More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil ma pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures tha...More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil ma pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures that will reduce its negative effects on the ecosystem. The ecological behavior of LAS. including degradation, migration, and plant uptake, in both soil-paddy rice and soil-soybean systems was studied. Reduction of LAS in pot and field plots followed the first order reaction kinetics with degradation half-lives of 35-50 days with LAS decreasing to very low concentrations after a season of crop growth. Strong migration ability for LAS was found and the breakthrough time in a 1.5 in soil monolith was significantly shortened to 23 days by preferential flow. Leachate volumes of soil-paddy and soil-soybean systems at preferential breakthrough were much different, while the leachate volumes at equilibrium governed by soil adsorption/desorption processes were very similar. Significant uptake of LAS in both paddy rice and sovbeans was observed in pot and field experiments (P < 0.05). In aquatic culture, 20 μg mL-1 and above of LAS significantly inhibited the growth of paddy seedlings (P < 0.05). The critical concentration for LAS in soil inhibiting the growth and yield of paddy was 160 μg g-1; when higher, there was a strong negative influence, with decreases in height, spike length, and production, when lower than 80 μg g-1, paddy growth was stimulated. There was little effect of LAS on soybeans.展开更多
The initial stage of life is early childhood, and it is also a period of forming various behaviors and habits. Some people say that good habits are the foundation of your success, bad habits will hinder your chances o...The initial stage of life is early childhood, and it is also a period of forming various behaviors and habits. Some people say that good habits are the foundation of your success, bad habits will hinder your chances of success, and many good opportunities will be lost because of bad habits. Therefore, this article focuses on how to cultivate children's ecological civilized behavior habits.展开更多
To the Editor:We read with interest the article by Wang et al.,titled"Modeling the spread risk of dengue vector Aedes albopictus caused by environmental factors in Shanghai,China"[1].The use of ensemble ecol...To the Editor:We read with interest the article by Wang et al.,titled"Modeling the spread risk of dengue vector Aedes albopictus caused by environmental factors in Shanghai,China"[1].The use of ensemble ecological niche models to map Aedes albopictus distribution in urban Shanghai is both timely and methodologically sound.The identified drivers-vegetation index,temperature,and proximity to water-are well-known contributors to vector proliferation.However,one dimension remains notably underrepresented:human behavioral factors.展开更多
Hu Sheep is a local sheep breed in the plain of Taihu, China. Due to the natural conditions in Taihu and human domestication, Hu Sheep is gradually featured with high adaptability, fast growth rate, early maturity and...Hu Sheep is a local sheep breed in the plain of Taihu, China. Due to the natural conditions in Taihu and human domestication, Hu Sheep is gradually featured with high adaptability, fast growth rate, early maturity and high productivity, which make them to be a unique and rare breed of sheep. In the present study, an experiment was conducted by means of instantaneous scan sampling, focal animal sampling and all-occurrence sampling to learn about Hu Sheep's behavior and activity pattern under certain feeding management and ecological condition. The result showed that the activity time budgets for several behaviors were different between rams and ewes, with respect to feeding (rams 30.60% vs. ewes 33.23%), ruminating (33.43% vs.35.30%); sleeping (19.92% vs. 13.69%), standing (4.13% vs. 5.26%), moving (8.10% vs. 7.46%), and other behaviors (3.86% vs.5.06%). A circadian activity rhythm was shown in some behaviors; e.g., total feeding time was greater in the daytime than at night, whereas resting time showed the opposite tendency. Moving mostly occurred in the daytime, and ruminating mainly occurred at night. Additionally, feeding activity occurred 32.22 times per day in rams and 31.73 times per day in ewes, whereas ruminating activity after feeding occurred 19.83 times per day in rams and 24.34 times per day in ewes. For each food bolus,the average ruminating time was 51.22 s in rams and 49.52 s in ewes, with 68.22 bouts of rumination per day in rams and57.35 bouts of rumination in ewes. By conducting the experiment, we studied and grasped the local Hu Sheep's main behavior and regularity which are of great significance on improving the feeding management and reducing diseases.展开更多
The fields of behavioral ecology, conservation science, and environmental toxicology individually aim to protect and manage the conservation of wildlife in response to anthropogenic stressors, including widespread ant...The fields of behavioral ecology, conservation science, and environmental toxicology individually aim to protect and manage the conservation of wildlife in response to anthropogenic stressors, including widespread anthropogenic pollution. Although great emphasis in the field of toxicology has been placed on understanding how single pollutants affect survival, a comprehensive, interdis- ciplinary approach that includes behavioral ecology is essential to address how anthropogenic compounds are a risk for the survival of species and populations in an increasingly polluted world. We provide an integrative framework for behavioral ecotoxicology using Tinbergen＇s four postu- lates （causation and mechanism, development and ontogeny, function and fitness, and evolution- ary history and phylogenetic patterns）. The aims of this review are： 1） to promote an integrative view and re-define the field of integrative behavioral ecotoxicology; 2） to demonstrate how study- ing ecotoxicology can promote behavior research; and 3） to identify areas of behavioral ecotoxicol- ogy that require further attention to promote the integration and growth of the field.展开更多
Complex social insect species exhibit task specialization mediated by morphological and behavior-al traits.However,evidence of such traits is scarce for other social arthropods.We investigated whether the social pseud...Complex social insect species exhibit task specialization mediated by morphological and behavior-al traits.However,evidence of such traits is scarce for other social arthropods.We investigated whether the social pseudoscorpion Paratemnoides nidificator exhibits morphologically and behav-iorally specialized individuals in prey capture.We measured body and chela sizes of adult pseudo-scorpions and analyzed predation processes.Larger individuals spent more time moving through the colony and foraging than smaller pseudoscorpions.Individuals that captured prey had increased body and absolute chelae sizes.Although larger individuals had relatively small chelae size,they showed a higher probability of prey capture.Larger individuals manipulated prey often,although they fed less than smaller pseudoscorpions.Individuals that initiated captures fed more frequently and for more time than the others.Natural selection might be favoring individuals speci-alized in foraging and colony protection,allowing smaller and less efficient adults to avoid contact with dangerous prey.To our knowledge,there is incipient information regarding specialized indi-viduals in arachnids,and our results might indicate the emergence of a morphologically special-ized group in this species.展开更多
正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible vip editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled &q...正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible vip editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments展开更多
The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy developme...The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.展开更多
Ecological transformation of production consumption is an effective channel of establishing ecological agriculture mechanism. In this paper,based on TPB( Theory of Planed Behavior),using factor analysis and regression...Ecological transformation of production consumption is an effective channel of establishing ecological agriculture mechanism. In this paper,based on TPB( Theory of Planed Behavior),using factor analysis and regression analysis,empirical test on formation mechanism of farmer production consumption ecologization behavior transformation is conducted. Research results show that behavior attitude,subjective norm and control cognition of farmer production consumption ecologization have significantly positive influences on behavior response of farmer production consumption ecologization. Among them,power of behavior attitude is farmer's economic rationality and ecological rationality; power of subjective norm is system norm,government guidance and social pressure; power of control cognition is policy judgment and ability perception. Finally,for the analyzed conclusions,policy suggestions are proposed from many aspects,which could provide reference effect for guiding farmer production consumption ecologization and establishing rural eco-civilization.展开更多
Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest spe...Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.展开更多
Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social...Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social structure of a desert dwelling population of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena.This species is historically regarded as strictly solitary albeit being the least studied of the extant Hyaenids.Accumulating evidence regarding the frequency of social interactions sug-gests a revision of striped hyena social structure is required.We hypothesized that striped hyena has a social structure that is more complex than expected for a strictly solitary species.For that end,we deployed an array of camera-traps in a remote desert region in Israel,and compared observed frequencies of striped hyena co-occurrence against null models to test whether hyena co-occurred more than expected by chance.Seven adults were(re)captured by our camera-traps in 49 different instances over 83 tracking days.Of these,6 exhibited shared space-use around a scarce,isolated perennial water source.Five of them,co-occurred with other hyena(in 3 instan-ces)significantly more frequent than expected by chance(and that timing suggests reproduction is unlikely to be the driving factor).Our findings substantiate evidence of complex social structure in striped hyena,highlight the importance of a scarce resource in space use and sociality,and provide a baseline for future research of striped hyena social structure.We suggest that similar methods be employed to evaluate social structure in other"solitary species"to better under-stand their social dynamics.展开更多
The last two decades of publications in Integrative Zoology have highlighted that future climatic variations can impact amphibians through changes in vegetation cover(Escoriza and Hernandez 2022),synergies between tem...The last two decades of publications in Integrative Zoology have highlighted that future climatic variations can impact amphibians through changes in vegetation cover(Escoriza and Hernandez 2022),synergies between temperatures and pathogens(Bustamante,Livo,and Carey 2010),hibernation patterns(Xie et al.2022),and the physiological impact of salinization on the environment(Tornabene et al.2023).The field can also be used to understand the future of amphibians under the current environmental conditions,using physiological conditions(Hastings et al.2023)and competition between species formicrohabitats(Borzée et al.2016),and also to estimate population sizes and sex ratios(Olarte,Sánchez-Montes,and Martínez-Solano 2020;Reyne et al.2021).fluctuations;however,Capellà-Marzo,Sánchez-Montes,and Martínez-Solano(2020).展开更多
Cartilaginous fish(sharks,skates,rays,and chimaeras)are an important group of vertebrates facing the risk of regional extinction due to factors such as overfishing(Pacoureau et al.2021;Finucci et al.2024;Worm et al.20...Cartilaginous fish(sharks,skates,rays,and chimaeras)are an important group of vertebrates facing the risk of regional extinction due to factors such as overfishing(Pacoureau et al.2021;Finucci et al.2024;Worm et al.2024).However,knowledge of their reproduction and conservation remains limited.Understanding the genetic diversity,population structure,and reproductive behaviors of cartilaginous fish can offer valuable insights into their reproductive strategies and ecological adaptability,which are crucial for the conservation of these vulnerable species.Here,we present a chromosome-level draft genome as well as whole genome resequencing data of seven other individuals for the Kong skate(Okamejei kenojei),a species that has been reported to have a population decrease based on fisheries resource surveys(Deng&Jin 2001;Rigby et al.2021).Our analysis revealed lineage-specific genomic changes in O.kenojei,including the expansion of 69 gene families.We also assessed their genetic diversity,which showed a decline in population size over the past million years.Furthermore,we examined the egg-laying behavior of 24 adult female specimens and the incubation period of 35 embryos,indicating a low reproductive capacity.In conclusion,our findings suggest that the genetic diversity of the current wild population of O.kenojei is relatively healthy,but their reproductive output is low.Without proper management and protection,this could lead to irreversible impacts on the population,highlighting the importance of conservation efforts for this species.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))plays a crucial role in the host search/localization process of bed bugs,Cimex lectularius L.,and Cimex hemipterus(F.).Current research on the CO_(2)perception by bed bugs mainly focuses on their...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))plays a crucial role in the host search/localization process of bed bugs,Cimex lectularius L.,and Cimex hemipterus(F.).Current research on the CO_(2)perception by bed bugs mainly focuses on their behavioral responses,and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear.In addition,existing research has mainly been conducted on C.lectularius with very little research on C.hemipterus.In this study,we investigated the behavioral response of C.hemipterus to CO_(2)and analyzed the role of antennae in the CO_(2)sensing process.Then,potential CO_(2)receptor genes were screened through antennal RNA sequencing and tissue-specific expression profiling analysis.Finally,the function of CO_(2)receptors was further validated using RNA interference.Results indicated that increasing the CO_(2)concentration in the air not only stimulated the activity of C.hemipterus,but also presented a directional attraction effect on them.CO_(2),with a concentration of 0.06%–1.8%,had a significant attraction effect on C.hemipterus.Removal of the antennae led to the loss of bed bugs’preference for CO_(2).Four candidate CO_(2)receptor genes(ChGR1,ChGR2,ChGR3,and ChGR4)were identified through transcriptomic analysis of the bed bug antennae,and 3 of them(ChGR2,ChGR3,and ChGR4)were highly expressed in the antennae.Silencing ChGR2 or ChGR4 individually led to a significant reduction or even loss of CO_(2)sensing ability in C.hemipterus.In conclusion,CO_(2)can induce the host searching behavior of C.hemipterus;moreover,ChGR2 and ChGR4 are crucial for detecting CO_(2)in C.hemipterus.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 49771044 and 49971038)
文摘More and more linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has contaminated the water and soil ma pollution discharge, making it important to identify the ecological behavior and toxicity of LAS so as to carry out measures that will reduce its negative effects on the ecosystem. The ecological behavior of LAS. including degradation, migration, and plant uptake, in both soil-paddy rice and soil-soybean systems was studied. Reduction of LAS in pot and field plots followed the first order reaction kinetics with degradation half-lives of 35-50 days with LAS decreasing to very low concentrations after a season of crop growth. Strong migration ability for LAS was found and the breakthrough time in a 1.5 in soil monolith was significantly shortened to 23 days by preferential flow. Leachate volumes of soil-paddy and soil-soybean systems at preferential breakthrough were much different, while the leachate volumes at equilibrium governed by soil adsorption/desorption processes were very similar. Significant uptake of LAS in both paddy rice and sovbeans was observed in pot and field experiments (P < 0.05). In aquatic culture, 20 μg mL-1 and above of LAS significantly inhibited the growth of paddy seedlings (P < 0.05). The critical concentration for LAS in soil inhibiting the growth and yield of paddy was 160 μg g-1; when higher, there was a strong negative influence, with decreases in height, spike length, and production, when lower than 80 μg g-1, paddy growth was stimulated. There was little effect of LAS on soybeans.
文摘The initial stage of life is early childhood, and it is also a period of forming various behaviors and habits. Some people say that good habits are the foundation of your success, bad habits will hinder your chances of success, and many good opportunities will be lost because of bad habits. Therefore, this article focuses on how to cultivate children's ecological civilized behavior habits.
基金supported by Three-Year Initiative Plan for Strengthening Public Health System Construction in Shanghai(2023-2025)Key Discipline Project(No.GWVI-11.1-12).
文摘To the Editor:We read with interest the article by Wang et al.,titled"Modeling the spread risk of dengue vector Aedes albopictus caused by environmental factors in Shanghai,China"[1].The use of ensemble ecological niche models to map Aedes albopictus distribution in urban Shanghai is both timely and methodologically sound.The identified drivers-vegetation index,temperature,and proximity to water-are well-known contributors to vector proliferation.However,one dimension remains notably underrepresented:human behavioral factors.
基金Supported by Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(CARS-39)the Spark Program of China(2015GA750002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472059)
文摘Hu Sheep is a local sheep breed in the plain of Taihu, China. Due to the natural conditions in Taihu and human domestication, Hu Sheep is gradually featured with high adaptability, fast growth rate, early maturity and high productivity, which make them to be a unique and rare breed of sheep. In the present study, an experiment was conducted by means of instantaneous scan sampling, focal animal sampling and all-occurrence sampling to learn about Hu Sheep's behavior and activity pattern under certain feeding management and ecological condition. The result showed that the activity time budgets for several behaviors were different between rams and ewes, with respect to feeding (rams 30.60% vs. ewes 33.23%), ruminating (33.43% vs.35.30%); sleeping (19.92% vs. 13.69%), standing (4.13% vs. 5.26%), moving (8.10% vs. 7.46%), and other behaviors (3.86% vs.5.06%). A circadian activity rhythm was shown in some behaviors; e.g., total feeding time was greater in the daytime than at night, whereas resting time showed the opposite tendency. Moving mostly occurred in the daytime, and ruminating mainly occurred at night. Additionally, feeding activity occurred 32.22 times per day in rams and 31.73 times per day in ewes, whereas ruminating activity after feeding occurred 19.83 times per day in rams and 24.34 times per day in ewes. For each food bolus,the average ruminating time was 51.22 s in rams and 49.52 s in ewes, with 68.22 bouts of rumination per day in rams and57.35 bouts of rumination in ewes. By conducting the experiment, we studied and grasped the local Hu Sheep's main behavior and regularity which are of great significance on improving the feeding management and reducing diseases.
基金JPS was funded by the National Science Foundation （IOS1257590）. The sym- posium from which this paper emerged was funded by the Animal Behavior Society.
文摘The fields of behavioral ecology, conservation science, and environmental toxicology individually aim to protect and manage the conservation of wildlife in response to anthropogenic stressors, including widespread anthropogenic pollution. Although great emphasis in the field of toxicology has been placed on understanding how single pollutants affect survival, a comprehensive, interdis- ciplinary approach that includes behavioral ecology is essential to address how anthropogenic compounds are a risk for the survival of species and populations in an increasingly polluted world. We provide an integrative framework for behavioral ecotoxicology using Tinbergen＇s four postu- lates （causation and mechanism, development and ontogeny, function and fitness, and evolution- ary history and phylogenetic patterns）. The aims of this review are： 1） to promote an integrative view and re-define the field of integrative behavioral ecotoxicology; 2） to demonstrate how study- ing ecotoxicology can promote behavior research; and 3） to identify areas of behavioral ecotoxicol- ogy that require further attention to promote the integration and growth of the field.
基金This study was supported by the Coordenação de Aprleicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)-Finance Code 001-,the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),and the Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do FEstado de Minas Gerais(FAPEMIG).
文摘Complex social insect species exhibit task specialization mediated by morphological and behavior-al traits.However,evidence of such traits is scarce for other social arthropods.We investigated whether the social pseudoscorpion Paratemnoides nidificator exhibits morphologically and behav-iorally specialized individuals in prey capture.We measured body and chela sizes of adult pseudo-scorpions and analyzed predation processes.Larger individuals spent more time moving through the colony and foraging than smaller pseudoscorpions.Individuals that captured prey had increased body and absolute chelae sizes.Although larger individuals had relatively small chelae size,they showed a higher probability of prey capture.Larger individuals manipulated prey often,although they fed less than smaller pseudoscorpions.Individuals that initiated captures fed more frequently and for more time than the others.Natural selection might be favoring individuals speci-alized in foraging and colony protection,allowing smaller and less efficient adults to avoid contact with dangerous prey.To our knowledge,there is incipient information regarding specialized indi-viduals in arachnids,and our results might indicate the emergence of a morphologically special-ized group in this species.
文摘正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible vip editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund(40971039)Gansu Province Science and Technology Support Program(1011FKCA157)the Fundamental Research Funds Project of Colleges and Universities in Gansu Province
文摘The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.
基金Supported by Major Project of National Social Science Fund(14AZD002)National Natural Science Foundation(41171436)
文摘Ecological transformation of production consumption is an effective channel of establishing ecological agriculture mechanism. In this paper,based on TPB( Theory of Planed Behavior),using factor analysis and regression analysis,empirical test on formation mechanism of farmer production consumption ecologization behavior transformation is conducted. Research results show that behavior attitude,subjective norm and control cognition of farmer production consumption ecologization have significantly positive influences on behavior response of farmer production consumption ecologization. Among them,power of behavior attitude is farmer's economic rationality and ecological rationality; power of subjective norm is system norm,government guidance and social pressure; power of control cognition is policy judgment and ability perception. Finally,for the analyzed conclusions,policy suggestions are proposed from many aspects,which could provide reference effect for guiding farmer production consumption ecologization and establishing rural eco-civilization.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2009CB119004)the National Special Fund for the Commonweal Agricultural Research of China (200903032)the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, China (Nycytx-35-gw27)
文摘Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thrips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.
基金the“Arabian Leopard Project”using funds obtained from a designated Kickstarter crowd funding:https://www.kickstar ter.com/projects/1694685126/save-the-arabianleopard.
文摘Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social structure of a desert dwelling population of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena.This species is historically regarded as strictly solitary albeit being the least studied of the extant Hyaenids.Accumulating evidence regarding the frequency of social interactions sug-gests a revision of striped hyena social structure is required.We hypothesized that striped hyena has a social structure that is more complex than expected for a strictly solitary species.For that end,we deployed an array of camera-traps in a remote desert region in Israel,and compared observed frequencies of striped hyena co-occurrence against null models to test whether hyena co-occurred more than expected by chance.Seven adults were(re)captured by our camera-traps in 49 different instances over 83 tracking days.Of these,6 exhibited shared space-use around a scarce,isolated perennial water source.Five of them,co-occurred with other hyena(in 3 instan-ces)significantly more frequent than expected by chance(and that timing suggests reproduction is unlikely to be the driving factor).Our findings substantiate evidence of complex social structure in striped hyena,highlight the importance of a scarce resource in space use and sociality,and provide a baseline for future research of striped hyena social structure.We suggest that similar methods be employed to evaluate social structure in other"solitary species"to better under-stand their social dynamics.
文摘The last two decades of publications in Integrative Zoology have highlighted that future climatic variations can impact amphibians through changes in vegetation cover(Escoriza and Hernandez 2022),synergies between temperatures and pathogens(Bustamante,Livo,and Carey 2010),hibernation patterns(Xie et al.2022),and the physiological impact of salinization on the environment(Tornabene et al.2023).The field can also be used to understand the future of amphibians under the current environmental conditions,using physiological conditions(Hastings et al.2023)and competition between species formicrohabitats(Borzée et al.2016),and also to estimate population sizes and sex ratios(Olarte,Sánchez-Montes,and Martínez-Solano 2020;Reyne et al.2021).fluctuations;however,Capellà-Marzo,Sánchez-Montes,and Martínez-Solano(2020).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3400300).
文摘Cartilaginous fish(sharks,skates,rays,and chimaeras)are an important group of vertebrates facing the risk of regional extinction due to factors such as overfishing(Pacoureau et al.2021;Finucci et al.2024;Worm et al.2024).However,knowledge of their reproduction and conservation remains limited.Understanding the genetic diversity,population structure,and reproductive behaviors of cartilaginous fish can offer valuable insights into their reproductive strategies and ecological adaptability,which are crucial for the conservation of these vulnerable species.Here,we present a chromosome-level draft genome as well as whole genome resequencing data of seven other individuals for the Kong skate(Okamejei kenojei),a species that has been reported to have a population decrease based on fisheries resource surveys(Deng&Jin 2001;Rigby et al.2021).Our analysis revealed lineage-specific genomic changes in O.kenojei,including the expansion of 69 gene families.We also assessed their genetic diversity,which showed a decline in population size over the past million years.Furthermore,we examined the egg-laying behavior of 24 adult female specimens and the incubation period of 35 embryos,indicating a low reproductive capacity.In conclusion,our findings suggest that the genetic diversity of the current wild population of O.kenojei is relatively healthy,but their reproductive output is low.Without proper management and protection,this could lead to irreversible impacts on the population,highlighting the importance of conservation efforts for this species.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong(2022B1111030002)the Ningbo Key Research and Development Plan and"Jie Bang Gua Shuai"Program(2022Z124)+1 种基金the Foreign Expert Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2023030035)the Characteristic Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(2020KTSCX017).
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))plays a crucial role in the host search/localization process of bed bugs,Cimex lectularius L.,and Cimex hemipterus(F.).Current research on the CO_(2)perception by bed bugs mainly focuses on their behavioral responses,and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear.In addition,existing research has mainly been conducted on C.lectularius with very little research on C.hemipterus.In this study,we investigated the behavioral response of C.hemipterus to CO_(2)and analyzed the role of antennae in the CO_(2)sensing process.Then,potential CO_(2)receptor genes were screened through antennal RNA sequencing and tissue-specific expression profiling analysis.Finally,the function of CO_(2)receptors was further validated using RNA interference.Results indicated that increasing the CO_(2)concentration in the air not only stimulated the activity of C.hemipterus,but also presented a directional attraction effect on them.CO_(2),with a concentration of 0.06%–1.8%,had a significant attraction effect on C.hemipterus.Removal of the antennae led to the loss of bed bugs’preference for CO_(2).Four candidate CO_(2)receptor genes(ChGR1,ChGR2,ChGR3,and ChGR4)were identified through transcriptomic analysis of the bed bug antennae,and 3 of them(ChGR2,ChGR3,and ChGR4)were highly expressed in the antennae.Silencing ChGR2 or ChGR4 individually led to a significant reduction or even loss of CO_(2)sensing ability in C.hemipterus.In conclusion,CO_(2)can induce the host searching behavior of C.hemipterus;moreover,ChGR2 and ChGR4 are crucial for detecting CO_(2)in C.hemipterus.
