Agriophyllum squarrosum(L.)Moq.,commonly known as sandrice,is an annual medicinal plant prevalent in the dunes across China's deserts.A garden trial revealed that flavonoid content varies among sandrice ecotypes d...Agriophyllum squarrosum(L.)Moq.,commonly known as sandrice,is an annual medicinal plant prevalent in the dunes across China's deserts.A garden trial revealed that flavonoid content varies among sandrice ecotypes due to long-term local adaptation to water variability.To investigate how sandrice responds to drought stress through the molecular metabolic regulation of flavonoids,we employed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses during a 9-d ambient drought stress,examining three ecotypes along a precipitation gradient.The three ecotypes located in Dengkou(DK)County,Dulan(DL)County,and Aerxiang(AEX)village of northern China,which had 137,263,and 485 mm precipitation,respectively.Soil moisture content was 4.04%after drought stress,causing seedlings of the three sandrice ecotypes to display collapsed structures,yellowing leaves,wilting,and curling.Among these,DL exhibited superior drought tolerance,in which plant height increase(PHI)and leaf area(LA)were significantly higher than those of DK and AEX.Flavonoid-targeted metabolomics identified that rutin,isoquercitrin,and astragalin constituted over 95.00%of the 15 flavonoid metabolites detected.A total of 12 differentially accumulated flavonoids(DAFs)were found,with rutin being the most abundant(1231.57-2859.34 ng/100 mg fresh weight(FW)),showing a gradual increase along the precipitation gradient.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 14 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)associated with flavonoid synthesis among the three ecotypes.Integrative analysis of DEGs and DAFs indicated that sandrice adapts to drought stress by activating different flavonoid synthesis pathways.In DK,the dihydrokaempferol-dihydroquercetin pathway,regulated by flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase(CYP75B1),likely enhances drought adaptation.In AEX,transcriptional repression by O-methylatransferase(OMT)shifts the metabolic flux from the quercetin-isorhamnetin pathway to the quercetin-isoquercetin-rutin pathway in response to drought.DL,the most droughttolerant ecotype,appears to activate the naringenin-apigenin-luteolin route and employs a unique flavonoid accumulation pattern in response to drought stress.Our data reveal that flavonoid synthesis in sandrice is fine-tuned among ecotypes to cope with drought,offering valuable germplasm resources and evaluation methods for sandrice acclimation and providing insights into drought response in non-model plants.展开更多
Aims Positive plant interactions can promote higher species density of beneficiary species in deserts.However,there is limited evidence examining the trait sets of seeds from beneficiary species.in this study,we exami...Aims Positive plant interactions can promote higher species density of beneficiary species in deserts.However,there is limited evidence examining the trait sets of seeds from beneficiary species.in this study,we examined the hypothesis that shrubs(benefactors)influ-ence the germination of desert annuals(beneficiaries)and promote ecotypic differentiation by generating distinct microhabitats through abiotic stress amelioration.The following predictions were tested using growth chambers and field-collected seeds:(i)seed mass and viability will be greater and less variable for seeds collected from within shrub understory relative to seeds from open microhabitats,(ii)germination of seeds from shrub and open microhabitats will be greatest under simulated home(source)conditions,(iii)seeds from the shrub microhabitat will adaptively accelerate their germination rate when germinated in simulated home(source)microhabitats relative to their simulated away(reciprocal)microhabitat.Methods Seeds and their associated maternal plants were collected from four annual species found within a shrub understory(Larrea triden-tata)and open microhabitats in the Mojave Desert of California(35.30ºN,117.26ºW,793 m.a.s.l.),and then reciprocally germi-nated in growth chambers simulating both microclimatic conditions.Cumulative germination and germination rate was measured every 4-5 days for 42 days.Important Findings There was no significant difference in the mean or coefficient of variation for seed mass and viability between the shrub and open microhabitats.The source of the seeds did not significantly impact the cumulative germination,and there was no accelerated rate of germination within potential species ecotypes thereby suggesting no ecotypic differentiation.Cumulative germination was signifi-cantly higher within the shrub-simulated microhabitat for three out of the four species examined.Cumulative germination and germina-tion rate were significantly different between species.Hence,shrubs influence the germination of desert annuals,and the outcome of this interaction is species specific,but shrub microhabitats do not nec-essarily alter the more conserved seed biology traits.Future studies should examine the influence of gene flow on beneficiary adapta-tion and the influence of species-specificity on beneficiary species response to facilitation.展开更多
Earthworms are crucial to soil ecosystems as keystone species.They perform various ecological functions through their associated microbiomes.However,the characteristics of these microbiomes in various vermicompartment...Earthworms are crucial to soil ecosystems as keystone species.They perform various ecological functions through their associated microbiomes.However,the characteristics of these microbiomes in various vermicompartments(earthworm-associated compartments)within soil-earthworm systems have not been systematically studied.Here,using earthworms of two ecotypes(i.e.,epigeic Eisenia fetida and anecic Metaphire guillelmi)as models,we conducted a full and comprehensive exploration of the bacterial community in several potential distinct compartments,including bulk soil,drilosphere,gut wall,gut content,and casts,through 2D-terraria incubation technology and high-throughput sequencing approaches.Bacterial diversity,community structures in each compartment,differential OTUs in vermicompartments compared with bulk soil,and the co-occurrence relationship of bacteria in bulk soil and gut-compartments(i.e.,gut wall and gut content)were assessed.Results showed that three major vermicompartments,i.e.,drilosphere,gut,and casts,were distinctly different in hosting the bacterial community.The levels of alpha diversity followed the order of drilosphere>casts>gut wall≈gut content.These patterns of vermicompartments along earthworms did not vary with ecotype,implying that the vermicompartments were the primary factors influencing the bacterial community.Finally,based on the difference in microbiomes in gut-compartments and the state-of-the-art use of the term“gut microbiomes”,it is recommended to establish a unified definition of gut microbes that encompasses microbiomes residing in both the gut wall and gut content,which could provide a clear and consistent understanding of gut microbiomes.This work provides a comprehensive overview of earthworm-associated microbiomes,enhancing our understanding of fundamental earthworm ecology and soil biology.展开更多
In order to better understand the cultural route, biochemical and nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio, a study was carried out in village of Tambananing located approximately 7 km from Sédhiou. The o...In order to better understand the cultural route, biochemical and nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio, a study was carried out in village of Tambananing located approximately 7 km from Sédhiou. The objective of studies was to determine nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio: the first called momo in short-cycle mandinka (75 - 90 days) and the other called medium-cycle dibong (90 - 110 days). For this, samples of two ecotypes were collected in an experimental field which was split into two equal parts, one sown with the momo ecotype and the other with the dibong ecotype. The nutritional composition (sugars, fats, proteins, minerals, ash, etc.) and the physicochemical properties (pH, humidity, water activity, color, etc.) of fonio’s were determined by appropriate physicochemical methods. The two ecotypes exhibited quite similar physicochemical properties. The levels of biochemical compounds were relatively close with protein contents of 7.05 ± 0.06 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and of 8.02 ± 0.04 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype, in carbohydrates (76.37 ± 1.2 mg/100g for momo and 78.7 ± 1.5 mg/100g for dibong) and in fat (2.92 ± 0.05 mg/100g for momo and 3.14 ± 0.004 mg/100g for dibong). Identical mineral element contents were found except for iron, an element for which the contents were 10.80 ± 0.008 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and 99.59 ± 0.005 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype. Thus, two ecotypes of fonio present a fairly interesting nutritional composition and their consumption deserves to be popularized and could contribute effectively to fight against the problems of malnutrition of certain vulnerable groups.展开更多
The ion levels in the epidermal bulliform cells of epidermis, mesophyll cells and cells of the vascular bundle sheath of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) were determined by means of ...The ion levels in the epidermal bulliform cells of epidermis, mesophyll cells and cells of the vascular bundle sheath of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) were determined by means of X_ray microanalysis. The results indicated that higher K +, Na +, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cl - were distributed in the vascular bundle sheath cells than in mesophyll cells and epidermal bulliform cells of the swamp ecotype. Higher Ca 2+ was found in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, higher Mg 2+ in the mesophyll cells and higher K +, Na + and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the dune ecotype. Higher Na + and Mg 2+ was determined in the mesophyll cells than in the bulliform cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, and higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the light salt meadow ecotype. In the heavy salt meadow ecotype, higher Na + and Mg 2+ were accumulated in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, but higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the distributional conditions of the above five ions in leaf cells of the four ecotypes and their significance in the physiological adaptation of reed to habitat were discussed in detail.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates and sites on starch RVA profile characteristics of different ecotypes of japonica rice. [Method] Five different ecotypes of japonica ri...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates and sites on starch RVA profile characteristics of different ecotypes of japonica rice. [Method] Five different ecotypes of japonica rice were sown at seven different dates in four rice planting regions in Jiangsu Province to analyze the differences in starch RVA profile parameters among different rice varieties. [Result] Among eight parameters of rice starch RVA profile, peak time exhibited no significant differences among different sites, while other seven parameters varied significantly or extremely significantly among different sites, sowing dates and varieties. Specifically, rice variety exerted the most significant effects on rice starch RVA profile parameters. Starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different ecological conditions but exhibited no significant differences among different latitudes. To be specific, in different sites, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV） and breakdown viscosity （BDV） demonstrated a descending order of Huai＇an 〉 Suzhou 〉 Lianyungang 〉 Yangzhou. Cool paste viscosity （CPV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） were higher in the north than in the south; specifically, CPV and CSV were significantly higher in Lianyungang and Huai＇an than in Yangzhou and Suzhou. Setback viscosity （SBV） showed an increasing trend with increasing latitude; specifically, SBV was significantly lower in Suzhou than in other three sites. Pasting temperature （PAT） and peak time （PET） changed slightly among different latitudes. With the postponing of sowing date, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV）, cool paste viscosity （CPV） and peak time （PET） showed a decreasing trend, setback viscosity （SBV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） increased, breakdown viscosity （BDV） increased first and then decreased, whereas pasting temperature （PAT） decreased first and then increased. Furthermore, rice starch RVA profile parameters showed the same variation trend with sowing date in different sites; early sowing within suitable sowing dates could effectively improve the parameters of rice starch RVA profile. However, different parameters exerted different variations among different sites and most parameters were higher in the north than in the south, which indicated that starch RVA profile parameters were significantly affected by sowing date in the north of Jiangsu Province. Among eight starch RVA profile parameters, setback viscosity exhibited the maximum variation coefficient, while peak time exhibited the minimum variation coefficient. Among five rice varieties, Nanjing 46 exhibited the highest peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity and the lowest setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Nanjing 46 had the most appropriate starch RVA profile characteristics and the best cooking and eating quality. Lianjing 4 exhibited relatively high peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity, and relatively low setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Lianjing 4 had good starch RVA profile characteristics. Different sowing dates and sites exerted significant effects on starch RVA profiles of different eco- types of japonica rice. Rice starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sites but exhibited no significant variations among different latitudes. In addition, starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sowing dates. Therefore, early sowing of the same variety was conducive to improving starch RVA profile characteristics in appropriate planting regions. [Conclusion] This study provided a theoretical basis for producing high-quality rice and improving the eating quality of rice in Jiangsu Province.展开更多
Through one hundred years of adaptation in China, The Acer negundo Linn. (as hlea f maple), originally grown in North America, has developed morphological charact er istics to cope the severe situation of its habitats...Through one hundred years of adaptation in China, The Acer negundo Linn. (as hlea f maple), originally grown in North America, has developed morphological charact er istics to cope the severe situation of its habitats. Two ecotypes from different vegetation belts in the ecotone of eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region wer e detected. Although there was no macroscopic difference, contrasting micro-ch a racteristics had been observed between the two sources. The leaves from more dro ught and warmer zone were found with more trichomes, more and smaller stomata, l arger subsidiary cells, thicker palisade and flatter epidermal wax than those of leaves from the more humid and colder zone. Microstructures of the leaves from xeric sources can more effectively reduce leaf temperature and conserving water than those of mesic sources. Intra-species difference of the two ecotypes is th e result of adaptation in different environments. This should be considered when characteristics of foliage are used as characters of species in taxonomy.展开更多
With a view of sustainable development, different kinds of farmland consolidation are reviewed. A planning and design mode for eco-sustainable farmland consolidation, which integrated the ecotypic board, the ecotypic ...With a view of sustainable development, different kinds of farmland consolidation are reviewed. A planning and design mode for eco-sustainable farmland consolidation, which integrated the ecotypic board, the ecotypic tunnel, the ecotypic island, and the ecotypic boundary, is proposed. Then, an actual case of farmland consolidation, a project located in Yinzhou County, Zhejiang Province, is used to demonstrate the effective application procedures of the planning and design mode.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of silicon at different concentrations on morphology and photosynthetic physiological mechanism of japonica rice. [Method] Seedlings of japonica rice were treated with silico...[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of silicon at different concentrations on morphology and photosynthetic physiological mechanism of japonica rice. [Method] Seedlings of japonica rice were treated with silicon at different concentrations （0, 30, 80, 130 and 180 mg/L of sodium silicate）; silicon contents were measured with Molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method in root, stem and leaf; plant height, root length and number in different treatment groups were measured with tools; chlorophyll a and b, and a/b in leaf and stem of rice in different groups were measured. [Result] Silicon contents in vegetative organs were as follows： stem〉leaf〉 root; when silicon was 80 mg/L, japonica ecotype was shortest; when silicon was 30 mg/L, root length of the rice was shortest and root number was least; when silicon was 30 mg/L, contents of chlorophyll a and b were highest and chlorophyll a/b achieved the peak when silicon was 80 mg/L. [Conclusion] Silicon at proper concen- tration would improve lodging-resistance and efficiency of photosynthesis, further enhancing yield of japonica rice.展开更多
A suitable substrate formula for vegetable cultivation was selected through experimenting on the culture substrate for organic ecotype soilless culture of vegetables, and organic matter content of the substrate was 29...A suitable substrate formula for vegetable cultivation was selected through experimenting on the culture substrate for organic ecotype soilless culture of vegetables, and organic matter content of the substrate was 294% as name that of soil, while the content of N, P and K were 328%, 279% and 192% that of the soil, respectively. Vegetable yield with this substrate was 157%-228% that with the soil.展开更多
The selection of afforestation plants,which is based on the ecotype of afforestatioin plant,is the key of plant engineering. There is not final verdict yet on the standard of ecotype of afforestation plant. According ...The selection of afforestation plants,which is based on the ecotype of afforestatioin plant,is the key of plant engineering. There is not final verdict yet on the standard of ecotype of afforestation plant. According to the presentational feature （regional distribution,Climatic indicator）,ecotype （climatoecological type,edaphic ecotype and biota ecotype） and genetic association of afforestation plant,combined with the experience in the greening practice,the afforesting nursery stock （Arbor and Shrub ） is divided into five ecotypes while the herbaceous plant are divided into three ecotypes.展开更多
The genetic diversity of 118 accessions of broomcom millet （Panicum miliaceum L.）, collected from various ecological areas, was analyzed. Using 46 SSR （Simple Sequence Repeat） polymorphic markers from rice, wheat,...The genetic diversity of 118 accessions of broomcom millet （Panicum miliaceum L.）, collected from various ecological areas, was analyzed. Using 46 SSR （Simple Sequence Repeat） polymorphic markers from rice, wheat, oat and barley, a total of 226 alleles were found, which exhibited moderate level of diversity. The number of alleles per primer ranged from two to nine, with an average of 4.91. The range of polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.2844）.980 （average, 0.793）. The expected heterozygosity （He） varied from 0.346 to 0.989, with an average of 0.834. The average coefficient of the genetic similarity of SSR markers among the 118 accessions was 0.609, and it ranged from 0.461 to 0.851. The UPGMA （Unweight Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean） clustering analysis at the genetic similarity value of 0.609 grouped the 118 accessions into five groups. Mantel test meant that geographical origin and genetic distance presented positive correlation. The clustering results were consistent with known information on ecological growing areas. The genetic similarity coefficient of the accessions in the Loess Plateau ecotype was significantly lower than those in the other ecotypes. It indicates that the highest level of genetic diversity occurred in the Loess Plateau, which is probably the original site of Panicum miliaceum.展开更多
Ecological adaptation and ecological groups of pelagic ostracods were examined in the East China Sea （23°30′-33°00′N, 118°30′ -128°00′E）, in relation to temperature and salinity. The data we...Ecological adaptation and ecological groups of pelagic ostracods were examined in the East China Sea （23°30′-33°00′N, 118°30′ -128°00′E）, in relation to temperature and salinity. The data were collected in four surveys conducted from 1997 to 2000. The density, yield density, or negative exponent models were used to determine the optimal temperature and salinity of water for the thriving growth of pelagic ostracods. Thereafter, ecological groups and potential distribution patterns of pelagic ostracods were determined based on the predicted parameters such as optimal temperature and salinity, consulting the geographic distribution. The analytical results indicate that, among the numerical dominant pelagic ostracods in the East China Sea （ECS）, Euconchoecia aculeata, E. elongata, E. chierchiae, E. maimai, and Cypridina dentata, etc. are offshore subtropical water species. These species are widely distributed in the area, and they can be brought by the warm current to north offshore during spring and winter. The predicated optimal temperature （OT） and optimal salinity （OS） for Paraconchoecia decipiens, P. echinata, P. spini- fera, P. oblonga, Conchoecia magna and Porroeciaporrecta are all greater than 25℃ and 34 separately. These species are mainly distributed in the waters of the Kuroshio, the Taiwan Warm Current, and the Taiwan Strait, and therefore are designated as ocean- ic tropical water species. On the other hand, Pseudoconchoecia concerttrica is considered as offshore subtropical water species based on its geographical distribution although its OT is 19℃. The other species, though their OSs are approximately 34 and with OTs ranging from 20° to 25℃, are considered as offshore subtropical water species because they were found to be widely distributed from the South China Sea to the East China Sea.展开更多
Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season rhizomatous perennial grass that can tolerate diverse abiotic stresses while yielding relatively high biomass, and is considered a leading biofuel feedstock for margin...Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season rhizomatous perennial grass that can tolerate diverse abiotic stresses while yielding relatively high biomass, and is considered a leading biofuel feedstock for marginal lands. Nitrogen(N) is crucial for the growth and development of switchgrass, and its tolerance to low N supply and high N use efficiency are very important for its production under poor conditions. The large-scale planting of switchgrass on marginal lands could be an effective approach to solving the problem of feedstock supply for biomass energy. This study used a hydroponic experiment to evaluate the effect of N deficiency on switchgrass seedlings. Three N treatments(0, 0.15, and 1.50 mmol L-1Hoagland's solution)and six cultivars were used, three of each ecotype(upland and lowland). The results showed that biomass, leaf area, root surface area, net photosynthesis, and total chlorophyll content significantly decreased under low N treatments compared with those in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. However, once established, all plants survived extreme N stress(0 mmol L-1) and, to some extent, were productive. Cultivar Kanlow performed best of the six cultivars under stress. Significant interactions between stress treatment and cultivars showed that breeding for cultivars with high yield and superior performance under N deficiency is warranted. The lowland outperformed the upland ecotypes under stress, suggesting that lowland cultivars may survive and be productive under a wider range of stress conditions.However, given the better adaptability of lowland ecotypes to hydroponic cultivation, further study is needed.展开更多
Globally climates are warming. How do desert plants of different ecotypes respond to the climate change? This paper studied the differing responses to climate warming shown by desert plants of different ecotypes throu...Globally climates are warming. How do desert plants of different ecotypes respond to the climate change? This paper studied the differing responses to climate warming shown by desert plants of different ecotypes through analyzing the phenology and meteorological data of 22 desert plant species growing in Minqin Desert Bo- tanical Garden in Northwest China during the period 1974-2009. The results indicate: (1) The temperature in the study area has risen quickly since 1974, and plants' growing periods became longer. The spring phenology of mesophytes advanced, and the autumn phenology of xerophytes was delayed; (2) The starting dates of spring phenophase of mesophytes and xerophytes differed significantly and both showed an advancing trend; (3) The spring phenology of mesophytes advanced by more days than that of xerophytes, whereas the autumn phenology of mesophytes was delayed by less days than that of the xerophytes; and (4) Mesophytes are more sensitive than xerophytes to rising temperature in spring and falling temperature in autumn. These findings are of value in plant management and regional introduction of different species.展开更多
One hundred and fifteen varieties （including cultivars and lines） with different ecotypes in japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） were analyzed for endosperm storage proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide ge...One hundred and fifteen varieties （including cultivars and lines） with different ecotypes in japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） were analyzed for endosperm storage proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） to estimate their genetic diversity for the purpose of genetic improving and variety identification. Nineteen types of profile were identified according to 1） presence/absence of 65 kDa bands, 2） staining intensity of 70, 60, 57, 37-39, 22-23, 13 and 10 kDa bands, 3） migration velocity of 35 kDa （α-4） and 4） band number at 57 kDa location. An unweighted-pair group average method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） dendregram based on the cluster analysis of genetic similarity of the protein bands showed a small genetic variation among the tested materials, with the similarity coefficients varying between 0.75 and 1.00. Three distinct groups were identified from the cluster analysis of the rice varieties studied at the similarity coefficient level of 0.894. The first group included eight varieties with high amylose content, the second group contained fifteen varieties with high protein content, and the third group had the remaining ninety-two varieties, which accounted for 80% of the total materials. Clear relationship between ecotypes distinguished by maturity and groups revealed by cluster analysis was not found in this study. Only the group of high amylose linked with medium-maturity medium japonica ecotype. The bands of 70 kDa and 65 kDa can be used as protein markers to identify F1 seed purity of japonica hybrid rice Liuyanyou 422.展开更多
Lead concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of accumulating and non accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii (Hance) were studied through a hydroponic experiment with different Pb concentrations supplied as Pb(...Lead concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of accumulating and non accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii (Hance) were studied through a hydroponic experiment with different Pb concentrations supplied as Pb(NO 3) 2. Lead concentrations in leaves and stems of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 3-5 times those of the non accumulating ecotype, and Pb accumulated amounts in stems and leaves of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 8-11 times higher than those of the non accumulating ecotype, respectively. The results indicated that the accumulating ecotype had better ability to transport Pb from roots to shoots. The subcellular distributions of Pb in the root, stem and leaf tissues were studied using sucrose differential centrifugation. Approximately 50% of Pb contents was found to be associated with the cell wall fraction in stems of the accumulating ecotype and the percentage increased to 80% both in roots and leaves, no matter when plants were grown with different levels of Pb. The results indicated that the distribution of Pb on cell walls of the accumulating ecotype could mainly account for the high tolerance to Pb.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271695)the Science and Technology Program of Gulang County,Gansu Province(GL2302YFN006)+2 种基金the Youth Science and Technology Talent Innovation Project of Lanzhou City(2023-QN-140)the Strategic Biological Resources Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-BRP-007-015)the Development of Scientific and Technological Innovation Special Fund Competitive Project of Gansu Province(Y939BD1001).
文摘Agriophyllum squarrosum(L.)Moq.,commonly known as sandrice,is an annual medicinal plant prevalent in the dunes across China's deserts.A garden trial revealed that flavonoid content varies among sandrice ecotypes due to long-term local adaptation to water variability.To investigate how sandrice responds to drought stress through the molecular metabolic regulation of flavonoids,we employed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses during a 9-d ambient drought stress,examining three ecotypes along a precipitation gradient.The three ecotypes located in Dengkou(DK)County,Dulan(DL)County,and Aerxiang(AEX)village of northern China,which had 137,263,and 485 mm precipitation,respectively.Soil moisture content was 4.04%after drought stress,causing seedlings of the three sandrice ecotypes to display collapsed structures,yellowing leaves,wilting,and curling.Among these,DL exhibited superior drought tolerance,in which plant height increase(PHI)and leaf area(LA)were significantly higher than those of DK and AEX.Flavonoid-targeted metabolomics identified that rutin,isoquercitrin,and astragalin constituted over 95.00%of the 15 flavonoid metabolites detected.A total of 12 differentially accumulated flavonoids(DAFs)were found,with rutin being the most abundant(1231.57-2859.34 ng/100 mg fresh weight(FW)),showing a gradual increase along the precipitation gradient.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 14 common differentially expressed genes(DEGs)associated with flavonoid synthesis among the three ecotypes.Integrative analysis of DEGs and DAFs indicated that sandrice adapts to drought stress by activating different flavonoid synthesis pathways.In DK,the dihydrokaempferol-dihydroquercetin pathway,regulated by flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase(CYP75B1),likely enhances drought adaptation.In AEX,transcriptional repression by O-methylatransferase(OMT)shifts the metabolic flux from the quercetin-isorhamnetin pathway to the quercetin-isoquercetin-rutin pathway in response to drought.DL,the most droughttolerant ecotype,appears to activate the naringenin-apigenin-luteolin route and employs a unique flavonoid accumulation pattern in response to drought stress.Our data reveal that flavonoid synthesis in sandrice is fine-tuned among ecotypes to cope with drought,offering valuable germplasm resources and evaluation methods for sandrice acclimation and providing insights into drought response in non-model plants.
文摘Aims Positive plant interactions can promote higher species density of beneficiary species in deserts.However,there is limited evidence examining the trait sets of seeds from beneficiary species.in this study,we examined the hypothesis that shrubs(benefactors)influ-ence the germination of desert annuals(beneficiaries)and promote ecotypic differentiation by generating distinct microhabitats through abiotic stress amelioration.The following predictions were tested using growth chambers and field-collected seeds:(i)seed mass and viability will be greater and less variable for seeds collected from within shrub understory relative to seeds from open microhabitats,(ii)germination of seeds from shrub and open microhabitats will be greatest under simulated home(source)conditions,(iii)seeds from the shrub microhabitat will adaptively accelerate their germination rate when germinated in simulated home(source)microhabitats relative to their simulated away(reciprocal)microhabitat.Methods Seeds and their associated maternal plants were collected from four annual species found within a shrub understory(Larrea triden-tata)and open microhabitats in the Mojave Desert of California(35.30ºN,117.26ºW,793 m.a.s.l.),and then reciprocally germi-nated in growth chambers simulating both microclimatic conditions.Cumulative germination and germination rate was measured every 4-5 days for 42 days.Important Findings There was no significant difference in the mean or coefficient of variation for seed mass and viability between the shrub and open microhabitats.The source of the seeds did not significantly impact the cumulative germination,and there was no accelerated rate of germination within potential species ecotypes thereby suggesting no ecotypic differentiation.Cumulative germination was signifi-cantly higher within the shrub-simulated microhabitat for three out of the four species examined.Cumulative germination and germina-tion rate were significantly different between species.Hence,shrubs influence the germination of desert annuals,and the outcome of this interaction is species specific,but shrub microhabitats do not nec-essarily alter the more conserved seed biology traits.Future studies should examine the influence of gene flow on beneficiary adapta-tion and the influence of species-specificity on beneficiary species response to facilitation.
基金financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42177258 and 41977047)the Fund Project of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation,China(2019-ZD03)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(No.20220302121322)a grant from the Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River,China。
文摘Earthworms are crucial to soil ecosystems as keystone species.They perform various ecological functions through their associated microbiomes.However,the characteristics of these microbiomes in various vermicompartments(earthworm-associated compartments)within soil-earthworm systems have not been systematically studied.Here,using earthworms of two ecotypes(i.e.,epigeic Eisenia fetida and anecic Metaphire guillelmi)as models,we conducted a full and comprehensive exploration of the bacterial community in several potential distinct compartments,including bulk soil,drilosphere,gut wall,gut content,and casts,through 2D-terraria incubation technology and high-throughput sequencing approaches.Bacterial diversity,community structures in each compartment,differential OTUs in vermicompartments compared with bulk soil,and the co-occurrence relationship of bacteria in bulk soil and gut-compartments(i.e.,gut wall and gut content)were assessed.Results showed that three major vermicompartments,i.e.,drilosphere,gut,and casts,were distinctly different in hosting the bacterial community.The levels of alpha diversity followed the order of drilosphere>casts>gut wall≈gut content.These patterns of vermicompartments along earthworms did not vary with ecotype,implying that the vermicompartments were the primary factors influencing the bacterial community.Finally,based on the difference in microbiomes in gut-compartments and the state-of-the-art use of the term“gut microbiomes”,it is recommended to establish a unified definition of gut microbes that encompasses microbiomes residing in both the gut wall and gut content,which could provide a clear and consistent understanding of gut microbiomes.This work provides a comprehensive overview of earthworm-associated microbiomes,enhancing our understanding of fundamental earthworm ecology and soil biology.
文摘In order to better understand the cultural route, biochemical and nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio, a study was carried out in village of Tambananing located approximately 7 km from Sédhiou. The objective of studies was to determine nutritional composition of two ecotypes of fonio: the first called momo in short-cycle mandinka (75 - 90 days) and the other called medium-cycle dibong (90 - 110 days). For this, samples of two ecotypes were collected in an experimental field which was split into two equal parts, one sown with the momo ecotype and the other with the dibong ecotype. The nutritional composition (sugars, fats, proteins, minerals, ash, etc.) and the physicochemical properties (pH, humidity, water activity, color, etc.) of fonio’s were determined by appropriate physicochemical methods. The two ecotypes exhibited quite similar physicochemical properties. The levels of biochemical compounds were relatively close with protein contents of 7.05 ± 0.06 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and of 8.02 ± 0.04 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype, in carbohydrates (76.37 ± 1.2 mg/100g for momo and 78.7 ± 1.5 mg/100g for dibong) and in fat (2.92 ± 0.05 mg/100g for momo and 3.14 ± 0.004 mg/100g for dibong). Identical mineral element contents were found except for iron, an element for which the contents were 10.80 ± 0.008 mg/100g for the momo ecotype and 99.59 ± 0.005 mg/100g for the dibong ecotype. Thus, two ecotypes of fonio present a fairly interesting nutritional composition and their consumption deserves to be popularized and could contribute effectively to fight against the problems of malnutrition of certain vulnerable groups.
文摘The ion levels in the epidermal bulliform cells of epidermis, mesophyll cells and cells of the vascular bundle sheath of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) were determined by means of X_ray microanalysis. The results indicated that higher K +, Na +, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cl - were distributed in the vascular bundle sheath cells than in mesophyll cells and epidermal bulliform cells of the swamp ecotype. Higher Ca 2+ was found in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, higher Mg 2+ in the mesophyll cells and higher K +, Na + and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the dune ecotype. Higher Na + and Mg 2+ was determined in the mesophyll cells than in the bulliform cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, and higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the light salt meadow ecotype. In the heavy salt meadow ecotype, higher Na + and Mg 2+ were accumulated in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, but higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the distributional conditions of the above five ions in leaf cells of the four ecotypes and their significance in the physiological adaptation of reed to habitat were discussed in detail.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different sowing dates and sites on starch RVA profile characteristics of different ecotypes of japonica rice. [Method] Five different ecotypes of japonica rice were sown at seven different dates in four rice planting regions in Jiangsu Province to analyze the differences in starch RVA profile parameters among different rice varieties. [Result] Among eight parameters of rice starch RVA profile, peak time exhibited no significant differences among different sites, while other seven parameters varied significantly or extremely significantly among different sites, sowing dates and varieties. Specifically, rice variety exerted the most significant effects on rice starch RVA profile parameters. Starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different ecological conditions but exhibited no significant differences among different latitudes. To be specific, in different sites, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV） and breakdown viscosity （BDV） demonstrated a descending order of Huai＇an 〉 Suzhou 〉 Lianyungang 〉 Yangzhou. Cool paste viscosity （CPV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） were higher in the north than in the south; specifically, CPV and CSV were significantly higher in Lianyungang and Huai＇an than in Yangzhou and Suzhou. Setback viscosity （SBV） showed an increasing trend with increasing latitude; specifically, SBV was significantly lower in Suzhou than in other three sites. Pasting temperature （PAT） and peak time （PET） changed slightly among different latitudes. With the postponing of sowing date, peak viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV）, cool paste viscosity （CPV） and peak time （PET） showed a decreasing trend, setback viscosity （SBV） and consistence viscosity （CSV） increased, breakdown viscosity （BDV） increased first and then decreased, whereas pasting temperature （PAT） decreased first and then increased. Furthermore, rice starch RVA profile parameters showed the same variation trend with sowing date in different sites; early sowing within suitable sowing dates could effectively improve the parameters of rice starch RVA profile. However, different parameters exerted different variations among different sites and most parameters were higher in the north than in the south, which indicated that starch RVA profile parameters were significantly affected by sowing date in the north of Jiangsu Province. Among eight starch RVA profile parameters, setback viscosity exhibited the maximum variation coefficient, while peak time exhibited the minimum variation coefficient. Among five rice varieties, Nanjing 46 exhibited the highest peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity and the lowest setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Nanjing 46 had the most appropriate starch RVA profile characteristics and the best cooking and eating quality. Lianjing 4 exhibited relatively high peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity, and relatively low setback viscosity and consistence viscosity, suggesting that Lianjing 4 had good starch RVA profile characteristics. Different sowing dates and sites exerted significant effects on starch RVA profiles of different eco- types of japonica rice. Rice starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sites but exhibited no significant variations among different latitudes. In addition, starch RVA profile characteristics varied significantly among different sowing dates. Therefore, early sowing of the same variety was conducive to improving starch RVA profile characteristics in appropriate planting regions. [Conclusion] This study provided a theoretical basis for producing high-quality rice and improving the eating quality of rice in Jiangsu Province.
文摘Through one hundred years of adaptation in China, The Acer negundo Linn. (as hlea f maple), originally grown in North America, has developed morphological charact er istics to cope the severe situation of its habitats. Two ecotypes from different vegetation belts in the ecotone of eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region wer e detected. Although there was no macroscopic difference, contrasting micro-ch a racteristics had been observed between the two sources. The leaves from more dro ught and warmer zone were found with more trichomes, more and smaller stomata, l arger subsidiary cells, thicker palisade and flatter epidermal wax than those of leaves from the more humid and colder zone. Microstructures of the leaves from xeric sources can more effectively reduce leaf temperature and conserving water than those of mesic sources. Intra-species difference of the two ecotypes is th e result of adaptation in different environments. This should be considered when characteristics of foliage are used as characters of species in taxonomy.
基金1Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 70273069).
文摘With a view of sustainable development, different kinds of farmland consolidation are reviewed. A planning and design mode for eco-sustainable farmland consolidation, which integrated the ecotypic board, the ecotypic tunnel, the ecotypic island, and the ecotypic boundary, is proposed. Then, an actual case of farmland consolidation, a project located in Yinzhou County, Zhejiang Province, is used to demonstrate the effective application procedures of the planning and design mode.
基金Supported by Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Talent Program of Hubei Provincal Department of Education(Q20102501)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of silicon at different concentrations on morphology and photosynthetic physiological mechanism of japonica rice. [Method] Seedlings of japonica rice were treated with silicon at different concentrations （0, 30, 80, 130 and 180 mg/L of sodium silicate）; silicon contents were measured with Molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method in root, stem and leaf; plant height, root length and number in different treatment groups were measured with tools; chlorophyll a and b, and a/b in leaf and stem of rice in different groups were measured. [Result] Silicon contents in vegetative organs were as follows： stem〉leaf〉 root; when silicon was 80 mg/L, japonica ecotype was shortest; when silicon was 30 mg/L, root length of the rice was shortest and root number was least; when silicon was 30 mg/L, contents of chlorophyll a and b were highest and chlorophyll a/b achieved the peak when silicon was 80 mg/L. [Conclusion] Silicon at proper concen- tration would improve lodging-resistance and efficiency of photosynthesis, further enhancing yield of japonica rice.
基金Supported by the Key Project of Agricultural Research in Guizhou Province[Qianke coNY,(2010)3019]~~
文摘A suitable substrate formula for vegetable cultivation was selected through experimenting on the culture substrate for organic ecotype soilless culture of vegetables, and organic matter content of the substrate was 294% as name that of soil, while the content of N, P and K were 328%, 279% and 192% that of the soil, respectively. Vegetable yield with this substrate was 157%-228% that with the soil.
文摘The selection of afforestation plants,which is based on the ecotype of afforestatioin plant,is the key of plant engineering. There is not final verdict yet on the standard of ecotype of afforestation plant. According to the presentational feature （regional distribution,Climatic indicator）,ecotype （climatoecological type,edaphic ecotype and biota ecotype） and genetic association of afforestation plant,combined with the experience in the greening practice,the afforesting nursery stock （Arbor and Shrub ） is divided into five ecotypes while the herbaceous plant are divided into three ecotypes.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology in China (No.2006BAD02B07-01)
文摘The genetic diversity of 118 accessions of broomcom millet （Panicum miliaceum L.）, collected from various ecological areas, was analyzed. Using 46 SSR （Simple Sequence Repeat） polymorphic markers from rice, wheat, oat and barley, a total of 226 alleles were found, which exhibited moderate level of diversity. The number of alleles per primer ranged from two to nine, with an average of 4.91. The range of polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.2844）.980 （average, 0.793）. The expected heterozygosity （He） varied from 0.346 to 0.989, with an average of 0.834. The average coefficient of the genetic similarity of SSR markers among the 118 accessions was 0.609, and it ranged from 0.461 to 0.851. The UPGMA （Unweight Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean） clustering analysis at the genetic similarity value of 0.609 grouped the 118 accessions into five groups. Mantel test meant that geographical origin and genetic distance presented positive correlation. The clustering results were consistent with known information on ecological growing areas. The genetic similarity coefficient of the accessions in the Loess Plateau ecotype was significantly lower than those in the other ecotypes. It indicates that the highest level of genetic diversity occurred in the Loess Plateau, which is probably the original site of Panicum miliaceum.
基金The Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.90511005"908" Project of China un-der contract No.908 -02-01-03
文摘Ecological adaptation and ecological groups of pelagic ostracods were examined in the East China Sea （23°30′-33°00′N, 118°30′ -128°00′E）, in relation to temperature and salinity. The data were collected in four surveys conducted from 1997 to 2000. The density, yield density, or negative exponent models were used to determine the optimal temperature and salinity of water for the thriving growth of pelagic ostracods. Thereafter, ecological groups and potential distribution patterns of pelagic ostracods were determined based on the predicted parameters such as optimal temperature and salinity, consulting the geographic distribution. The analytical results indicate that, among the numerical dominant pelagic ostracods in the East China Sea （ECS）, Euconchoecia aculeata, E. elongata, E. chierchiae, E. maimai, and Cypridina dentata, etc. are offshore subtropical water species. These species are widely distributed in the area, and they can be brought by the warm current to north offshore during spring and winter. The predicated optimal temperature （OT） and optimal salinity （OS） for Paraconchoecia decipiens, P. echinata, P. spini- fera, P. oblonga, Conchoecia magna and Porroeciaporrecta are all greater than 25℃ and 34 separately. These species are mainly distributed in the waters of the Kuroshio, the Taiwan Warm Current, and the Taiwan Strait, and therefore are designated as ocean- ic tropical water species. On the other hand, Pseudoconchoecia concerttrica is considered as offshore subtropical water species based on its geographical distribution although its OT is 19℃. The other species, though their OSs are approximately 34 and with OTs ranging from 20° to 25℃, are considered as offshore subtropical water species because they were found to be widely distributed from the South China Sea to the East China Sea.
基金supported by the project of Scientific and Technological Innovation Ability Construction funded by Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(KJCX201102005,KJCX201101003,and KJCX201103001)
文摘Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season rhizomatous perennial grass that can tolerate diverse abiotic stresses while yielding relatively high biomass, and is considered a leading biofuel feedstock for marginal lands. Nitrogen(N) is crucial for the growth and development of switchgrass, and its tolerance to low N supply and high N use efficiency are very important for its production under poor conditions. The large-scale planting of switchgrass on marginal lands could be an effective approach to solving the problem of feedstock supply for biomass energy. This study used a hydroponic experiment to evaluate the effect of N deficiency on switchgrass seedlings. Three N treatments(0, 0.15, and 1.50 mmol L-1Hoagland's solution)and six cultivars were used, three of each ecotype(upland and lowland). The results showed that biomass, leaf area, root surface area, net photosynthesis, and total chlorophyll content significantly decreased under low N treatments compared with those in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. However, once established, all plants survived extreme N stress(0 mmol L-1) and, to some extent, were productive. Cultivar Kanlow performed best of the six cultivars under stress. Significant interactions between stress treatment and cultivars showed that breeding for cultivars with high yield and superior performance under N deficiency is warranted. The lowland outperformed the upland ecotypes under stress, suggesting that lowland cultivars may survive and be productive under a wider range of stress conditions.However, given the better adaptability of lowland ecotypes to hydroponic cultivation, further study is needed.
基金supported by the Pre-phase Project of the State 973 Program(2011CB411912)Gansu Natural Science Fund Project
文摘Globally climates are warming. How do desert plants of different ecotypes respond to the climate change? This paper studied the differing responses to climate warming shown by desert plants of different ecotypes through analyzing the phenology and meteorological data of 22 desert plant species growing in Minqin Desert Bo- tanical Garden in Northwest China during the period 1974-2009. The results indicate: (1) The temperature in the study area has risen quickly since 1974, and plants' growing periods became longer. The spring phenology of mesophytes advanced, and the autumn phenology of xerophytes was delayed; (2) The starting dates of spring phenophase of mesophytes and xerophytes differed significantly and both showed an advancing trend; (3) The spring phenology of mesophytes advanced by more days than that of xerophytes, whereas the autumn phenology of mesophytes was delayed by less days than that of the xerophytes; and (4) Mesophytes are more sensitive than xerophytes to rising temperature in spring and falling temperature in autumn. These findings are of value in plant management and regional introduction of different species.
文摘One hundred and fifteen varieties （including cultivars and lines） with different ecotypes in japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） were analyzed for endosperm storage proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） to estimate their genetic diversity for the purpose of genetic improving and variety identification. Nineteen types of profile were identified according to 1） presence/absence of 65 kDa bands, 2） staining intensity of 70, 60, 57, 37-39, 22-23, 13 and 10 kDa bands, 3） migration velocity of 35 kDa （α-4） and 4） band number at 57 kDa location. An unweighted-pair group average method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） dendregram based on the cluster analysis of genetic similarity of the protein bands showed a small genetic variation among the tested materials, with the similarity coefficients varying between 0.75 and 1.00. Three distinct groups were identified from the cluster analysis of the rice varieties studied at the similarity coefficient level of 0.894. The first group included eight varieties with high amylose content, the second group contained fifteen varieties with high protein content, and the third group had the remaining ninety-two varieties, which accounted for 80% of the total materials. Clear relationship between ecotypes distinguished by maturity and groups revealed by cluster analysis was not found in this study. Only the group of high amylose linked with medium-maturity medium japonica ecotype. The bands of 70 kDa and 65 kDa can be used as protein markers to identify F1 seed purity of japonica hybrid rice Liuyanyou 422.
文摘Lead concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of accumulating and non accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii (Hance) were studied through a hydroponic experiment with different Pb concentrations supplied as Pb(NO 3) 2. Lead concentrations in leaves and stems of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 3-5 times those of the non accumulating ecotype, and Pb accumulated amounts in stems and leaves of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 8-11 times higher than those of the non accumulating ecotype, respectively. The results indicated that the accumulating ecotype had better ability to transport Pb from roots to shoots. The subcellular distributions of Pb in the root, stem and leaf tissues were studied using sucrose differential centrifugation. Approximately 50% of Pb contents was found to be associated with the cell wall fraction in stems of the accumulating ecotype and the percentage increased to 80% both in roots and leaves, no matter when plants were grown with different levels of Pb. The results indicated that the distribution of Pb on cell walls of the accumulating ecotype could mainly account for the high tolerance to Pb.
