Ash deposition is a form of particulate fouling, and appears usually in boiler economizers. The ash deposition increases capital expenditure, energy input and maintenance costs. An analog experiment for monitoring ash...Ash deposition is a form of particulate fouling, and appears usually in boiler economizers. The ash deposition increases capital expenditure, energy input and maintenance costs. An analog experiment for monitoring ash deposition was performed from the analogous objective of a 410 t/h boiler economizer to verify the rationality and reliability of the ash-deposition-monitoring model presented in order to increase the security and economy in economizer running. The analog experiment platform is a tube-shell exchanger that conforms well to the conditions of a self-modeling area. The analog flue gas in the shell side is the heated air mixed with ash, and in the tube side the fluid is water heated by the flue gas. The fluid state in the water side and the flue gas side follows the second self-modeling area. A 4-factor-3-level orthogonal table was used to schedule 9 operation conditions of orthogonal experiment, with the 4 factors being heat power, flue gas velocity, ashes grain diameter and adding ashes quantity while the three levels are different values due to different position classes in every factor. The ash deposition thermal resistances is calculated by the model with the measure parameters of temperature and pressure drop. It shows that the values of the ash deposition thermal resistances gradually increase up to a stable state. And the experimental results are reliable by F testing method at α= 0.001. Therefore, the model can be applied in online monitoring of ash deposition in a boiler economizers in power plants and provides scientific decision on ash deposition prediction and sootblowing.展开更多
Based on the calculation and analysis of energy-saving benefit under various operating conditions, and the investment payback period for the low pressure economizer of the 3rd stage project of Longkou Power Plant, the...Based on the calculation and analysis of energy-saving benefit under various operating conditions, and the investment payback period for the low pressure economizer of the 3rd stage project of Longkou Power Plant, the optimum operating conditions of the system and its reasonable heating surface are defined, and the feasibility of the design alternative of the low pressure economizer system is verified.展开更多
The tendency for air column resonance generation in structures with a constant volume behind a tube array like that of an exhaust gas economizer has been reported, but many points remain unclear with respect to the me...The tendency for air column resonance generation in structures with a constant volume behind a tube array like that of an exhaust gas economizer has been reported, but many points remain unclear with respect to the mechanism and conditions that generate acoustical resonance. When acoustical resonance is generated, in reality, prevention and suppression measures are implemented by inserting a baffle plate into the ducts through a process of trial and error. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of generation of acoustical resonance, and to establish an appropriate measure to prevent such resonance. Noise generated in an exhaust gas economizer was correlated with the flow inside the tube array and experimentally analyzed, and the mechanism for resonance generation was considered. In addition, the effectiveness of a baffle plate positioned in order to prevent resonance was investigated. We have successfully employed a single baffle plate to suppress resonance.展开更多
A combination of solar hot water system with the economizer for heating the water that circulates in the hot water storage tank is presented with the objective to reduce and analyze the cost of investment. The solar c...A combination of solar hot water system with the economizer for heating the water that circulates in the hot water storage tank is presented with the objective to reduce and analyze the cost of investment. The solar collector area will be affected to the investment cost of the solar hot water system. A combined system can be reduced the cost of solar collector by using the waste heat from the economizer to produce the hot water for reaching the requirement of the industry. In this paper the economizer installs in the boiler stack of the industry and produces hot water at 60 ℃ of 5,400 liter per day and the solar hot water system produces the hot water at the same temperature of 6,100 liter per day. The analysis is proposed by determining the solar collector plate area from the data and calculation. Investment cost of the system is 151,000 baht for the solar hot water system of 110,000 baht and the economizer of 410,000 baht for producing the total hot water of 115,000 liter per day.展开更多
The Outline of Women's Development in China(2021-2030)has proposed goals and supportive measures,to promote women's employment and entrepreneurship,and to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for women to ...The Outline of Women's Development in China(2021-2030)has proposed goals and supportive measures,to promote women's employment and entrepreneurship,and to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for women to participate in economic development.In the process of promoting high-quality economic development,China is upholding employment as a priority.展开更多
China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjus...China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjust or unlawful.Yet,despite these constraints,Zimbabwe remains a nation rich in natural resources and endowed with a highly educated population,with its youth standing out as a particularly dynamic force.展开更多
China’s commitment to high-standard opening-up during its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe an alternative approach to economic resilience.IN medical practice,a wise doctor does not treat a fever by plunging t...China’s commitment to high-standard opening-up during its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe an alternative approach to economic resilience.IN medical practice,a wise doctor does not treat a fever by plunging the patient into an ice bath.The sudden shock may lower the temperature,but it risks systemic collapse.Instead,the proper treatment should support the body’s own resilience,combat the infection.展开更多
British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant...British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant shift of Britain toward a more pragmatic and stability-oriented approach in Sino-British relations.After years of political tensions and limited high-level engagement,this trip underscores London’s intent to rebuild ties based on mutual economic and strategic interests.展开更多
China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is ...China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is stimulating consumption across the country,fueling regional development and creating new industrial ecosystems.This trend perfectly matches one of China’s key tasks for 2026.展开更多
As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformat...As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformative,high-quality development path.The latest economic indicators,strategic policy guidance from the Central Economic Work Conference,and a surge in international confidence collectively present a picture of an economy not merely recovering,but actively building its new growth engines.China is transitioning towards a more sustainable and innovation-driven model,with new quality productive forces playing an increasingly prominent role.展开更多
The goal of the present work is to demonstrate the potential of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)-driven Genetic Algorithm(GA)methods for energy efficiency and economic performance optimization of energy efficiency measu...The goal of the present work is to demonstrate the potential of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)-driven Genetic Algorithm(GA)methods for energy efficiency and economic performance optimization of energy efficiency measures in a multi-family house building in Greece.The energy efficiency measures include different heating/cooling systems(such as low-temperature and high-temperature heat pumps,natural gas boilers,split units),building envelope components for floor,walls,roof and windows of variable heat transfer coefficients,the installation of solar thermal collectors and PVs.The calculations of the building loads and investment and operating and maintenance costs of the measures are based on the methodology defined in Directive 2010/31/EU,while economic assumptions are based on EN 15459-1 standard.Typically,multi-objective optimization of energy efficiency measures often requires the simulation of very large numbers of cases involving numerous possible combinations,resulting in intense computational load.The results of the study indicate that ANN-driven GA methods can be used as an alternative,valuable tool for reliably predicting the optimal measures which minimize primary energy consumption and life cycle cost of the building with greatly reduced computational requirements.Through GA methods,the computational time needed for obtaining the optimal solutions is reduced by 96.4%-96.8%.展开更多
Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understandi...Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understanding how best to preserve,build on its remarkable achievements,and develop its intellectual legacy.Critics such as Schumpeter and Taylor have long argued that the economic reasoning found in ancient China cannot compare with that of classical Greece or medieval Europe.Yet this view often reflects the narrow assumptions of mainstream economics,defining analysis almost entirely in terms of market exchange.As a result,it tends to overlook traditions built around statecraft,governance,and the management of economic order.A careful re-examination and Sino-Western comparative analysis of key thinkers-including Mencius,Guanzi,and Sima Qian-tells a different story.Rooted in China’s distinctive cultural and philosophical heritage,traditional Chinese economic thought not only contains the analytical dimensions(as defined by Schumpeter)but also displays a broader and more diverse set of economic reasoning.Notably,its systematic depth and intellectual precision were,in many respects,remarkably advanced.Therefore,advancing the construction of a Chinese school of economics in the new era under the framework of the“Second Integration”,i.e.,integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture,should,and indeed can draw essential insights from this analytical tradition.展开更多
How is a nation’s embrace of snow and ice shaping a new cultural identity and igniting a multi-trillion-yuan economic boom?ADRIAAN Smit now cannot imagine a life without snowboarding,a passion that has become central...How is a nation’s embrace of snow and ice shaping a new cultural identity and igniting a multi-trillion-yuan economic boom?ADRIAAN Smit now cannot imagine a life without snowboarding,a passion that has become central to his world.He is excited to witness how winter sports are fostering a new winter culture in China.Listening to Smit speaking so enthusiastically about the slopes,one might assume he was raised in a region where snow sports are a way of life,but the fact is quite the contrary.展开更多
Blending tradition with modern elements,Songyang’s tea industry attracts young entrepreneurs to revive culture and drive economic growth.SONGYANG has a long and rich history of tea cultivation and production.The coun...Blending tradition with modern elements,Songyang’s tea industry attracts young entrepreneurs to revive culture and drive economic growth.SONGYANG has a long and rich history of tea cultivation and production.The county became famous for its tea as early as the Three Kingdoms period(220-280).Today,this land is home to over 10,000 hectares of ecofriendly tea plantations.One in every three Songyang residents is involved in the tea industry,whose full industrial chain value now exceeds RMB 13.5 billion.展开更多
The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged a...The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged as a central force shaping youth decision-making across work,consumption,relationships and lifestyle choices.Unlike traditional economic rationality that prioritises income and material security,emotional value focuses on how choices make individuals feel and how they align with personal meaning.This shift is particularly evident in rapidly transforming societies such as China and Ghana,where economic restructuring,globalisation and social change have reshaped pathways to adulthood.展开更多
Decarbonising the building sector,particularly residential heating,represents a critical challenge for achieving carbon-neutral energy systems.Efficient solutions must integrate both technological performance and rene...Decarbonising the building sector,particularly residential heating,represents a critical challenge for achieving carbon-neutral energy systems.Efficient solutions must integrate both technological performance and renewable energy sources while considering operational constraints of existing systems.This study investigates a hybrid heating system combining a natural gas boiler(NGB)with an air-to-water heat pump(AWHP),evaluated through a combination of laboratory experiments and dynamic modelling.A prototype developed in the Electrical and Energy Engineering Laboratory enabled the characterization of both heat generators,the collection of experimental data,and the calibration of a MATLAB/Simulink model,including emissions and exhaust analyses.Sensitivity analyses were performed to identify optimal configurations for energy efficiency and system control,accounting for interactions between subsystems.Results highlight that hybridisation significantly improves primary energy efficiency and reduces fuel consumption compared to conventional NGB-only systems.Environmental performance,assessed through CO_(2) and NOx emissions and renewable energy integration,demonstrates the benefits of partial electrification in the residential sector.Economic assessment further quantifies decarbonization costs and fuel savings,illustrating tradeoffs between low-capital,moderate-performance systems and high-efficiency,high-renewable solutions requiring larger investments.The analysis shows that strategic decisions for residential decarbonisation cannot be separated from system-wide considerations,including control strategies,component integration,and economic feasibility.The study underlines the importance of hybrid and renewable-based solutions as pivotal pathways for energy transition in the residential building sector.展开更多
Contemporary Social Sciences publishes outstanding research in the field of social sciences in China and also includes high-quality research work by foreign scholars on the development of China’s western regions and ...Contemporary Social Sciences publishes outstanding research in the field of social sciences in China and also includes high-quality research work by foreign scholars on the development of China’s western regions and its reform and opening up.The aim is to help promote China’s academic achievements to the world and give China a stronger voice in the global community of social sciences.The scopes of research fields for consideration include,but not limited to political science,economics,literature,linguistics,journalism and communication,education,sociology,philosophy,history,law,and interdisciplinary research.展开更多
China’s commitment to high-standard opening-upduring its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe analternative approach to economic resilience.AT a time when much of the Westernworld is retreating behind tariff wall...China’s commitment to high-standard opening-upduring its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe analternative approach to economic resilience.AT a time when much of the Westernworld is retreating behind tariff wallsand industrial policy rhetoric framedaround“unfair competition,”China ismoving steadfastly in the opposite direction.展开更多
Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to wea...Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.展开更多
文摘Ash deposition is a form of particulate fouling, and appears usually in boiler economizers. The ash deposition increases capital expenditure, energy input and maintenance costs. An analog experiment for monitoring ash deposition was performed from the analogous objective of a 410 t/h boiler economizer to verify the rationality and reliability of the ash-deposition-monitoring model presented in order to increase the security and economy in economizer running. The analog experiment platform is a tube-shell exchanger that conforms well to the conditions of a self-modeling area. The analog flue gas in the shell side is the heated air mixed with ash, and in the tube side the fluid is water heated by the flue gas. The fluid state in the water side and the flue gas side follows the second self-modeling area. A 4-factor-3-level orthogonal table was used to schedule 9 operation conditions of orthogonal experiment, with the 4 factors being heat power, flue gas velocity, ashes grain diameter and adding ashes quantity while the three levels are different values due to different position classes in every factor. The ash deposition thermal resistances is calculated by the model with the measure parameters of temperature and pressure drop. It shows that the values of the ash deposition thermal resistances gradually increase up to a stable state. And the experimental results are reliable by F testing method at α= 0.001. Therefore, the model can be applied in online monitoring of ash deposition in a boiler economizers in power plants and provides scientific decision on ash deposition prediction and sootblowing.
文摘Based on the calculation and analysis of energy-saving benefit under various operating conditions, and the investment payback period for the low pressure economizer of the 3rd stage project of Longkou Power Plant, the optimum operating conditions of the system and its reasonable heating surface are defined, and the feasibility of the design alternative of the low pressure economizer system is verified.
文摘The tendency for air column resonance generation in structures with a constant volume behind a tube array like that of an exhaust gas economizer has been reported, but many points remain unclear with respect to the mechanism and conditions that generate acoustical resonance. When acoustical resonance is generated, in reality, prevention and suppression measures are implemented by inserting a baffle plate into the ducts through a process of trial and error. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of generation of acoustical resonance, and to establish an appropriate measure to prevent such resonance. Noise generated in an exhaust gas economizer was correlated with the flow inside the tube array and experimentally analyzed, and the mechanism for resonance generation was considered. In addition, the effectiveness of a baffle plate positioned in order to prevent resonance was investigated. We have successfully employed a single baffle plate to suppress resonance.
文摘A combination of solar hot water system with the economizer for heating the water that circulates in the hot water storage tank is presented with the objective to reduce and analyze the cost of investment. The solar collector area will be affected to the investment cost of the solar hot water system. A combined system can be reduced the cost of solar collector by using the waste heat from the economizer to produce the hot water for reaching the requirement of the industry. In this paper the economizer installs in the boiler stack of the industry and produces hot water at 60 ℃ of 5,400 liter per day and the solar hot water system produces the hot water at the same temperature of 6,100 liter per day. The analysis is proposed by determining the solar collector plate area from the data and calculation. Investment cost of the system is 151,000 baht for the solar hot water system of 110,000 baht and the economizer of 410,000 baht for producing the total hot water of 115,000 liter per day.
文摘The Outline of Women's Development in China(2021-2030)has proposed goals and supportive measures,to promote women's employment and entrepreneurship,and to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for women to participate in economic development.In the process of promoting high-quality economic development,China is upholding employment as a priority.
文摘China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjust or unlawful.Yet,despite these constraints,Zimbabwe remains a nation rich in natural resources and endowed with a highly educated population,with its youth standing out as a particularly dynamic force.
文摘China’s commitment to high-standard opening-up during its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe an alternative approach to economic resilience.IN medical practice,a wise doctor does not treat a fever by plunging the patient into an ice bath.The sudden shock may lower the temperature,but it risks systemic collapse.Instead,the proper treatment should support the body’s own resilience,combat the infection.
文摘British Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China underscores economic cooperation and strategic stability amid global uncertainties.U.K.Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s visit to China in January marks a significant shift of Britain toward a more pragmatic and stability-oriented approach in Sino-British relations.After years of political tensions and limited high-level engagement,this trip underscores London’s intent to rebuild ties based on mutual economic and strategic interests.
文摘China’s winter sports boom creates jobs and spurs economic growth,bringing substantial benefit to the general public,local governments,and businesses.CHINA’s ice and snow economy,riding on the winter sports boom,is stimulating consumption across the country,fueling regional development and creating new industrial ecosystems.This trend perfectly matches one of China’s key tasks for 2026.
文摘As the global economy navigates through a complex landscape of uncertainty and shifting dynamics,the Chinese economy stands out for its remarkable resilience,inherent vitality,and steadfast commitment to a transformative,high-quality development path.The latest economic indicators,strategic policy guidance from the Central Economic Work Conference,and a surge in international confidence collectively present a picture of an economy not merely recovering,but actively building its new growth engines.China is transitioning towards a more sustainable and innovation-driven model,with new quality productive forces playing an increasingly prominent role.
文摘The goal of the present work is to demonstrate the potential of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)-driven Genetic Algorithm(GA)methods for energy efficiency and economic performance optimization of energy efficiency measures in a multi-family house building in Greece.The energy efficiency measures include different heating/cooling systems(such as low-temperature and high-temperature heat pumps,natural gas boilers,split units),building envelope components for floor,walls,roof and windows of variable heat transfer coefficients,the installation of solar thermal collectors and PVs.The calculations of the building loads and investment and operating and maintenance costs of the measures are based on the methodology defined in Directive 2010/31/EU,while economic assumptions are based on EN 15459-1 standard.Typically,multi-objective optimization of energy efficiency measures often requires the simulation of very large numbers of cases involving numerous possible combinations,resulting in intense computational load.The results of the study indicate that ANN-driven GA methods can be used as an alternative,valuable tool for reliably predicting the optimal measures which minimize primary energy consumption and life cycle cost of the building with greatly reduced computational requirements.Through GA methods,the computational time needed for obtaining the optimal solutions is reduced by 96.4%-96.8%.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC):NSSFC Major Project“Exploration and Practice in the Development of Chinese Economics Since the Modern Era”(Grant No.17ZDA034)NSSFC Key Project“The Status and Value of Traditional Chinese Economic Thought”(Grant No.17AJL006)NSSFC General Project“The Transformation and Evolution of Chinese Economic Thought During the Republican Era”(Grant No.22BJL130).
文摘Does traditional Chinese economic thought possess genuine analytical rigor?This question lies at the heart of any serious evaluation of its theoretical value and historical significance.It also matters for understanding how best to preserve,build on its remarkable achievements,and develop its intellectual legacy.Critics such as Schumpeter and Taylor have long argued that the economic reasoning found in ancient China cannot compare with that of classical Greece or medieval Europe.Yet this view often reflects the narrow assumptions of mainstream economics,defining analysis almost entirely in terms of market exchange.As a result,it tends to overlook traditions built around statecraft,governance,and the management of economic order.A careful re-examination and Sino-Western comparative analysis of key thinkers-including Mencius,Guanzi,and Sima Qian-tells a different story.Rooted in China’s distinctive cultural and philosophical heritage,traditional Chinese economic thought not only contains the analytical dimensions(as defined by Schumpeter)but also displays a broader and more diverse set of economic reasoning.Notably,its systematic depth and intellectual precision were,in many respects,remarkably advanced.Therefore,advancing the construction of a Chinese school of economics in the new era under the framework of the“Second Integration”,i.e.,integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture,should,and indeed can draw essential insights from this analytical tradition.
文摘How is a nation’s embrace of snow and ice shaping a new cultural identity and igniting a multi-trillion-yuan economic boom?ADRIAAN Smit now cannot imagine a life without snowboarding,a passion that has become central to his world.He is excited to witness how winter sports are fostering a new winter culture in China.Listening to Smit speaking so enthusiastically about the slopes,one might assume he was raised in a region where snow sports are a way of life,but the fact is quite the contrary.
文摘Blending tradition with modern elements,Songyang’s tea industry attracts young entrepreneurs to revive culture and drive economic growth.SONGYANG has a long and rich history of tea cultivation and production.The county became famous for its tea as early as the Three Kingdoms period(220-280).Today,this land is home to over 10,000 hectares of ecofriendly tea plantations.One in every three Songyang residents is involved in the tea industry,whose full industrial chain value now exceeds RMB 13.5 billion.
文摘The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged as a central force shaping youth decision-making across work,consumption,relationships and lifestyle choices.Unlike traditional economic rationality that prioritises income and material security,emotional value focuses on how choices make individuals feel and how they align with personal meaning.This shift is particularly evident in rapidly transforming societies such as China and Ghana,where economic restructuring,globalisation and social change have reshaped pathways to adulthood.
基金supported by European Commission and is a part of the HORIZON2020 project RES Heatfunding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program in the field of research and innovation on the basis of grant agreement No.956255.
文摘Decarbonising the building sector,particularly residential heating,represents a critical challenge for achieving carbon-neutral energy systems.Efficient solutions must integrate both technological performance and renewable energy sources while considering operational constraints of existing systems.This study investigates a hybrid heating system combining a natural gas boiler(NGB)with an air-to-water heat pump(AWHP),evaluated through a combination of laboratory experiments and dynamic modelling.A prototype developed in the Electrical and Energy Engineering Laboratory enabled the characterization of both heat generators,the collection of experimental data,and the calibration of a MATLAB/Simulink model,including emissions and exhaust analyses.Sensitivity analyses were performed to identify optimal configurations for energy efficiency and system control,accounting for interactions between subsystems.Results highlight that hybridisation significantly improves primary energy efficiency and reduces fuel consumption compared to conventional NGB-only systems.Environmental performance,assessed through CO_(2) and NOx emissions and renewable energy integration,demonstrates the benefits of partial electrification in the residential sector.Economic assessment further quantifies decarbonization costs and fuel savings,illustrating tradeoffs between low-capital,moderate-performance systems and high-efficiency,high-renewable solutions requiring larger investments.The analysis shows that strategic decisions for residential decarbonisation cannot be separated from system-wide considerations,including control strategies,component integration,and economic feasibility.The study underlines the importance of hybrid and renewable-based solutions as pivotal pathways for energy transition in the residential building sector.
文摘Contemporary Social Sciences publishes outstanding research in the field of social sciences in China and also includes high-quality research work by foreign scholars on the development of China’s western regions and its reform and opening up.The aim is to help promote China’s academic achievements to the world and give China a stronger voice in the global community of social sciences.The scopes of research fields for consideration include,but not limited to political science,economics,literature,linguistics,journalism and communication,education,sociology,philosophy,history,law,and interdisciplinary research.
文摘China’s commitment to high-standard opening-upduring its 15th Five-Year Plan period offers Europe analternative approach to economic resilience.AT a time when much of the Westernworld is retreating behind tariff wallsand industrial policy rhetoric framedaround“unfair competition,”China ismoving steadfastly in the opposite direction.
文摘Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.
