The research conducted investigation and survey on 186 farm households in 2014 and carried out economic evaluation on ＂planting three to produce four＂ highyielding project of super hybrid rice. The results showed th...The research conducted investigation and survey on 186 farm households in 2014 and carried out economic evaluation on ＂planting three to produce four＂ highyielding project of super hybrid rice. The results showed that the project of ＂planting three to produce four＂ performed significantly in terms of increasing yields and incomes. For example, per unit area yield of one-season late hybrid rice and middleseason hybrid rice proved the highest, and net income from middle-season rice in Longhui was the highest. It is obvious that to increase per unit yield is key for improving net incomes and to reduce machine fees and worker fees is crucial for decreasing fees.展开更多
Fluoropyrimidines(FP),including 5-fluorouracil and its prodrug capecitabine,are commonly employed in treating various solid tumors.Nonetheless,their use is frequently constrained by severe toxicities in 20%-30%of pati...Fluoropyrimidines(FP),including 5-fluorouracil and its prodrug capecitabine,are commonly employed in treating various solid tumors.Nonetheless,their use is frequently constrained by severe toxicities in 20%-30%of patients.Pharmacogenetic testing for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPYD)deficiency,based on DPYD polymorphisms,has notably decreased severe adverse events,improving the safety of FP therapy.A recent D'Amato et al study evaluated the prevalence of DPYD polymorphisms and their effect on FP tolerability among Italian patients with gastrointestinal cancers.Although this study provided important insights into the significance of DPYD testing,its retrospective nature,inconsistency in testing DPYD variants,and lack of consideration for socioeconomic and confounding factors showed considerable limitations.Expanding the screening to include DPYD variants,addressing confounding biases through robust statistical analyses,and implementing prospective studies are critical next steps to strengthen the clinical evidence.Furthermore,the absence of a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis highlights the need for further financial assessments to advocate for broader implementation.We emphasized integrating DPYD-guided dosing,pre-treatment genetic counseling,and standardized testing procedures into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes and minimize treatment-related toxicities.展开更多
Objective:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a top leading cause of blindness worldwide,requiring early detection for timely intervention.Artificial intelligence(AI)has emerged as a promising tool to improve DR screening effi...Objective:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a top leading cause of blindness worldwide,requiring early detection for timely intervention.Artificial intelligence(AI)has emerged as a promising tool to improve DR screening efficiency,accessibility,and cost-effectiveness.This study conducted a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis on the economic outcomes of AI-based DR screening.Methods:A systematic review of studies published before September 2024 was conducted throughout PubMed,Scopus,Embase,the Cochrane Library,the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database,and the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry.Eligible studies were included if they were(1)conducted among type 1 diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus adult diabetic population;(2)studies compared AI-based DR screening strategy to non-AI screening;and(3)performed a cost-effectiveness analysis.Meta-analysis was applied to pool incremental net benefit(INB)across studies stratified by country income and study perspective using a random-effects model.Statistical heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic,Cochrane Q statistics,and meta regression.Results:Nine studies were included in the analysis.From a healthcare system/payer perspective,AI-based DR screening was significantly cost-effective compared to non-AI-based screening,with a pooled INB of 615.77(95%confidence interval[CI]:558.27-673.27).Subgroup analysis showed robust cost-effectiveness of AI-based DR screening in high-income countries(INB=613.62,95%CI:556.06-671.18)and upper-/lower-middle income countries(INB=1,739.97,95%CI:423.13-3,056.82)with low heterogeneity.From a societal perspective,AI-based DR screening was generally cost-effective(INB=5,102.33,95%CI:-815.47-11,020.13),though the result lacked statistical significance and showed high heterogeneity.Conclusions:AI-based DR screening is generally cost-effective from a healthcare system perspective,particularly in high-income countries.Heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness across different perspectives highlights the importance of context-specific evaluations,to accurately evaluate the potential of AI-based DR screening in reducing global healthcare disparities.展开更多
The Gasbag Phase-change Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage System leverages elastic gasbags to store carbon dioxide under varying geographical conditions.This approach utilizes the phase-change sensible heat effect to effi...The Gasbag Phase-change Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage System leverages elastic gasbags to store carbon dioxide under varying geographical conditions.This approach utilizes the phase-change sensible heat effect to efficiently manage energy storage and release.This technology requires lower pressure and temperature control,resulting in reduced energy consumption and improved efficiency.Additionally,it is less restricted by geographical factors to a certain extent,enabling the formation of a closed-loop system.This contributes to the development of new energy utilization systems.The article examines and compares two experimental energy storage projects employing elastic gasbags to maintain a constant pressure supply of carbon dioxide on the low-pressure side.It further details the precise calculation methods for system cycle efficiency and energy storage density while analyzing energy losses incurred during the storage and release phases.Finally,an economic analysis is conducted using specific data,demonstrating that optimizing temperature and pressure parameters at various nodes enhances overall system efficiency while reducing energy consumption.Furthermore,the study highlights the system's high sensitivity to grid electricity prices.This research is anticipated to contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable energy storage solutions for power systems,addressing the growing energy demands and sustainability challenges.展开更多
BACKGROUND The association between diabetes mellitus(DM)and metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is well documented,with DM increasing the risk of developing MASLD and liver fibrosis.AIM To ev...BACKGROUND The association between diabetes mellitus(DM)and metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is well documented,with DM increasing the risk of developing MASLD and liver fibrosis.AIM To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of transient elastography(TE)for detecting significant fibrosis in Thai patients with DM.METHODS We conducted a lifetime cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective,combining a decision tree with a Markov model.Four alternatives were compared:Fibrosis-4(FIB-4)index triage followed by TE,steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator(SAFE)score triage followed by TE,standalone TE,and no screening.Clinical probabilities,utilities,and costs came from previous studies and Siriraj Hospital data.Costs and quality-adjusted life-years(QALYs)were discounted 3%annually,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios(ICERs)were judged against the 160000-Thai baht(THB;4619 United States dollars[USD])/QALY threshold.A 5-year budget impact was evaluated from the payer perspective.RESULTS Among the screening methods evaluated,TE alone yielded the highest total lifetime costs of 200403 THB(5785 USD)and the highest QALYs of 12.81.Compared to no screening,all strategies demonstrated cost-effectiveness with ICERs of 75961,80385,and 98965 THB(2193,2321,and 2857 USD)/QALY gained for FIB-4+TE,SAFE+TE,and TE alone,respectively.Extended dominance favored SAFE+TE,yet probabilistic analysis showed FIB-4+TE had the highest cost-effectiveness probability and the smallest budget impact.Estimated annual budget impacts amounted to 470.7-755.8 million THB(13.6-21.8 million USD).CONCLUSION Implementing screening for significant fibrosis in patients with DM is cost-effective.In resource-limited settings,prioritizing the FIB-4 index as a triage tool before TE is recommended.展开更多
Geothermal energy,a form of renewable energy,has been extensively utilized for building heating.However,there is a lack of detailed comparative studies on the use of shallow and medium-deep geothermal energy in buildi...Geothermal energy,a form of renewable energy,has been extensively utilized for building heating.However,there is a lack of detailed comparative studies on the use of shallow and medium-deep geothermal energy in building energy systems,which are essential for decision-making.Therefore,this paper presents a comparative study of the performance and economic analysis of shallow and medium-deep borehole heat exchanger heating systems.Based on the geological parameters of Xi’an,China and commonly used borehole heat exchanger structures,numerical simulationmethods are employed to analyze performance and economic efficiency.The results indicate that increasing the spacing between shallow borehole heat exchangers can effectively reduce thermal interference between the pipes and improve heat extraction performance.As the flow rate increases,the outlet water temperature ranges from 279.3 to 279.7 K,with heat extraction power varying between 595 and 609 W.For medium-deep borehole heat exchangers,performance predictions show that a higher flow rate results in greater heat extraction power.However,when the flow rate exceeds 30 m^(3)/h,further increases in flow rate have only a minor effect on enhancing heat extraction power.Additionally,the economic analysis reveals that the payback period for shallow geothermal heating systems ranges from 10 to 11 years,while for medium-deep geothermal heating systems,it varies more widely from 3 to 25 years.Therefore,the payback period for medium-deep geothermal heating systems is more significantly influenced by operational and installation parameters,and optimizing these parameters can considerably shorten the payback period.The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the efficient and cost-effective utilization of geothermal energy for building heating.展开更多
The production of high-purity H_(2) is the building block of hydrogen economy,which can greatly promote the construction of related technologies and infrastructure.Efficient H_(2)/CH_(4) separation is a necessary unit...The production of high-purity H_(2) is the building block of hydrogen economy,which can greatly promote the construction of related technologies and infrastructure.Efficient H_(2)/CH_(4) separation is a necessary unit in producing high-purity energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions,which can meet the industrial demand and help to address the energy issue and achieve global carbon neutrality goals.Membrane separation technology,as a promising strategy for H_(2) purification,has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency,energy conservation and versatile applications.This article reviews the latest research advances in the high-performance membranes for H_(2)/CH_(4) separation,and elu-cidates the effect of membrane materials,preparation methods and membrane structure on separation performance from the perspective of separation mechanisms.It also summarized the essential aspects of membrane design,such as microstructural regulation,multiphase coupling,the optimal usage conditions and simple analysis of economic benefits.Finally,the current challenges and future directions of membranes for H_(2)/CH_(4) separation were discussed,intending to provide in-depth reference and inspiration for the theoretical research and practical application of membrane separation technology.展开更多
Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-...Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.展开更多
Because forecasting a development program during the target selection phase of exploration for coalbed methane （CBM） is impossible, the conventional method that relies on a conceptual （or detailed） development pro...Because forecasting a development program during the target selection phase of exploration for coalbed methane （CBM） is impossible, the conventional method that relies on a conceptual （or detailed） development pro- gram cannot be used during the economic evaluation of CBM resources. Hence, this study focuses on establishing an economic evaluation model based on the characteristics of the target selection phase. The discounted cashflow method is applied to the construction of the model with the assumption that there is a uniform distribution of produc- tion wells. The computational error generated by the assumption is corrected by introducing a correction factor based on the production profile of single CBM wells. The case study demonstrates that the blocks lacking economic value can be screened out, and the most advantageous targets can be found by computing the resource values in the best- and worst-case scenarios. This technique can help to reduce wasted investments and improve the quality of decision-making in selecting targets for exploration.展开更多
The rice-duck ecological system is one of the major practices of the traditional Chinese agriculture. A study on the effect of reducing methane emission using this practice provided theoretical and practical basis for...The rice-duck ecological system is one of the major practices of the traditional Chinese agriculture. A study on the effect of reducing methane emission using this practice provided theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of this classical agricultural technique. The effect of reducing methane emission and the economic benefits of rice-duck ecological system were studied by carrying out a field experiment and by using economic methodology. The daily variation of CH4 emission in late rice paddy field was basically consistent with the daily variation of atmospheric temperature. The highest emission occurred at the full tillering stage of late rice with a rate of 24.1 or 32.2 or 40.5 mg m^-2 h^-1 in no-tillage area with duck and no-tillage area without duck and conventional-tillage area without duck, respectively. The inhibition of methane emission was apparently effective in the rice-duck ecological system during the initial tillering stage and the full tillering stage. Compared to the no-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 2.333 g m^-2. Compared to the conventional-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 4.723 g m^-2. During the production period of late rice, the amount of methane emission in no-tillage area with duck was 3.373 g m^-2 lesser than that of no-tillage area without duck, and 5.59 g m^-2 less than that of conventional-tillage without duck area. The economic significance was analyzed. Farmers adopting the rice-duck ecological system obtained 2 166 and 4 207 RMB yuan ha^-1 more income than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique or conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. In addition to the reduction of the environmental pollution by methane emission, the farmers who adopted the rice-duck ecological system achieved economic benefits of 5 000 RMB yuan ha^-1, which was 2 206 and 4 274 RMB yuan ha^-1 more than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique and a conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. The rice-duck ecological system not only increased the economic benefits for farmers, but also reduced methane emission in rice paddy field. A sustainable agricultural production mode was formed.展开更多
This study aims at determining the optimal CO2 separation technology for Chinese refineries, based on current available technologies, by the method of comprehensive evaluation. Firstly, according to the characteristic...This study aims at determining the optimal CO2 separation technology for Chinese refineries, based on current available technologies, by the method of comprehensive evaluation. Firstly, according to the characteristics of flue gas from Chinese refineries, three feasible CO2 separation technologies are selected. These are pressure swing adsorption （PSA）, chemical absorption （CA）, and membrane absorption （MA）. Secondly, an economic assessment of these three techniques is carried out in accordance with cash flow analysis. The results show that these three techniques all have economic feasibility and the PSA technique is the best. Finally, to further optimize the three techniques, a two-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established, including economic, technological, and environmental factors. Considering all the factors, PSA is optimal for Chinese refineries, followed by CA and MA. Therefore, to reduce Chinese refineries carbon emission, it is suggested that CO2 should be captured from off-gases using PSA.展开更多
Objective:This study evaluated the feasibility of different cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China.Methods:A Markov model was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 females aged 30-59 ye...Objective:This study evaluated the feasibility of different cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China.Methods:A Markov model was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 females aged 30-59 years in a 20-year period.Screening strategies included liquid-based cytology(LBC)every three years,human papillomavirus(HPV)DNA testing every three and five years,respectively,and a combination of HPV DNA testing and LBC(HPV+LBC)every three and five years,respectively.Model outcomes included cumulative incidence over 20 years,cumulative risk of cervical cancer,costs,life year saved(LYS),quality-adjusted life years(QALYs)and benefits.The cost-effectiveness ratios(CERs),incremental cost-effectiveness ratios(ICERs),costutility ratios(CURs),and benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)were used as outcomes in the health economic evaluation analysis.Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the stability of the results.Results:The cumulative incidence of the five screening strategies ranged from 833.02 to 1,158.07 cases per100,000 females.HPV DNA testing was most effective in reducing the cumulative risk of cervical cancer,saving life years and QALYs and gaining benefits.The CERs of HPV DNA testing every three and five years,and LBC every three years were considered to be very cost-effective if they were below China's GDP per capita.The CERs of HPV+LBC were considered to be cost-effective if they were below three times GDP per capita.The incremental cost-effectiveness analysis showed that HPV DNA testing every three and five years,LBC every three years and HPV+LBC every five years were dominant strategies.Conclusions:The findings of this study indicated that HPV DNA testing every five years or LBC every three years should be recommended in urban China.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cost effect of surrounding acupuncture plus electric acupuncture,cotton-sheet moxibustion,puncturing with red-hot needles,tapping plus cupping on herpes zoster.METHODS:Five hundred patients wi...OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cost effect of surrounding acupuncture plus electric acupuncture,cotton-sheet moxibustion,puncturing with red-hot needles,tapping plus cupping on herpes zoster.METHODS:Five hundred patients with herpes zoster were randomly divided into group A(surrounding acupuncture plus electric acupuncture),group B(cotton-sheet moxibustion),group C(puncturing with red-hot needles),group D(tapping plus cupping),and group E(Western medicine).The treatment was carried out twice a day in group E and once a day in the other four groups.The curative effect was observed on the 10th day of treatment;the cost was calculated for the five therapies,and the cost-effect ratio(C/E) and increment ratio(△ C/△ E) were analyzed.RESULTS:After the 10-day treatment,there was no statistical difference(P>0.05) in the curative effect among the five groups.Pain being alleviated one day faster than in group E amounted to a saving of RMB 21.90 yuan in group A,a saving of RMB 21.87 yuan in group B,a saving of RMB 26.00 yuan in group C,and a saving of RMB 20.23 yuan in group D.Compared with group C,the values of △ C/△ E were RMB 1.55,2.81,and 0.21 yuan in groups A,B,and D,respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The curative effect in groups A,B,C,and D was similar to that in group E,but the C/E was better than in group E.展开更多
Gastric cancer is a global public health burden, nearly one million new cases are diagnosed per year worldwide, of which 44% of cases occur in China. The prognosis of gastric cancer varies remarkably by the stage of c...Gastric cancer is a global public health burden, nearly one million new cases are diagnosed per year worldwide, of which 44% of cases occur in China. The prognosis of gastric cancer varies remarkably by the stage of cancer, and most of the patients in China are diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor prognoses. Effective strategies to reduce the burden of gastric cancer include primary prevention through testing and treatment of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) and secondary prevention by screening and early detection. Although many countries have issued management guidelines and consensus reports concerning these strategies, the limited availability of healthcare resources often precludes their widespread implementation. Therefore, assessing the costs, benefits, and harms of population-based intervention measures through health economic evaluation is necessary for informed health policy decisions. Accordingly, we synthesize management approaches from different countries on H. pylori eradication and endoscopic screening, and also summarize recent advancements in health economic evaluations on population-based preventive strategies. The goal of the review is to provide empirical evidence supporting optimal resource allocation, maximizing benefits for the population, and ultimately reducing the burden of gastric cancer.展开更多
The main purpose of this study is to give evaluation of ecological services of Jilin Province, Northeast China. To take this value into decision-making and GDP accounting system is considered to be one of the economic...The main purpose of this study is to give evaluation of ecological services of Jilin Province, Northeast China. To take this value into decision-making and GDP accounting system is considered to be one of the economic solutions for ecological problems. The evaluation is based on the methods proposed by COSTANZA et al., and some modifications about unit value of forest and cropland system were made according to the real characters of ecosystem, climate, natural conditions etc., in Jilin Province. Total value of ecosystem services is about 554.404x10(9) yuan(RMB)/a, which is about 4.9 times of GDP of the corresponding period. The results of this study could be used as a fundamental work for the construction of ecological province, which was carried out from 2001, and could provide ecological information for decision-making. Furthermore, the necessities for the further studies on the evaluation of ecological services and natural capital were discussed.展开更多
The environment impact of the coal resources mining was analyzed. The method of economic evaluation for the coal mining was established to analyze land destruction. The opportunity cost method was used to quantitative...The environment impact of the coal resources mining was analyzed. The method of economic evaluation for the coal mining was established to analyze land destruction. The opportunity cost method was used to quantitatively analyze and estimate the economic loss of the land destruction by coal mining. At the same time, the dump land reclamation of the Yuanbaoshan Open Pit was taken as an example to evaluate environmental and economical benefit with the method of economic evaluation for the coal mining areas land reclamation.展开更多
Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system,but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path.In this paper,the typical application s...Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system,but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path.In this paper,the typical application scenarios of energy storage system are summarized and analyzed from the perspectives of user side,power grid side and power generation side.Based on the typical application scenarios,the economic benefit assessment framework of energy storage system including value,time and efficiency indicators is proposed.Typical battery energy storage projects are selected for economic benefit calculation according to different scenarios,and key factors are selected for sensitivity analysis.Finally,the key factors affecting economic benefit of the energy storage system are analyzed.展开更多
Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters...Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.展开更多
The publication of ISO 15686-5 is significant for studies related to the life-cycle costs of buildings. Among the many economic evaluation methods, the NPV method is recommended for use by this standard. This stu...The publication of ISO 15686-5 is significant for studies related to the life-cycle costs of buildings. Among the many economic evaluation methods, the NPV method is recommended for use by this standard. This study explains the concept and method of PV, and then provides an explanation of the concept and method of NPV, and points out the limitations in the practical application of the method.展开更多
China is rich in tight sandstone gas resources(“tight gas”for short).For example,the Sulige Gasfield in the Ordos Basin and the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Fm gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin are typical tight gas rese...China is rich in tight sandstone gas resources(“tight gas”for short).For example,the Sulige Gasfield in the Ordos Basin and the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Fm gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin are typical tight gas reservoirs.In the past decade,tight gas reserve and production both have increased rapidly in China,but tight gas reservoirs are always managed as conventional gas reservoirs without effective fiscal,taxation and policy supports.The potential of sustainable tight gas production increase is obviously restricted.The tight gas development projects represented by the Sulige Gasfield have failed to make profit for a long period,and especially tight gas production has presented a slight decline since 2015.In this paper,a new economic evaluation method was proposed for tight gas development projects.The new method was designed to verify the key parameters(e.g.production decline rate and single-well economic service life)depending on tight gas development and production characteristics,and perform the depreciation by using the production method.Furthermore,the possibility that the operation cost may rise due to pressure-boosting production and intermittent opening of gas wells is considered.The method was used for the tight gas development project of Sulige Gasfield,showing that its profit level is much lower than the enterprise's cost level of capital.In order to support a sustainable development of tight gas industry in China,it is recommended that relevant authorities issue value-added tax(VAT)refund policy as soon as possible.It is necessary to restore the non-resident gas gate price of the provinces where tight gas is produced to the fair and reasonable level in addition to the fiscal subsidy of CNY0.24/m^(3),or offer the fiscal subsidy of CNY0.32/m^(3) directly based on the on-going gate price.With these support policies,tax income is expected to rise directly,fiscal expenditure will not increase,and gas consumption cost in China will be significantly cut down.展开更多
文摘The research conducted investigation and survey on 186 farm households in 2014 and carried out economic evaluation on ＂planting three to produce four＂ highyielding project of super hybrid rice. The results showed that the project of ＂planting three to produce four＂ performed significantly in terms of increasing yields and incomes. For example, per unit area yield of one-season late hybrid rice and middleseason hybrid rice proved the highest, and net income from middle-season rice in Longhui was the highest. It is obvious that to increase per unit yield is key for improving net incomes and to reduce machine fees and worker fees is crucial for decreasing fees.
文摘Fluoropyrimidines(FP),including 5-fluorouracil and its prodrug capecitabine,are commonly employed in treating various solid tumors.Nonetheless,their use is frequently constrained by severe toxicities in 20%-30%of patients.Pharmacogenetic testing for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPYD)deficiency,based on DPYD polymorphisms,has notably decreased severe adverse events,improving the safety of FP therapy.A recent D'Amato et al study evaluated the prevalence of DPYD polymorphisms and their effect on FP tolerability among Italian patients with gastrointestinal cancers.Although this study provided important insights into the significance of DPYD testing,its retrospective nature,inconsistency in testing DPYD variants,and lack of consideration for socioeconomic and confounding factors showed considerable limitations.Expanding the screening to include DPYD variants,addressing confounding biases through robust statistical analyses,and implementing prospective studies are critical next steps to strengthen the clinical evidence.Furthermore,the absence of a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis highlights the need for further financial assessments to advocate for broader implementation.We emphasized integrating DPYD-guided dosing,pre-treatment genetic counseling,and standardized testing procedures into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes and minimize treatment-related toxicities.
基金supported by the Global STEM Professorship Scheme(P0046113)Henry G.Leong Endowed Professorship in Elderly Vision Health.
文摘Objective:Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a top leading cause of blindness worldwide,requiring early detection for timely intervention.Artificial intelligence(AI)has emerged as a promising tool to improve DR screening efficiency,accessibility,and cost-effectiveness.This study conducted a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis on the economic outcomes of AI-based DR screening.Methods:A systematic review of studies published before September 2024 was conducted throughout PubMed,Scopus,Embase,the Cochrane Library,the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database,and the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry.Eligible studies were included if they were(1)conducted among type 1 diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus adult diabetic population;(2)studies compared AI-based DR screening strategy to non-AI screening;and(3)performed a cost-effectiveness analysis.Meta-analysis was applied to pool incremental net benefit(INB)across studies stratified by country income and study perspective using a random-effects model.Statistical heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic,Cochrane Q statistics,and meta regression.Results:Nine studies were included in the analysis.From a healthcare system/payer perspective,AI-based DR screening was significantly cost-effective compared to non-AI-based screening,with a pooled INB of 615.77(95%confidence interval[CI]:558.27-673.27).Subgroup analysis showed robust cost-effectiveness of AI-based DR screening in high-income countries(INB=613.62,95%CI:556.06-671.18)and upper-/lower-middle income countries(INB=1,739.97,95%CI:423.13-3,056.82)with low heterogeneity.From a societal perspective,AI-based DR screening was generally cost-effective(INB=5,102.33,95%CI:-815.47-11,020.13),though the result lacked statistical significance and showed high heterogeneity.Conclusions:AI-based DR screening is generally cost-effective from a healthcare system perspective,particularly in high-income countries.Heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness across different perspectives highlights the importance of context-specific evaluations,to accurately evaluate the potential of AI-based DR screening in reducing global healthcare disparities.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(Grant No.PL2024E027)。
文摘The Gasbag Phase-change Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage System leverages elastic gasbags to store carbon dioxide under varying geographical conditions.This approach utilizes the phase-change sensible heat effect to efficiently manage energy storage and release.This technology requires lower pressure and temperature control,resulting in reduced energy consumption and improved efficiency.Additionally,it is less restricted by geographical factors to a certain extent,enabling the formation of a closed-loop system.This contributes to the development of new energy utilization systems.The article examines and compares two experimental energy storage projects employing elastic gasbags to maintain a constant pressure supply of carbon dioxide on the low-pressure side.It further details the precise calculation methods for system cycle efficiency and energy storage density while analyzing energy losses incurred during the storage and release phases.Finally,an economic analysis is conducted using specific data,demonstrating that optimizing temperature and pressure parameters at various nodes enhances overall system efficiency while reducing energy consumption.Furthermore,the study highlights the system's high sensitivity to grid electricity prices.This research is anticipated to contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable energy storage solutions for power systems,addressing the growing energy demands and sustainability challenges.
基金Supported by Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,Mahidol UniversityFaculty of Medicine,Thammasat Universityand University of Phayao and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund,No.5017/2567.
文摘BACKGROUND The association between diabetes mellitus(DM)and metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is well documented,with DM increasing the risk of developing MASLD and liver fibrosis.AIM To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of transient elastography(TE)for detecting significant fibrosis in Thai patients with DM.METHODS We conducted a lifetime cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective,combining a decision tree with a Markov model.Four alternatives were compared:Fibrosis-4(FIB-4)index triage followed by TE,steatosis-associated fibrosis estimator(SAFE)score triage followed by TE,standalone TE,and no screening.Clinical probabilities,utilities,and costs came from previous studies and Siriraj Hospital data.Costs and quality-adjusted life-years(QALYs)were discounted 3%annually,and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios(ICERs)were judged against the 160000-Thai baht(THB;4619 United States dollars[USD])/QALY threshold.A 5-year budget impact was evaluated from the payer perspective.RESULTS Among the screening methods evaluated,TE alone yielded the highest total lifetime costs of 200403 THB(5785 USD)and the highest QALYs of 12.81.Compared to no screening,all strategies demonstrated cost-effectiveness with ICERs of 75961,80385,and 98965 THB(2193,2321,and 2857 USD)/QALY gained for FIB-4+TE,SAFE+TE,and TE alone,respectively.Extended dominance favored SAFE+TE,yet probabilistic analysis showed FIB-4+TE had the highest cost-effectiveness probability and the smallest budget impact.Estimated annual budget impacts amounted to 470.7-755.8 million THB(13.6-21.8 million USD).CONCLUSION Implementing screening for significant fibrosis in patients with DM is cost-effective.In resource-limited settings,prioritizing the FIB-4 index as a triage tool before TE is recommended.
基金support by the Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Shallow Geothermal Energy(DRZX-202306)Shaanxi Coal Geology Group Co.,Ltd.(SMDZ-ZD2024-23)+4 种基金Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization,Ministry of Natural Resources,China(ZP2020-1)Shaanxi Investment Group Co.,Ltd.(SIGC2023-KY-05)Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(2023-GHZD-54)Shaanxi Qinchuangyuan Scientist+Engineer Team Construction Project(2022KXJ-049)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M742802,2024T170721).
文摘Geothermal energy,a form of renewable energy,has been extensively utilized for building heating.However,there is a lack of detailed comparative studies on the use of shallow and medium-deep geothermal energy in building energy systems,which are essential for decision-making.Therefore,this paper presents a comparative study of the performance and economic analysis of shallow and medium-deep borehole heat exchanger heating systems.Based on the geological parameters of Xi’an,China and commonly used borehole heat exchanger structures,numerical simulationmethods are employed to analyze performance and economic efficiency.The results indicate that increasing the spacing between shallow borehole heat exchangers can effectively reduce thermal interference between the pipes and improve heat extraction performance.As the flow rate increases,the outlet water temperature ranges from 279.3 to 279.7 K,with heat extraction power varying between 595 and 609 W.For medium-deep borehole heat exchangers,performance predictions show that a higher flow rate results in greater heat extraction power.However,when the flow rate exceeds 30 m^(3)/h,further increases in flow rate have only a minor effect on enhancing heat extraction power.Additionally,the economic analysis reveals that the payback period for shallow geothermal heating systems ranges from 10 to 11 years,while for medium-deep geothermal heating systems,it varies more widely from 3 to 25 years.Therefore,the payback period for medium-deep geothermal heating systems is more significantly influenced by operational and installation parameters,and optimizing these parameters can considerably shorten the payback period.The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the efficient and cost-effective utilization of geothermal energy for building heating.
基金financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program(A)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA0390000)open research fund of State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering(MESO-23-D11).
文摘The production of high-purity H_(2) is the building block of hydrogen economy,which can greatly promote the construction of related technologies and infrastructure.Efficient H_(2)/CH_(4) separation is a necessary unit in producing high-purity energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions,which can meet the industrial demand and help to address the energy issue and achieve global carbon neutrality goals.Membrane separation technology,as a promising strategy for H_(2) purification,has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency,energy conservation and versatile applications.This article reviews the latest research advances in the high-performance membranes for H_(2)/CH_(4) separation,and elu-cidates the effect of membrane materials,preparation methods and membrane structure on separation performance from the perspective of separation mechanisms.It also summarized the essential aspects of membrane design,such as microstructural regulation,multiphase coupling,the optimal usage conditions and simple analysis of economic benefits.Finally,the current challenges and future directions of membranes for H_(2)/CH_(4) separation were discussed,intending to provide in-depth reference and inspiration for the theoretical research and practical application of membrane separation technology.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40771170)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 8082010)
文摘Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.
基金funded by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (9144033)the National Social Science Fund for Major Projects (11&ZD164)
文摘Because forecasting a development program during the target selection phase of exploration for coalbed methane （CBM） is impossible, the conventional method that relies on a conceptual （or detailed） development pro- gram cannot be used during the economic evaluation of CBM resources. Hence, this study focuses on establishing an economic evaluation model based on the characteristics of the target selection phase. The discounted cashflow method is applied to the construction of the model with the assumption that there is a uniform distribution of produc- tion wells. The computational error generated by the assumption is corrected by introducing a correction factor based on the production profile of single CBM wells. The case study demonstrates that the blocks lacking economic value can be screened out, and the most advantageous targets can be found by computing the resource values in the best- and worst-case scenarios. This technique can help to reduce wasted investments and improve the quality of decision-making in selecting targets for exploration.
文摘The rice-duck ecological system is one of the major practices of the traditional Chinese agriculture. A study on the effect of reducing methane emission using this practice provided theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of this classical agricultural technique. The effect of reducing methane emission and the economic benefits of rice-duck ecological system were studied by carrying out a field experiment and by using economic methodology. The daily variation of CH4 emission in late rice paddy field was basically consistent with the daily variation of atmospheric temperature. The highest emission occurred at the full tillering stage of late rice with a rate of 24.1 or 32.2 or 40.5 mg m^-2 h^-1 in no-tillage area with duck and no-tillage area without duck and conventional-tillage area without duck, respectively. The inhibition of methane emission was apparently effective in the rice-duck ecological system during the initial tillering stage and the full tillering stage. Compared to the no-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 2.333 g m^-2. Compared to the conventional-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 4.723 g m^-2. During the production period of late rice, the amount of methane emission in no-tillage area with duck was 3.373 g m^-2 lesser than that of no-tillage area without duck, and 5.59 g m^-2 less than that of conventional-tillage without duck area. The economic significance was analyzed. Farmers adopting the rice-duck ecological system obtained 2 166 and 4 207 RMB yuan ha^-1 more income than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique or conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. In addition to the reduction of the environmental pollution by methane emission, the farmers who adopted the rice-duck ecological system achieved economic benefits of 5 000 RMB yuan ha^-1, which was 2 206 and 4 274 RMB yuan ha^-1 more than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique and a conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. The rice-duck ecological system not only increased the economic benefits for farmers, but also reduced methane emission in rice paddy field. A sustainable agricultural production mode was formed.
基金the China University of Petroleum Foundationthe Research Institute of Safety and Environment TechnologyChina National Petroleum Corporation
文摘This study aims at determining the optimal CO2 separation technology for Chinese refineries, based on current available technologies, by the method of comprehensive evaluation. Firstly, according to the characteristics of flue gas from Chinese refineries, three feasible CO2 separation technologies are selected. These are pressure swing adsorption （PSA）, chemical absorption （CA）, and membrane absorption （MA）. Secondly, an economic assessment of these three techniques is carried out in accordance with cash flow analysis. The results show that these three techniques all have economic feasibility and the PSA technique is the best. Finally, to further optimize the three techniques, a two-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established, including economic, technological, and environmental factors. Considering all the factors, PSA is optimal for Chinese refineries, followed by CA and MA. Therefore, to reduce Chinese refineries carbon emission, it is suggested that CO2 should be captured from off-gases using PSA.
基金supported by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (formerly the Health and Family Planning Commission) of China (No. 201502004)
文摘Objective:This study evaluated the feasibility of different cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China.Methods:A Markov model was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 females aged 30-59 years in a 20-year period.Screening strategies included liquid-based cytology(LBC)every three years,human papillomavirus(HPV)DNA testing every three and five years,respectively,and a combination of HPV DNA testing and LBC(HPV+LBC)every three and five years,respectively.Model outcomes included cumulative incidence over 20 years,cumulative risk of cervical cancer,costs,life year saved(LYS),quality-adjusted life years(QALYs)and benefits.The cost-effectiveness ratios(CERs),incremental cost-effectiveness ratios(ICERs),costutility ratios(CURs),and benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)were used as outcomes in the health economic evaluation analysis.Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the stability of the results.Results:The cumulative incidence of the five screening strategies ranged from 833.02 to 1,158.07 cases per100,000 females.HPV DNA testing was most effective in reducing the cumulative risk of cervical cancer,saving life years and QALYs and gaining benefits.The CERs of HPV DNA testing every three and five years,and LBC every three years were considered to be very cost-effective if they were below China's GDP per capita.The CERs of HPV+LBC were considered to be cost-effective if they were below three times GDP per capita.The incremental cost-effectiveness analysis showed that HPV DNA testing every three and five years,LBC every three years and HPV+LBC every five years were dominant strategies.Conclusions:The findings of this study indicated that HPV DNA testing every five years or LBC every three years should be recommended in urban China.
基金Supported by a grant from The National Science and Technology Support Project in the 11th Five-year Plan (2006BAI12B07)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To analyze the cost effect of surrounding acupuncture plus electric acupuncture,cotton-sheet moxibustion,puncturing with red-hot needles,tapping plus cupping on herpes zoster.METHODS:Five hundred patients with herpes zoster were randomly divided into group A(surrounding acupuncture plus electric acupuncture),group B(cotton-sheet moxibustion),group C(puncturing with red-hot needles),group D(tapping plus cupping),and group E(Western medicine).The treatment was carried out twice a day in group E and once a day in the other four groups.The curative effect was observed on the 10th day of treatment;the cost was calculated for the five therapies,and the cost-effect ratio(C/E) and increment ratio(△ C/△ E) were analyzed.RESULTS:After the 10-day treatment,there was no statistical difference(P>0.05) in the curative effect among the five groups.Pain being alleviated one day faster than in group E amounted to a saving of RMB 21.90 yuan in group A,a saving of RMB 21.87 yuan in group B,a saving of RMB 26.00 yuan in group C,and a saving of RMB 20.23 yuan in group D.Compared with group C,the values of △ C/△ E were RMB 1.55,2.81,and 0.21 yuan in groups A,B,and D,respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The curative effect in groups A,B,C,and D was similar to that in group E,but the C/E was better than in group E.
基金supported in part by the Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (No. ZLRK202325)a grant from National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC 1313105)。
文摘Gastric cancer is a global public health burden, nearly one million new cases are diagnosed per year worldwide, of which 44% of cases occur in China. The prognosis of gastric cancer varies remarkably by the stage of cancer, and most of the patients in China are diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor prognoses. Effective strategies to reduce the burden of gastric cancer include primary prevention through testing and treatment of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) and secondary prevention by screening and early detection. Although many countries have issued management guidelines and consensus reports concerning these strategies, the limited availability of healthcare resources often precludes their widespread implementation. Therefore, assessing the costs, benefits, and harms of population-based intervention measures through health economic evaluation is necessary for informed health policy decisions. Accordingly, we synthesize management approaches from different countries on H. pylori eradication and endoscopic screening, and also summarize recent advancements in health economic evaluations on population-based preventive strategies. The goal of the review is to provide empirical evidence supporting optimal resource allocation, maximizing benefits for the population, and ultimately reducing the burden of gastric cancer.
文摘The main purpose of this study is to give evaluation of ecological services of Jilin Province, Northeast China. To take this value into decision-making and GDP accounting system is considered to be one of the economic solutions for ecological problems. The evaluation is based on the methods proposed by COSTANZA et al., and some modifications about unit value of forest and cropland system were made according to the real characters of ecosystem, climate, natural conditions etc., in Jilin Province. Total value of ecosystem services is about 554.404x10(9) yuan(RMB)/a, which is about 4.9 times of GDP of the corresponding period. The results of this study could be used as a fundamental work for the construction of ecological province, which was carried out from 2001, and could provide ecological information for decision-making. Furthermore, the necessities for the further studies on the evaluation of ecological services and natural capital were discussed.
文摘The environment impact of the coal resources mining was analyzed. The method of economic evaluation for the coal mining was established to analyze land destruction. The opportunity cost method was used to quantitatively analyze and estimate the economic loss of the land destruction by coal mining. At the same time, the dump land reclamation of the Yuanbaoshan Open Pit was taken as an example to evaluate environmental and economical benefit with the method of economic evaluation for the coal mining areas land reclamation.
基金supported by State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co.,Ltd.(Project of Research on interactive operation control technology and business model of 5G base station energy storage and power grid(B311JX210006)).
文摘Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system,but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path.In this paper,the typical application scenarios of energy storage system are summarized and analyzed from the perspectives of user side,power grid side and power generation side.Based on the typical application scenarios,the economic benefit assessment framework of energy storage system including value,time and efficiency indicators is proposed.Typical battery energy storage projects are selected for economic benefit calculation according to different scenarios,and key factors are selected for sensitivity analysis.Finally,the key factors affecting economic benefit of the energy storage system are analyzed.
文摘Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.
文摘The publication of ISO 15686-5 is significant for studies related to the life-cycle costs of buildings. Among the many economic evaluation methods, the NPV method is recommended for use by this standard. This study explains the concept and method of PV, and then provides an explanation of the concept and method of NPV, and points out the limitations in the practical application of the method.
文摘China is rich in tight sandstone gas resources(“tight gas”for short).For example,the Sulige Gasfield in the Ordos Basin and the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Fm gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin are typical tight gas reservoirs.In the past decade,tight gas reserve and production both have increased rapidly in China,but tight gas reservoirs are always managed as conventional gas reservoirs without effective fiscal,taxation and policy supports.The potential of sustainable tight gas production increase is obviously restricted.The tight gas development projects represented by the Sulige Gasfield have failed to make profit for a long period,and especially tight gas production has presented a slight decline since 2015.In this paper,a new economic evaluation method was proposed for tight gas development projects.The new method was designed to verify the key parameters(e.g.production decline rate and single-well economic service life)depending on tight gas development and production characteristics,and perform the depreciation by using the production method.Furthermore,the possibility that the operation cost may rise due to pressure-boosting production and intermittent opening of gas wells is considered.The method was used for the tight gas development project of Sulige Gasfield,showing that its profit level is much lower than the enterprise's cost level of capital.In order to support a sustainable development of tight gas industry in China,it is recommended that relevant authorities issue value-added tax(VAT)refund policy as soon as possible.It is necessary to restore the non-resident gas gate price of the provinces where tight gas is produced to the fair and reasonable level in addition to the fiscal subsidy of CNY0.24/m^(3),or offer the fiscal subsidy of CNY0.32/m^(3) directly based on the on-going gate price.With these support policies,tax income is expected to rise directly,fiscal expenditure will not increase,and gas consumption cost in China will be significantly cut down.
