding RNA,and chromatin remodeling.This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms underlying major agronomic traits in maize and identifies candidate epigenetic landmarks in the maize breeding process.We propose a valuable strategy for improving maize yield through epibreeding,combining CRISPR/Cas-based epigenome editing technology and Synthetic Epigenetics(SynEpi).Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with maize trait improvement through epibreeding.展开更多
Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is cruci...Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is crucial to advancing rice breeding program and supporting smallholder farmers.Transcription Activator-Like effectors(TALes)are key virulence factors in Xoo,with some targeting the susceptibility(S)genes such as the sugar transporter SWEET genes in rice.Among these,SWEET14 is an important S gene,with its promoter bound by the TALe TalC which exists across all sequenced African Xoo isolates.In the present study,we utilized CRISPR/Cas9-based cytidine and adenine base editors to alter the effector binding element(EBE)of TalC in the promoter of SWEET14 in rice cultivars Kitaake,IR24,and Zhonghua 11.Mutations with C to T changes in EBE led to reduced SWEET14 induction by TalC-containing Xoo strains,resulting in resistance to African Xoo isolates reliant on TalC for virulence.Conversely,A to G changes retained SWEET14 inducibility and susceptibility to Xoo in edited lines.Importantly,no off-target mutations were detected at predicted sites,and the edited lines exhibited no obvious defects in major agronomic traits in Kitaake.These results underscore the effectiveness of base editing systems for both molecular biology research and crop improvement endeavors.展开更多
“Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)” is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic o...“Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)” is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was “Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University”,which was changed into “Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis” in 1958owing to the name change of the university.展开更多
Skeletal editing has emerged as a powerful tool in organic chemistry,enabling the simplification of synthetic routes to complex molecules[1].Indoles,electron-rich nitrogen-containing building blocks,represent privileg...Skeletal editing has emerged as a powerful tool in organic chemistry,enabling the simplification of synthetic routes to complex molecules[1].Indoles,electron-rich nitrogen-containing building blocks,represent privileged scaffolds prevalent in pharmaceuticals,natural products,and bioactive compounds.The application of skeletal editing strategies to modify such structures is highly valuable and in growing demand.Leveraging the electronrich nature of indoles at C2 and C3,single-carbon atom insertion using cationic carbyne equivalents offers an efficient approach for indole ring expansion to quinoline(Scheme 1a).However,existing methods predominantly rely on halocarbene precursors,which restricts the functional groups of ring-expanded products to halogen[2],alkyl,aryl,heteroaryl and ester moieties[3].This limitation hinders their utility in late-stage skeletal modifications of complex targets.展开更多
Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture through innovations such as genetically modified(GM)technology and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.In this review,a comparative analysis of these methods that addresses the conc...Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture through innovations such as genetically modified(GM)technology and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.In this review,a comparative analysis of these methods that addresses the concerns regarding the oversimplification of the notion that the CRISPR-based editing approach is equivalent to traditional GM approaches is offered.Since the 1990s,despite the potential benefits for crop improvement and food security,controversies have arisen around recombinant technology and the introduction of GM products due to perceived environmental and health concerns.In contrast,the recent emergence of the CRISPR/Cas systemas a precise genome editing tool has garnered relatively less public resistance.In this review,the reasons for these contrasting findings are explored to shed light on the distinct characteristics inherent to each approach.Additionally,we conduct a bibliographic analysis to examine the shift in research priorities between the two technological eras,followed by a comprehensive comparison of the two approaches,to enable a better understanding of the potential synergies that can be achieved between agricultural biotechnology and conventional techniques for enhancing modern agriculture.A nuanced understanding of these technologies is crucial for informed decision-making,responsible implementation,and addressing the concerns surrounding agricultural biotechnology.展开更多
Base editors are essential tools for precise genome editing in plants.However,achieving high efficiency in C-to-G editing while minimizing byproduct and offtarget mutations remains challenging.In this study,we present...Base editors are essential tools for precise genome editing in plants.However,achieving high efficiency in C-to-G editing while minimizing byproduct and offtarget mutations remains challenging.In this study,we present the development and evaluation of a novel glycosylase-based cytosine base editor(gCBE)for efficient C-to-G editing in rice.Unlike traditional cytosine base editors,which rely on cytosine deamination,gCBE directly excises cytosine to generate an apurinic/apyrimidinic(AP)site,thus circumventing the deamination step and reducing the production of C-to-T byproducts.We constructed several gCBE variants,including N-gCBE,M-gCBE,and C-gCBE,by fusing engineered human UDG2(UNG*)to SpCas9 nickase(nSpCas9,D10A)and tested their editing efficiency and specificity in rice.Our results demonstrate that M-gCBE achieved efficient C-to-G editing(6.3%to 37.5%)similar to OsCGBE(9.4%to 28.1%)at most targets,though with site-dependent variations.Notably,gCBE tools showed a marked reduction in C-to-T byproducts,with average C-to-T mutation rates of 12.5%for N-gCBE and 16.7%for M-gCBE,compared to 53.1%for OsCGBE.Notably,both N-gCBE and M-gCBE were capable of generating homozygous C-to-G mutations in the T_(0)generation,a key advantage over OsCGBE,which predominantly generated C-to-T mutations.Off-target analysis revealed minimal off-target effects with M-gCBE,highlighting its potential for high-precision genome editing.These findings suggest that gCBE tools,particularly M-gCBE,are highly efficient and precise,providing an advanced solution for C-to-G editing in plants and offering promising applications for crop improvement.展开更多
Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Develop...Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,have developed GEAIR(Genome Editing with Artificial-Intelligence-based Robots),an AI-robotic system that pollinates gene-edited plants 24/7.展开更多
Xenotransplantation, that is, the transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs between species, is a rapidly developing alternative to classical transplantology in human medicine. Since the first successful kidney tr...Xenotransplantation, that is, the transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs between species, is a rapidly developing alternative to classical transplantology in human medicine. Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, transplant medicine has made enormous progress. Until today, there are numerous patients worldwide waiting for an organ to be transplanted, and the number is still increasing, whereas the number of available organs is decreasing. One promising solution to this critical issue is the breeding of genetically modified animals as potential donors, which has gained the attention of scientists over the past two decades. Recent advancements in xenotransplantation have led to successful transfers of genetically modified pig organs into human recipients. Particularly, pig kidneys have been transplanted into living humans, demonstrating normal postsurgical function. Additionally, pig lungs functioned for 9 days in a brain-dead individual without experiencing hyperacute rejection. Furthermore, the successful xenotransplantation of pig hearts into living persons, exhibiting life-sustaining graft function, underscores significant progress toward clinically viable xenotransplants. This review provides an updated overview of the animal species and models used in xenotransplantation, with particular emphasis on the potential of transgenic pigs as donors. It discusses the process involved in producing the aforementioned animals, including the methods used to modify their genome. Particular attention is paid to immunological and genetic barriers, as well as zoonotic risks, and the possibilities and limitations of this technology. Although xenotransplantation is still in its experimental stage, it may play a crucial role in saving patients ' lives in the future.展开更多
Mitochondria play a crucial role in plant growth,fertility,and adaptation.Sugarcane(Saccharum hybrids)represents the world’s primary sugar and energy crop,while S.spontaneum and S.arundinaceum serve as valuable paren...Mitochondria play a crucial role in plant growth,fertility,and adaptation.Sugarcane(Saccharum hybrids)represents the world’s primary sugar and energy crop,while S.spontaneum and S.arundinaceum serve as valuable parental germplasm.Despite their importance,limited research exists regarding the mitochondrial genomes of sugarcane and related species.This study presents the assembly of mitogenomes from one S.arundinaceum,one S.spontaneum,and five sugarcane cultivars.Analysis revealed that these mitogenomes,encoding 33 protein-coding genes(PCGs),ranged from 445,578 to 533,662 bp,with GC content between 43.43-43.82%.The primary structures of S.arundinaceum consisted of three small rings,while S.spontaneum exhibited one ring and one linear structure,and sugarcane displayed two rings;multiple potential conformations emerged due to repeat-mediated recombination.Additionally,this research developed an intron marker SAnad4i3 capable of species differentiation.The analysis identified between 540 and 581 C to U RNA editing sites in the PCGs,with six RNA editing sites linked to start or stop codon creation in S.arundinaceum,and five sites each in S.spontaneum and sugarcane hybrids.Significantly,30-37 fragments homologous to chloroplast DNA were identified,with S.spontaneum containing the highest number.These mitogenomes appear to have undergone substantial genomic reorganization and gene transfer events throughout evolution,including the loss of eight PCGs.This comprehensive study illuminates the genetic diversity and complexity of the Saccharum complex,establishing a foundation for future germplasm identification and evolutionary research.展开更多
Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomat...Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomatoes,Mi-1.2,fails at soil temperatures above 28℃.We cloned the heat-stable RKN-resistant gene,Mi-9,from a gene cluster composed of seven nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat(NBS-LRR)type resistant genes in Solanum arcunum accession LA2157.Screening nematode infections in individual and combinatorial knockouts of five NBS-LRR genes showed that Mi-9 Candidate 4(MiC-4)alone is sufficient to confer heat-stable RKN resistance.Our study identifies a new source of heat-stable resistance to RKN in tomatoes for challenging environmental conditions.We also showcase a roadmap for rapid characterization of resistance genes by combining comparative genomics and genome editing,with the potential to be utilized in other crops.展开更多
Incorporating a low density of ester units into the backbone of polyethylene materials enhances their sustainability and recyclability while maintaining the main material properties of polyethylenes.Here we report a n...Incorporating a low density of ester units into the backbone of polyethylene materials enhances their sustainability and recyclability while maintaining the main material properties of polyethylenes.Here we report a new way to access degradable polyethylene materials with a low content of in-chain ester units via mechanochemical backbone editing.Initially,ester groups are incorporated as side groups through catalytic copolymerization of ethylene with a cyclobutene-fused lactone monomer(CBL),yielding polyethylene materials with high molecular weights and adjustable thermomechanical properties.Subsequent solid-state ball-milling treatment selectively introduces side-chain ester groups into the main chain of the polyethylene materials via force-induced cycloreversion of the cyclobutane units.Under acidic conditions,hydrolysis of the resultant polyethylene materials with in-chain ester units facilitates further degradation into oligomers.展开更多
Cotton is an essential agricultural commodity,but its global yield is greatly affected by climate change,which poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector.This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of ...Cotton is an essential agricultural commodity,but its global yield is greatly affected by climate change,which poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector.This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of climate change on cotton production and the use of genomic approaches to increase stress tolerance in cotton.This paper discusses the effects of rising temperatures,changing precipitation patterns,and extreme weather events on cotton yield.It then explores various genomic strategies,such as genomic selection and marker-assisted selection,which can be used to develop stress-tolerant cotton varieties.The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research efforts and policy interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on cotton production.Furthermore,this paper presents advanced prospects,including genomic selection,gene editing,multi-omics integration,highthroughput phenotyping,genomic data sharing,climate-informed breeding,and phenomics-assisted genomic selection,for enhancing stress resilience in cotton.Those innovative approaches can assist cotton researchers and breeders in developing highly resilient cotton varieties capable of withstanding the challenges posed by climate change,ensuring the sustainable and prosperous future of cotton production.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2023YFB4503802the Minister of Education of Singapore under Grant Nos.MOE-T2EP20124-0017 and MOET32020-0004+1 种基金the National Research Foundation of Singapore and the Cyber Security Agency under its National Cybersecurity Research and Development Programme under Grant No.NCRP25-P04-TAICeNDefence Science Organisation National Laboratories under the AI Singapore Programme of AISG Award No.AISG2-GC-2023-008。
文摘Incremental code editing,as a fundamental task in software development,requires developers to iteratively identify edit locations and modify code.However,existing language model-driven approaches primarily focus on generating edit solutions for a single location,failing to provide comprehensive end-to-end solutions.To address this limitation and support real-world editing scenarios,we propose CoEdPilot,a project-wide interactive code editing recommendation tool.CoEdPilot utilizes edit descriptions and edit history,and recommends the next edit location with solutions across the entire project.It further refines its recommendations based on user editing feedback,enabling an end-to-end,iterative,and interactive editing process.We implement CoEdPilot as a visual studio code extension that monitors user actions,identifies subsequent editing locations,and generates edits throughout the project.Its functionality is powered by a set of back-end language models,which are trained on 180000 high-quality commits from 471 open-source repositories.Extensive experiments demonstrate CoEdPilot's capabilities in accurately identifying editing locations(i.e.,edit location predicted with an accuracy of 85.03%–88.99%)and generating high-quality edit solutions(i.e.,generated edit content with a top-1 exact match rate(EMR)of 33.48%–48.94%).Our case study and user study of 18 participants further validate CoEdPilot's practicability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant from the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Republic of Korea(Nos.RS-2024-00407469 and RS-2025-00517964)the BK21 FOUR program of Graduate School,Kyung Hee University(GS-1-JO-NON-20240417)。
文摘Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative fruit production and synchronized fruit ripening from both main and axillary shoots.Here,we focused on SlD14and SlMAX1,two key genes involved in the regulation of strigolactone(SL)signaling and biosynthesis,with the goal of maximizing yield and syn chronizing fruit ripening by fine-tuning axillary shoot growth.Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology,we found that the sld14,slmax1,and sld14 slmax1mutant plants exhibited reduced plant height and increased axillary shoot proliferation compared to wild-type plants.However,these mutants showed reduced yield and delayed ripening,likely due to a source-sink imbalance caused by excessive axillary shoot development.A weak sld14 allele displayed a milder phenotype,maintaining total fruit yield and harvest index despite smaller individual fruit size.These findings indicate that allelic variation in SL-related genes can influence plant architecture and yield components.Our results suggest that weak or partial alleles may serve as promising targets for tailoring tomato architecture to space-limited cultivation systems.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.U20A2002)。
文摘High-quality silage is the cornerstone to sustainable livestock development and animal food production.As the core fermentation bacteria of silage,Lactobacillus directly regulates silage fermentation by producing lactic acid,enzymes,and other bioactive molecules.However,traditional screening methods for functional strains are labor-intensive and time-consuming.Recent advances in synthetic biology,particularly the development of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology,offer a revolutionary approach to designing Lactobacillus strains with customized traits.This review systematically reviewed the importance of silage in sustainable agricultural development and the limitations of current silage preparation and promotion.It also discussed the application of strain engineering approaches in optimizing the phenotypic performance of Lactobacillus for better silage.Building on this,we reviewed the research progress of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in Lactobacillus and discussed how to leverage its high efficiency and precision to optimize the strain's traits for improved silage quality and functionality.CRISPR-Cas9 toolkits are expected to achieve directed evolution of strain performance,ultimately yielding next-generation silage microbial inoculants with multiple functions,adaptability to multiple substrates,and eco-friendly characteristics.The use of such innovative biotechnologies would facilitate resource-efficient utilization,promote animal performance and health for sustainable development in livestock production.
基金supported by the Biological BreedingMajor Projects(2023ZD04076)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300312)+2 种基金the Innovation Program of Chinses Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSIAF-202303)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020B1515120086)the KeyArea Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2021B0707010006)。
文摘Rice, a global staple food, is critical for food security. The cultivated Oryza sativa, domesticated from wild O. rufipogon, derives~80%of its 993 identified domestication-related genes from O. rufipogon and 20%from South/Southeast Asian wild O. nivara(Jing et al., 2023). Genes like An-1, BH4, PROG1,SH4, Rc, Rd, and GS3—which regulate awn length, hull color,til er angle, seed shattering, pericarp color, seed length, and thousand-grain weight, respectively—were selected against during domestication to form modern O. sativa(Yu et al., 2021).However, domestication and yield-focused breeding eliminated wild rice's valuable genes(e.g., for disease resistance, stress tolerance, nutrition), narrowing genetic diversity and impeding efforts to meet growing societal demands.
基金supported by the Jilin Science and Technology Development Program,China (20240602032RC)the Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project,China (CXGC2024ZD001)+1 种基金the Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project,China (CXGC2024ZY012)the Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission-Project for Improving the Independent Innovation Capacity of Major Grain Crops,China (2024C002)。
文摘Emerging and powerful genome editing tools,particularly CRISPR/Cas9,are facilitating functional genomics research and accelerating crop improvement(Jiang et al.2021;Cao et al.2023;Chen C et al.2023;Liu et al.2023a).However,the detection and screening of transgenic lines remain major bottlenecks,being time-consuming,labor-intensive,and inefficient during transformation and subsequent mutation identification.A simple and efficient visual marker system plays a critical role in addressing these challenges.Recent studies demonstrated that the GmW1 and RUBY reporter systems were used to obtain visual transgenic soybean(Glycine max) plants(Chen L et al.2023;Chen et al.2024).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2023YFA1406400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12534005 and 12325402)。
文摘Superconducting diodes,which enable dissipationless supercurrent flow in one direction while blocking it in the reverse direction,are emerging as pivotal components for superconducting electronics.The development of editable superconducting diodes could unlock transformative applications,including dynamically reconfigurable quantum circuits that adapt to operational requirements.Here,we report the first observation of the superconducting diode effect(SDE)in LaAlO_(3)/KTaO_(3) heterostructures—a two-dimensional oxide interface superconductor with exceptional tunability.We observe a strong SDE in Hall-bar(or strip-shaped)devices under perpendicular magnetic fields(<15 Oe),with efficiencies above 40%and rectification signals exceeding 10 mV.Through conductive atomic force microscope lithography,we demonstrate reversible nanoscale editing of the SDE’s polarity and efficiency by locally modifying the superconducting channel edges.This approach enables multiple nonvolatile configurations within a single device,realizing an editable superconducting diode.Our work establishes LaAlO_(3)/KTaO_(3) as a platform for vortex-based nonreciprocal transport and provides a pathway toward designer quantum circuits with on-demand functionalities.
基金supported by the MSIT(2022R1F1A106268,RS-2023-00213491,RS-2023-00219859,RS-2024-00405261,RS-2024-00409589,RS-2025-25460522,and RS-2025-00642970)Republic of Korea,the InnoCORE program of the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea(N10250153 and 1.250022.01)the Creative Research Program and KAIST Cross-Generation Collaborative Lab Project.
文摘Organic and pharmaceutical synthesis have traditionally relied on the stepwise transformation ofactivated functional groups to synthesize cyclic molecules.The design of valuable heterocyclic compounds,for instance,has depended on multi-step routes such as polar or radical cyclization,cycloadditions,and the manipulation of various functional groups to achieve ring formation or connection[1,2].
基金supported by funding from the National Key R&D Program of China(2023ZD0407304)the Sci-Tech Innovation 2030 Agenda(2022ZD0115703)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-Profit of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2023PT20).
文摘Epigenetics-mediated breeding(epibreeding)involves engineering crop traits and stress responses through the targeted manipulation of key epigenetic features to enhance agricultural productivity.While conventional breeding methods raise concerns about reduced genetic diversity,epibreeding propels crop improvement through epigenetic variations that regulate gene expression,ultimately impacting crop yield.Epigenetic regulation in crops encompasses various modes,including histone modification,DNA modification,RNA modification,non-coding RNA,and chromatin remodeling.This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms underlying major agronomic traits in maize and identifies candidate epigenetic landmarks in the maize breeding process.We propose a valuable strategy for improving maize yield through epibreeding,combining CRISPR/Cas-based epigenome editing technology and Synthetic Epigenetics(SynEpi).Finally,we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with maize trait improvement through epibreeding.
基金supported by a sub-award to the University of Missouri from the Heinrich Heine University of Dusseldorf funded by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1155704)(Bing Yang)and the China Scholar Council(Chenhao Li,as a joint Ph.D.student).
文摘Bacterial blight(BB),caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae(Xoo),poses a significant threat to rice production,particularly in Asia and West Africa.Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is crucial to advancing rice breeding program and supporting smallholder farmers.Transcription Activator-Like effectors(TALes)are key virulence factors in Xoo,with some targeting the susceptibility(S)genes such as the sugar transporter SWEET genes in rice.Among these,SWEET14 is an important S gene,with its promoter bound by the TALe TalC which exists across all sequenced African Xoo isolates.In the present study,we utilized CRISPR/Cas9-based cytidine and adenine base editors to alter the effector binding element(EBE)of TalC in the promoter of SWEET14 in rice cultivars Kitaake,IR24,and Zhonghua 11.Mutations with C to T changes in EBE led to reduced SWEET14 induction by TalC-containing Xoo strains,resulting in resistance to African Xoo isolates reliant on TalC for virulence.Conversely,A to G changes retained SWEET14 inducibility and susceptibility to Xoo in edited lines.Importantly,no off-target mutations were detected at predicted sites,and the edited lines exhibited no obvious defects in major agronomic traits in Kitaake.These results underscore the effectiveness of base editing systems for both molecular biology research and crop improvement endeavors.
文摘“Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)” is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was “Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University”,which was changed into “Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis” in 1958owing to the name change of the university.
文摘Skeletal editing has emerged as a powerful tool in organic chemistry,enabling the simplification of synthetic routes to complex molecules[1].Indoles,electron-rich nitrogen-containing building blocks,represent privileged scaffolds prevalent in pharmaceuticals,natural products,and bioactive compounds.The application of skeletal editing strategies to modify such structures is highly valuable and in growing demand.Leveraging the electronrich nature of indoles at C2 and C3,single-carbon atom insertion using cationic carbyne equivalents offers an efficient approach for indole ring expansion to quinoline(Scheme 1a).However,existing methods predominantly rely on halocarbene precursors,which restricts the functional groups of ring-expanded products to halogen[2],alkyl,aryl,heteroaryl and ester moieties[3].This limitation hinders their utility in late-stage skeletal modifications of complex targets.
基金supported by the by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(Grant No.FRGS/1/2023/STG03/UM/02/2)Universiti Malaya RU Fund(Grant No.ST087-2022).
文摘Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture through innovations such as genetically modified(GM)technology and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.In this review,a comparative analysis of these methods that addresses the concerns regarding the oversimplification of the notion that the CRISPR-based editing approach is equivalent to traditional GM approaches is offered.Since the 1990s,despite the potential benefits for crop improvement and food security,controversies have arisen around recombinant technology and the introduction of GM products due to perceived environmental and health concerns.In contrast,the recent emergence of the CRISPR/Cas systemas a precise genome editing tool has garnered relatively less public resistance.In this review,the reasons for these contrasting findings are explored to shed light on the distinct characteristics inherent to each approach.Additionally,we conduct a bibliographic analysis to examine the shift in research priorities between the two technological eras,followed by a comprehensive comparison of the two approaches,to enable a better understanding of the potential synergies that can be achieved between agricultural biotechnology and conventional techniques for enhancing modern agriculture.A nuanced understanding of these technologies is crucial for informed decision-making,responsible implementation,and addressing the concerns surrounding agricultural biotechnology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82404798)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1831)+1 种基金the National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding(NKLTCB-RC202403,NKLTCBZRJJ4)the Hainan Seed Industrial Laboratory(B22C1000P).
文摘Base editors are essential tools for precise genome editing in plants.However,achieving high efficiency in C-to-G editing while minimizing byproduct and offtarget mutations remains challenging.In this study,we present the development and evaluation of a novel glycosylase-based cytosine base editor(gCBE)for efficient C-to-G editing in rice.Unlike traditional cytosine base editors,which rely on cytosine deamination,gCBE directly excises cytosine to generate an apurinic/apyrimidinic(AP)site,thus circumventing the deamination step and reducing the production of C-to-T byproducts.We constructed several gCBE variants,including N-gCBE,M-gCBE,and C-gCBE,by fusing engineered human UDG2(UNG*)to SpCas9 nickase(nSpCas9,D10A)and tested their editing efficiency and specificity in rice.Our results demonstrate that M-gCBE achieved efficient C-to-G editing(6.3%to 37.5%)similar to OsCGBE(9.4%to 28.1%)at most targets,though with site-dependent variations.Notably,gCBE tools showed a marked reduction in C-to-T byproducts,with average C-to-T mutation rates of 12.5%for N-gCBE and 16.7%for M-gCBE,compared to 53.1%for OsCGBE.Notably,both N-gCBE and M-gCBE were capable of generating homozygous C-to-G mutations in the T_(0)generation,a key advantage over OsCGBE,which predominantly generated C-to-T mutations.Off-target analysis revealed minimal off-target effects with M-gCBE,highlighting its potential for high-precision genome editing.These findings suggest that gCBE tools,particularly M-gCBE,are highly efficient and precise,providing an advanced solution for C-to-G editing in plants and offering promising applications for crop improvement.
文摘Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,have developed GEAIR(Genome Editing with Artificial-Intelligence-based Robots),an AI-robotic system that pollinates gene-edited plants 24/7.
基金IDUB Mobility Grant of the Nicolaus Copernicus University。
文摘Xenotransplantation, that is, the transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs between species, is a rapidly developing alternative to classical transplantology in human medicine. Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, transplant medicine has made enormous progress. Until today, there are numerous patients worldwide waiting for an organ to be transplanted, and the number is still increasing, whereas the number of available organs is decreasing. One promising solution to this critical issue is the breeding of genetically modified animals as potential donors, which has gained the attention of scientists over the past two decades. Recent advancements in xenotransplantation have led to successful transfers of genetically modified pig organs into human recipients. Particularly, pig kidneys have been transplanted into living humans, demonstrating normal postsurgical function. Additionally, pig lungs functioned for 9 days in a brain-dead individual without experiencing hyperacute rejection. Furthermore, the successful xenotransplantation of pig hearts into living persons, exhibiting life-sustaining graft function, underscores significant progress toward clinically viable xenotransplants. This review provides an updated overview of the animal species and models used in xenotransplantation, with particular emphasis on the potential of transgenic pigs as donors. It discusses the process involved in producing the aforementioned animals, including the methods used to modify their genome. Particular attention is paid to immunological and genetic barriers, as well as zoonotic risks, and the possibilities and limitations of this technology. Although xenotransplantation is still in its experimental stage, it may play a crucial role in saving patients ' lives in the future.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences for Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Tropical Agricultural Science Center(CATASCXTD202402)the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi,China(Guike AA23073001)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2301100)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding,China(NKLTCBCXTD24,NKLTCBHZ04,NKLTCB-RC202401 and SKLTCBYWF202504)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-17)the Scientific Research Start-up Fund for High-level Introduced Talents of Henan Institute of Science and Technology,China(103020224001/073)。
文摘Mitochondria play a crucial role in plant growth,fertility,and adaptation.Sugarcane(Saccharum hybrids)represents the world’s primary sugar and energy crop,while S.spontaneum and S.arundinaceum serve as valuable parental germplasm.Despite their importance,limited research exists regarding the mitochondrial genomes of sugarcane and related species.This study presents the assembly of mitogenomes from one S.arundinaceum,one S.spontaneum,and five sugarcane cultivars.Analysis revealed that these mitogenomes,encoding 33 protein-coding genes(PCGs),ranged from 445,578 to 533,662 bp,with GC content between 43.43-43.82%.The primary structures of S.arundinaceum consisted of three small rings,while S.spontaneum exhibited one ring and one linear structure,and sugarcane displayed two rings;multiple potential conformations emerged due to repeat-mediated recombination.Additionally,this research developed an intron marker SAnad4i3 capable of species differentiation.The analysis identified between 540 and 581 C to U RNA editing sites in the PCGs,with six RNA editing sites linked to start or stop codon creation in S.arundinaceum,and five sites each in S.spontaneum and sugarcane hybrids.Significantly,30-37 fragments homologous to chloroplast DNA were identified,with S.spontaneum containing the highest number.These mitogenomes appear to have undergone substantial genomic reorganization and gene transfer events throughout evolution,including the loss of eight PCGs.This comprehensive study illuminates the genetic diversity and complexity of the Saccharum complex,establishing a foundation for future germplasm identification and evolutionary research.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0900600 and 2021YFF1000103-5)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030503)。
文摘Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomatoes,Mi-1.2,fails at soil temperatures above 28℃.We cloned the heat-stable RKN-resistant gene,Mi-9,from a gene cluster composed of seven nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat(NBS-LRR)type resistant genes in Solanum arcunum accession LA2157.Screening nematode infections in individual and combinatorial knockouts of five NBS-LRR genes showed that Mi-9 Candidate 4(MiC-4)alone is sufficient to confer heat-stable RKN resistance.Our study identifies a new source of heat-stable resistance to RKN in tomatoes for challenging environmental conditions.We also showcase a roadmap for rapid characterization of resistance genes by combining comparative genomics and genome editing,with the potential to be utilized in other crops.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52473097)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.24X010301678)Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2030 Initiative(No.WH510363002/002)。
文摘Incorporating a low density of ester units into the backbone of polyethylene materials enhances their sustainability and recyclability while maintaining the main material properties of polyethylenes.Here we report a new way to access degradable polyethylene materials with a low content of in-chain ester units via mechanochemical backbone editing.Initially,ester groups are incorporated as side groups through catalytic copolymerization of ethylene with a cyclobutene-fused lactone monomer(CBL),yielding polyethylene materials with high molecular weights and adjustable thermomechanical properties.Subsequent solid-state ball-milling treatment selectively introduces side-chain ester groups into the main chain of the polyethylene materials via force-induced cycloreversion of the cyclobutane units.Under acidic conditions,hydrolysis of the resultant polyethylene materials with in-chain ester units facilitates further degradation into oligomers.
基金supported by major national R&D projects(No.2023ZD04040-01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5201101621)National Key R&D Plan(No.2022YFD1200304).
文摘Cotton is an essential agricultural commodity,but its global yield is greatly affected by climate change,which poses a serious threat to the agriculture sector.This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of climate change on cotton production and the use of genomic approaches to increase stress tolerance in cotton.This paper discusses the effects of rising temperatures,changing precipitation patterns,and extreme weather events on cotton yield.It then explores various genomic strategies,such as genomic selection and marker-assisted selection,which can be used to develop stress-tolerant cotton varieties.The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research efforts and policy interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on cotton production.Furthermore,this paper presents advanced prospects,including genomic selection,gene editing,multi-omics integration,highthroughput phenotyping,genomic data sharing,climate-informed breeding,and phenomics-assisted genomic selection,for enhancing stress resilience in cotton.Those innovative approaches can assist cotton researchers and breeders in developing highly resilient cotton varieties capable of withstanding the challenges posed by climate change,ensuring the sustainable and prosperous future of cotton production.
