Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-depend...Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-dependent relationship between FD and TS-EMF along urban and suburban gradients and their environmental regulatory mechanisms is still quite limited.In this study,12 typical tree species from urban and suburban forests in Shenyang were used to calculate TS-EMF by combining the multithreshold and averaging method,and to assess community FD,aiming to reveal the role of FD on TS-EMF and how environmental factors regulate TS-EMF through FD and community-weighted mean(CWM)traits.The results showed that urban TS-EMF was generally higher than suburban(P<0.05).There were differences in the driving mechanisms of TS-EMF at different threshold levels,with air humidity(total effect:0.435)and CWM Pn(net photosynthetic rate,relative importance:24.42%)being the key drivers at high threshold levels.At low threshold levels,functional evenness(FEve)played a dominant role,but the extent to which influenced TS-EMF depended on the type and number of tree species within the TS-EMF threshold range.Notably,the effects of CWM Pn and FEve on TS-EMF showed threshold dependence,with thresholds of 61.18%and 64.47%,respectively.Additionally,the urban-suburban gradient could significantly influence the driving mechanism:the direct effect of environmental factors and CWM traits prevailed in urban forests,while suburban forests showed a multifactorial cascade effect.The study showed that the formation of TS-EMF in urban forests is the result of multifactorial coupling of traits,FD and environmental factors,and this finding provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the ecosystem service drivers of urban forests.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(grant no.32130068,32271634,32071597).
文摘Trait-based functional diversity(FD)is an important predictor of tree species ecological multifunctionality(TS-EMF),but its relationship may be mediated by environmental factors.Currently,the study of threshold-dependent relationship between FD and TS-EMF along urban and suburban gradients and their environmental regulatory mechanisms is still quite limited.In this study,12 typical tree species from urban and suburban forests in Shenyang were used to calculate TS-EMF by combining the multithreshold and averaging method,and to assess community FD,aiming to reveal the role of FD on TS-EMF and how environmental factors regulate TS-EMF through FD and community-weighted mean(CWM)traits.The results showed that urban TS-EMF was generally higher than suburban(P<0.05).There were differences in the driving mechanisms of TS-EMF at different threshold levels,with air humidity(total effect:0.435)and CWM Pn(net photosynthetic rate,relative importance:24.42%)being the key drivers at high threshold levels.At low threshold levels,functional evenness(FEve)played a dominant role,but the extent to which influenced TS-EMF depended on the type and number of tree species within the TS-EMF threshold range.Notably,the effects of CWM Pn and FEve on TS-EMF showed threshold dependence,with thresholds of 61.18%and 64.47%,respectively.Additionally,the urban-suburban gradient could significantly influence the driving mechanism:the direct effect of environmental factors and CWM traits prevailed in urban forests,while suburban forests showed a multifactorial cascade effect.The study showed that the formation of TS-EMF in urban forests is the result of multifactorial coupling of traits,FD and environmental factors,and this finding provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the ecosystem service drivers of urban forests.
