The short-time eco-physiological response to dust was measured for the leaves of 22 local popular plant species including roadside trees, fruit trees, forest trees and crop species in Beijing. The dust did affect the ...The short-time eco-physiological response to dust was measured for the leaves of 22 local popular plant species including roadside trees, fruit trees, forest trees and crop species in Beijing. The dust did affect the eco-physiology of leaves of these species. After being covered by dust the instant net photosynthetic rates of most plant species changed insignificantly, but it decreased by more than 35% for 5 species, and it increased by-more than 57% for Ginkgo biloba L. The respiration rates of 12 plant species increased significantly, but it decreased significantly for Malus pumila Mill. (M. communis D C.) and Cotinus coggygria (L.) Scop., and it changed insignificantly for the other 8 species. The transpiration rates of 5 plant species increased significantly, however, they decreased for 9 species, and changed insignificantly for the other 8 species. Platanus occidentalis L. had highest dust carrying capacity. After 2 h the physiological indices did not change significantly for Diospyros kaki L. f., G. biloba and Populus tomentosa Carr. The implications of the research are that Ulmus laevis Pall., M. pumila (M. communis), D. kaki and G. biloba are suitable for amelioration of dust storm damage and increase in local economical development near the sources of dust storms in western China. And in the cities, such as Beijing and other dust areas, the plants have high dust-carrying capacity can be planted for air cleaning.展开更多
A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, i...A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, in 2002, to evaluate the growth and eco-physiological performances. Under water stress conditions, the transpiration ability decreased while the leaf temperature increased. Although the relative leaf water content decreased as water stress increased, the differences among the treatments were small, indicating that cotton has high ability in maintaining water in leaf. The stomatal density increased as water stress increased, while the maximum stomatal aperture reduced only in the severest stressed plants. The time of the maximum stomatal aperture was delayed in the mild and severe stressed plants. When severe stress occurred, the stomata were kept open until the transpiration decreased to nearly zero, suggesting that the stomata might not be the main factor in adjusting transpiration in cotton. Cotton plant has high adaptation ability to water stress conditions because of decrease in both stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance from soil-to-leaf pathway. The actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） decreased under water stress conditions, while the maximum quantum yield of PS Ⅱ did not vary among treatments, suggesting that PS II would not be damaged by water stress. The total dry weight reduced as water stress increased.展开更多
Digital plant canopy imager and photosynthesis analyzer system were used to analyze thecharacteristics of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology and micro-environmentalfactors at R4-R5 stage in different yielding...Digital plant canopy imager and photosynthesis analyzer system were used to analyze thecharacteristics of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology and micro-environmentalfactors at R4-R5 stage in different yielding soybean cultivars or lines with differentmaturities. The results showed that the common characteristics of high yielding soybeancultivars were high LAI, uniform foliage distribution in all horizontal directions, lessvariance of photosynthetic rate between top and bottom leaves in canopy and relativelyhigher photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy. All these characters combined in allresulted in higher canopy photosynthetic productivity, and pod number, seed number andseed weight per plant, especially pod and seed number in top and middle canopy wereincreased. The characters of high yielding canopy varied among maturities. Light interceptionwas more important to early cultivars. Less foliage inclination angle was benefit tointercept more solar energy during yield formation. As late soybean cultivars had a moreclosure canopy and higher LAI, greater foliage inclination angle in all layers of highyielding canopy made more solar radiation penetrate into canopy, which was beneficial toyield formation.展开更多
The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors includi...The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors including meteorological factors, soil nutritionand altitudes were received and used for statistical analysis. The step-wise regressionwas used to screen the correlated factors, which significantly effected isoflavonecontents. Results showed that 9 eco-physiological factors were highly correlated withisoflavones. Low mean temperature, high diurnal temperature range at seed filling andmaturity, more sunlight hours and low mean temperature at emergence were favorable toisoflavone accumulation. The rainfall at emergence showed a nonlinear relationship withisoflavone content and its optimum value was 75 mm for isoflavone formation. Low diurnaltemperature range at branching, high organic matter and low sulfur content in soil weresuitable for the formation of isoflavones. The isoflavone contents would not be affectedby other eco-physiological factors in this study.展开更多
The regeneration of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.is poor in the understory and in open areas due to the charac-teristics of natural regeneration of the species on forest edges and in gaps.It is unclear whether different ...The regeneration of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.is poor in the understory and in open areas due to the charac-teristics of natural regeneration of the species on forest edges and in gaps.It is unclear whether different light intensities in various habitats affect eco-physiological characteristics of saplings and their natural regeneration.In this study,the light intensity in T.sinense habitats was simulated by artificial shading(L1:100%NS(natural sunlight)in the open;L2:50%NS in a forest gap or edge;L3:10%NS in understory)to investigate differences in morphology,leaf structure,physiology,and photosynthesis of 2-year-old sap-lings,and to analyze the mechanism of light intensity on sapling establishment.Significant differences were observed in morphology(including leaf area,and specific leaf area)under different light intensities.Compared to L1 and L3,chloroplast structure in L2 was intact.With increasing time,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in L2 became gradually higher than under the other light intensities,while malondialdehyde(MDA)content was opposite.Shading decreased osmoregulation substance contents of leaves but increased chlorophyll.The results suggest that light intensities significantly affect the eco-physiological characteristics of T.sinense saplings and they would respond most favorably at intermediate levels of light by optimizing eco-physiological characteristics.Therefore,50%natural sunlight should be created to promote saplings establishment and population recovery of T.sinense during in situ conservation,including sowing mature seeds in forest edges or gaps and providing appropriate shade protection for seedlings and saplings in the open.展开更多
Rhododendron micranthum Turcz.is a shrub esteemed for its ornamental and medicinal attributes within the Changbai Mountain range of China.We selected 3-year saplings and subjected them to four distinct light condi-tio...Rhododendron micranthum Turcz.is a shrub esteemed for its ornamental and medicinal attributes within the Changbai Mountain range of China.We selected 3-year saplings and subjected them to four distinct light condi-tions:full light(CK),70%light(L1),50%light(L2),and 30%light(L3)to investigate variations in morphology,photosynthetic responses,stomatal ultrastructure as well as the mechanisms through which these saplings adapt to differing lighting environments.The results indicate that L2 leaves exhibit significantly greater length,width,and petiole development compared to other treatments across varying intensities.Over time,chlorophyll content and PSII levels in L2-treated saplings surpass those observed in other treatments;Proline(PRO),malondialdehyde(MDA),and soluble protein(SP)contents are markedly lower under L2 treatment.Catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)demonstrate significant correlations across various light con-ditions but respond differently among treatments,indicat-ing distinct species sensitivities to light intensity while both contribute to environmental stress resistance mechanisms.Findings reveal that R.micranthum saplings at 50%light intensity benefit from enhanced protection via antioxidant enzymes,and shading reduces osmotic adjustment sub-stances yet increases chlorophyll content.Stomatal length/width along with conductance rates and net photosynthesis rates for L2 exceed those of CK,suggesting an improved photosynthetic structure conducive to efficient photosynthe-sis under this condition.Thus,moderate shading represents optimal growth at 50%illumination,a critical factor promot-ing sapling development.This research elucidates the ideal environment for R.micranthum adaptation to varying light conditions supporting future conservation initiatives.展开更多
Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadlea...Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.展开更多
Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadlea...Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.展开更多
Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors ...Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet.In this study,using a deactivated plant as reference,we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet.Three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials.Temperatures of flag leaf,superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer.The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor,posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet.On the other hand,it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle.Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis.Interestingly,sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain,confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling.Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature,thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.展开更多
Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biocha...Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biochar+1.5%compost)on the performance of Phragmites karka plants grown on a synthetic nutrient-poor sandy clay soil(50% sand,30% clay,and 20% gravel).Indicators of plant performance,such as growth,lignocellulosic biomass,water status(leaf water potential,osmotic potential,and turgor potential),mineral nutrition status,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyll fluorescence,and soil respiration(carbon dioxide(CO2)flux)were assessed under greenhouse conditions.Biochar-treated plants had higher growth rates and lignocellulosic biomass production than control plants with no biochar and no compost.There was also a significant increase in soil respiration in the treatments with biochar,which stimulated microbial interactions.The increase in soil water-holding capacity after biochar amendment caused significant improvements in plant water status and plant ion(K^+,Mg^2+,and Ca^2+)contents,leading to an increase in net photosynthesis and a higher energy-use efficiency of photosystem II.Biochar-treated plants had lower oxidative stress,increased water-use efficiency,and decreased soil respiration,and the biochar-compost mixture resulted in even greater improvements in growth,leaf turgor potential,photosynthesis,nutrient content,and soil gas exchange.Our results suggest that biochar and compost promote plant growth with respect to nutrient uptake,water balance,and photosynthetic system efficiency.In summary,both the soil amendments studied could increase opportunities for P.karka to sequester CO2 and produce more fodder bio-active compounds and biomass for bio-energy on nutrient-poor degraded soils.展开更多
A soil temperature control system was designed for sapling study in alpine region and tested in summer, 2009. The system consisted of a power switch, voltage regulator, microcomputer timer, safety relays, temperature ...A soil temperature control system was designed for sapling study in alpine region and tested in summer, 2009. The system consisted of a power switch, voltage regulator, microcomputer timer, safety relays, temperature control device, temperature sensors, heating cables, fireproofing plastic pipes (PVC), 108 heavy-duty plastic containers and seedlings. The heating cables were held in six 2-layer PVC frames with 25 cm wide, 320 cm long and 25 cm high and three 1-layer frames with 25 cm wide and 320 cm long for 15°C soil temperature treatment, half of the 2-layer frames were used for 20°C and 25°C soil temperature treatments, respectively. Each of the frames was installed at each of ditches with 30 cm wide, 330 cm long and 30 cm deep in size. 12 seedling containers with 20 cm top diameter, 18cm bottom diameter and 25 cm high were homogenously placed at each of the ditches, and spaces between the containers were filled with natural soil. The system was economic, and could increase soil temperatures obviously and uniformly, the maximal and minimal standard errors of soil temperatures were ±0.28 and ±0.05°C at 10cm depth in the containers within each of all the ditches. In the system, aboveground environment was natural, diurnal and monthly soil temperatures varied with changing air temperature, the research results may be better to know the eco-physiological and growth responses of alpine saplings/seedlings to soil warming than that in greenhouse, laboratory, infrared heat lamp and open top chamber.展开更多
The combined stress of drought, high temperature and excessive light characterizes the desert area. In order to survive the desert habitat, desert shrubs have evolved a number of special eco-physiological mechanisms t...The combined stress of drought, high temperature and excessive light characterizes the desert area. In order to survive the desert habitat, desert shrubs have evolved a number of special eco-physiological mechanisms to resist environmental stress during long-term evolution. In this paper, adaptation mechanisms of desert shrubs to environmental stress are reviewed in terms of morphological structure, water potential, photosynthesis and water use efficiency, transpiration and stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment and anti-oxidation protection. In addition, some suggestions for future research are proposed.展开更多
Selecting plants adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of specific locations is essential for environmental protection and economic sustainability of agricultural and pastoral systems. This is particularly true ...Selecting plants adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of specific locations is essential for environmental protection and economic sustainability of agricultural and pastoral systems. This is particularly true for countries like China with a diversity of climates and soils and intended uses. Currently, proper species selection is difficult due to the absence of computer-based selection tools. Climate and soil GIS layers, matched with a matrix of plant characteristics through rules describing species tolerances would greatly improve the selection process. Better matching will reduce environmental hazards and economic risks associated with sub-optimal plant selection and performance. GIS-based climate and soil maps have been developed for China. A matrix of quantitative species tolerances has been developed for example forage species and used in combination with an internet map server that allows customized map creation. A web-based decision support system has been developed to provide current information and links to original data sources, supplementary materials, and selection strategies.展开更多
In the present article,the author posits that the perception that animals apparently display a strategy of avoiding detection by means of camouflage—i.e.,by disguising themselves in the natural colours of their envir...In the present article,the author posits that the perception that animals apparently display a strategy of avoiding detection by means of camouflage—i.e.,by disguising themselves in the natural colours of their environment—is not the actual case in nature but,rather,merely anecdotal.Animal coloration is mainly a-biotic(eco-physiological)and not biotic(camouflage).The contention regarding the absence of the phenomenon of camouflage among animals as a common evolutionary response is based on three arguments:(1)that reflecting the natural colours of the environment is linked to ecophysiology;(2)that predator and prey constitute“an evolutionary pair”and,accordingly,they know how to identify one another(in order to survive they employ different strategies,of which camouflage is not one of them);and (3)that the approach of relating animal camouflage to reflecting the colours of the environment is an anthropocentric one.Rather than the accepted biotic-ethological approach(colour camouflage),the present article suggests the recognition of a-biotic and eco-physiological conditions as a distinct research field,whose title“Reflection of environmental colours by animals”,along with this article,calls for eco-physiologists to demonstrate that this approach indeed offers a special contribution to the understanding of colouration in animals.展开更多
Determining the susceptibility of species to changing thermal niches is a major goal for biologists.In this paper we develop an eco-physiological model of extinction risk under climate change premised on behavioral th...Determining the susceptibility of species to changing thermal niches is a major goal for biologists.In this paper we develop an eco-physiological model of extinction risk under climate change premised on behavioral thermoregulation.Our method downscales operative environmental temperatures,which restrict hours of activity of lizards,hr,for present-day climate(1975)and future climate scenarios(2070).We apply our model using occurrence records of 20 Phrynocephalus lizards(or taxa in species complexes)drawn from literature and museum records.Our analysis is phylogenetically informed,because some clades may be more sensitive to rising temperatures.The limits for computed hr predict local extirpations among Phrynocephalus lizards at continental scales and delineate upper boundaries of thermal niches as defined by Extreme Value Distributions.Under the 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathway scenario,we predict extirpation of 64%of local populations by 2070 across 20 Phrynocephalus species,and 12 are at high risk of total extinction due to thermal limits being exceeded.In tandem with global strategies of lower CO_(2) emissions,we propose regional strategies for establishing new national parks to protect extinction-prone taxa by preserving high-elevation climate refugia within existing sites of species occurrence.We propose that evolved acclimatization–maternal plasticity–may ameliorate risk,but is poorly studied.Previous studies revealed that adaptive maternal plasticity by thermoregulating gravid females alter progeny thermal preferences by±1℃.We describe plasticity studies for extinction-prone species that could assess whether they might be buffered from climate warming–a self-rescue.We discuss an epigenetic framework for studying such maternal-effect evolution.展开更多
Bio-loggers are miniaturized autonomous devices that record quantitative data on the state of free-ranging ani-mals(e.g.behavior,position and physiology)and their natural environment.This is especially relevant for sp...Bio-loggers are miniaturized autonomous devices that record quantitative data on the state of free-ranging ani-mals(e.g.behavior,position and physiology)and their natural environment.This is especially relevant for spe-cies where direct visual observation is difficult or impossible.Today,ongoing technical development allows the monitoring of numerous parameters in an increasing range of species over extended periods.However,the ex-ternal attachment of devices might affect various aspects of animal performance(energetics,thermoregulation,foraging as well as social and reproductive behavior),which ultimately affect fitness.External attachment might also increase entanglement risk and the conspicuousness of animals,leaving them more vulnerable to preda-tion.By contrast,implantation of devices can mitigate many of these undesirable effects and might be prefera-ble,especially for long-term studies,provided that the many challenges associated with surgical procedures can be mastered.Implantation may then allow us to gather data that would be impossible to obtain otherwise and thereby may provide new and ecologically relevant insights into the life of wild animals.Here,we:(i)discuss the pros and cons of attachment methods;(ii)highlight recent field studies that used implanted bio-loggers to address eco-physiological questions in a wide range of species;and(iii)discuss logger implantation in light of ethical considerations.展开更多
Background:Variable retention(aggregated and dispersed retention)harvesting proposed for Nothofagus pumilio was designed for timber purposes and biodiversity conservation.Harvesting by opening canopy generates differe...Background:Variable retention(aggregated and dispersed retention)harvesting proposed for Nothofagus pumilio was designed for timber purposes and biodiversity conservation.Harvesting by opening canopy generates different microenvironments and creates contrasting conditions for seedling establishment,growth,and eco-physiology performance due to synergies(positives or negatives)with biotic and abiotic factors.This study evaluated the regeneration in different microenvironment conditions within managed stands during 5 years after harvesting.Remnant forest structure after harvesting and different microenvironments were characterized in managed stands,where 105 regeneration plots were measured(3 stands×7 microenvironments×5 replicas).We characterized the seedling bank,as well as growth and ecophysiology performance of the regeneration.Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted for the comparisons.Results:Microenvironments offered different environmental conditions for natural regeneration(soil moisture and light availability).Seedling under debris and dicot plants showed better eco-physiological performance,establishment,and growth than plants growing under monocots or located in the dispersed retention without the protection of other understory plants.The most unfavorable microenvironment conditions were high canopy cover of remnant trees(inside the aggregates or close to trees in the dispersed retention)and heavily impacted areas(skidder extraction roads).Conclusions:Favorable microenvironments in the harvested areas will improve the natural recruitment,growth,and eco-physiology performance of the natural regeneration after harvesting.It is necessary to develop new silvicultural practices that decrease the unfavorable microenvironments(e.g.,road density or excessive woody accumulation),to assure the success of the proposed silvicultural method.展开更多
文摘The short-time eco-physiological response to dust was measured for the leaves of 22 local popular plant species including roadside trees, fruit trees, forest trees and crop species in Beijing. The dust did affect the eco-physiology of leaves of these species. After being covered by dust the instant net photosynthetic rates of most plant species changed insignificantly, but it decreased by more than 35% for 5 species, and it increased by-more than 57% for Ginkgo biloba L. The respiration rates of 12 plant species increased significantly, but it decreased significantly for Malus pumila Mill. (M. communis D C.) and Cotinus coggygria (L.) Scop., and it changed insignificantly for the other 8 species. The transpiration rates of 5 plant species increased significantly, however, they decreased for 9 species, and changed insignificantly for the other 8 species. Platanus occidentalis L. had highest dust carrying capacity. After 2 h the physiological indices did not change significantly for Diospyros kaki L. f., G. biloba and Populus tomentosa Carr. The implications of the research are that Ulmus laevis Pall., M. pumila (M. communis), D. kaki and G. biloba are suitable for amelioration of dust storm damage and increase in local economical development near the sources of dust storms in western China. And in the cities, such as Beijing and other dust areas, the plants have high dust-carrying capacity can be planted for air cleaning.
文摘A cotton cultivar Xinluzao 8 was grown under four levels of water stress treatments （normal irrigation, slight, mild and severe water stress） from the initial reproductive growth stage in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China, in 2002, to evaluate the growth and eco-physiological performances. Under water stress conditions, the transpiration ability decreased while the leaf temperature increased. Although the relative leaf water content decreased as water stress increased, the differences among the treatments were small, indicating that cotton has high ability in maintaining water in leaf. The stomatal density increased as water stress increased, while the maximum stomatal aperture reduced only in the severest stressed plants. The time of the maximum stomatal aperture was delayed in the mild and severe stressed plants. When severe stress occurred, the stomata were kept open until the transpiration decreased to nearly zero, suggesting that the stomata might not be the main factor in adjusting transpiration in cotton. Cotton plant has high adaptation ability to water stress conditions because of decrease in both stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance from soil-to-leaf pathway. The actual quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ） decreased under water stress conditions, while the maximum quantum yield of PS Ⅱ did not vary among treatments, suggesting that PS II would not be damaged by water stress. The total dry weight reduced as water stress increased.
基金This research was granted by Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientist Award(JT01-02)a part of Knowledge Innovation Project from Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-SW-416-3).
文摘Digital plant canopy imager and photosynthesis analyzer system were used to analyze thecharacteristics of canopy structure, photosynthetic physiology and micro-environmentalfactors at R4-R5 stage in different yielding soybean cultivars or lines with differentmaturities. The results showed that the common characteristics of high yielding soybeancultivars were high LAI, uniform foliage distribution in all horizontal directions, lessvariance of photosynthetic rate between top and bottom leaves in canopy and relativelyhigher photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy. All these characters combined in allresulted in higher canopy photosynthetic productivity, and pod number, seed number andseed weight per plant, especially pod and seed number in top and middle canopy wereincreased. The characters of high yielding canopy varied among maturities. Light interceptionwas more important to early cultivars. Less foliage inclination angle was benefit tointercept more solar energy during yield formation. As late soybean cultivars had a moreclosure canopy and higher LAI, greater foliage inclination angle in all layers of highyielding canopy made more solar radiation penetrate into canopy, which was beneficial toyield formation.
文摘The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors including meteorological factors, soil nutritionand altitudes were received and used for statistical analysis. The step-wise regressionwas used to screen the correlated factors, which significantly effected isoflavonecontents. Results showed that 9 eco-physiological factors were highly correlated withisoflavones. Low mean temperature, high diurnal temperature range at seed filling andmaturity, more sunlight hours and low mean temperature at emergence were favorable toisoflavone accumulation. The rainfall at emergence showed a nonlinear relationship withisoflavone content and its optimum value was 75 mm for isoflavone formation. Low diurnaltemperature range at branching, high organic matter and low sulfur content in soil weresuitable for the formation of isoflavones. The isoflavone contents would not be affectedby other eco-physiological factors in this study.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32070371)the Innovation Team Funds of China West Normal University (No.KCXTD2022-4)+1 种基金the fund of Sichuan Meigu Dafegnding National Nature Reserve (No.mgdfd2022-13)Sichuan Micang Mountain National Nature Reserve (No.N5108212022000043)。
文摘The regeneration of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.is poor in the understory and in open areas due to the charac-teristics of natural regeneration of the species on forest edges and in gaps.It is unclear whether different light intensities in various habitats affect eco-physiological characteristics of saplings and their natural regeneration.In this study,the light intensity in T.sinense habitats was simulated by artificial shading(L1:100%NS(natural sunlight)in the open;L2:50%NS in a forest gap or edge;L3:10%NS in understory)to investigate differences in morphology,leaf structure,physiology,and photosynthesis of 2-year-old sap-lings,and to analyze the mechanism of light intensity on sapling establishment.Significant differences were observed in morphology(including leaf area,and specific leaf area)under different light intensities.Compared to L1 and L3,chloroplast structure in L2 was intact.With increasing time,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in L2 became gradually higher than under the other light intensities,while malondialdehyde(MDA)content was opposite.Shading decreased osmoregulation substance contents of leaves but increased chlorophyll.The results suggest that light intensities significantly affect the eco-physiological characteristics of T.sinense saplings and they would respond most favorably at intermediate levels of light by optimizing eco-physiological characteristics.Therefore,50%natural sunlight should be created to promote saplings establishment and population recovery of T.sinense during in situ conservation,including sowing mature seeds in forest edges or gaps and providing appropriate shade protection for seedlings and saplings in the open.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171770)Natural Science Foundation Program of Jilin Provincial Department of Education(No.JJKH20230074KJ).
文摘Rhododendron micranthum Turcz.is a shrub esteemed for its ornamental and medicinal attributes within the Changbai Mountain range of China.We selected 3-year saplings and subjected them to four distinct light condi-tions:full light(CK),70%light(L1),50%light(L2),and 30%light(L3)to investigate variations in morphology,photosynthetic responses,stomatal ultrastructure as well as the mechanisms through which these saplings adapt to differing lighting environments.The results indicate that L2 leaves exhibit significantly greater length,width,and petiole development compared to other treatments across varying intensities.Over time,chlorophyll content and PSII levels in L2-treated saplings surpass those observed in other treatments;Proline(PRO),malondialdehyde(MDA),and soluble protein(SP)contents are markedly lower under L2 treatment.Catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)demonstrate significant correlations across various light con-ditions but respond differently among treatments,indicat-ing distinct species sensitivities to light intensity while both contribute to environmental stress resistance mechanisms.Findings reveal that R.micranthum saplings at 50%light intensity benefit from enhanced protection via antioxidant enzymes,and shading reduces osmotic adjustment sub-stances yet increases chlorophyll content.Stomatal length/width along with conductance rates and net photosynthesis rates for L2 exceed those of CK,suggesting an improved photosynthetic structure conducive to efficient photosynthe-sis under this condition.Thus,moderate shading represents optimal growth at 50%illumination,a critical factor promot-ing sapling development.This research elucidates the ideal environment for R.micranthum adaptation to varying light conditions supporting future conservation initiatives.
基金The project was supported by National Key Basic Development of China (G1999043400) and the grant KZCX-406-4 KZCX1SW01 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.
基金The project was supported by National Key Basic Development of China (G1999043400) and the grant KZCX-406-4 KZCX1SW01 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Eco-physiological responses of seedlings of eight species, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Populus ussuriensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Traxinus mandshurica and Acer mono from broadleaved/Korean pine forest, to elevated CO2 were studied by using open-top chambers under natural sunlight in Changbai Mountain, China in two growing seasons (1998-1999). Two concentrations of CO2 were designed: elevated CO2 (700 祄olmol-1) and ambient CO2 (400 祄olmol-1). The study results showed that the height growth of the tree seedlings grown at elevated CO2 increased by about 10%-40% compared to those grown at ambient CO2. And the water using efficiency of seedlings also followed the same tendency. However, the responses of seedlings in transpiration and chlorophyll content to elevated CO2 varied with tree species. The broad-leaf tree species were more sensitive to the elevated CO2 than conifer tree species. All seedlings showed a photosynthetic acclimation to long-term elevated CO2.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771719)+2 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2014AA10A605)strategic funding the Biological and Biotechnological Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdomthe Designing Future Wheat Strategic Program(BB/P016855/1)。
文摘Temperature of a plant organ constitutes an integrative index to its eco-physiological properties and status.However,little attempt has been made to dissect the combined effect of ecological and physiological factors on the surface temperature of a plant organ such as the rice spikelet.In this study,using a deactivated plant as reference,we developed a novel comparison method to dissect the environmental and physiological effects on temperature of rice spikelet.Three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting canopy features were used as testing materials.Temperatures of flag leaf,superior and inferior spikelets and their diurnal rhythm during grain filling stage were precisely measured by a hand-held infrared thermometer.The results showed that the variation of environmental conditions within a panicle was relatively minor,posing a limited influence on temperature difference between the superior and inferior spikelet.On the other hand,it was the intrinsic physiological properties that considerably affected the spatial variations of spikelet temperature within a panicle.Chemical analysis of sucrose and starch in grains and bracts indicated that the superior spikelet is more physiologically active at photosynthetic assimilation and starch biosynthesis.Interestingly,sugar in bracts exhibited a pattern of diurnal changes similar to the source leaf but different from the sink grain,confirming that bracts are source organs for grain filling.Our findings yield penetrating insight into the eco-physiological foundation of spikelet temperature,thus being helpful for the application of physiological approaches in crop breeding for cooler canopy.
基金This study was conducted under the auspices of the Pakistan and German Collaborative Project(No.1-308/ILPU/HEC/2009)"Biochemical,Eco-Physiological,Anato-mical,and Morphological Stress Responses of Cash-Crop Halophytes"funded by the Higher Education Comission,Pakistan.Zainul Abideen would like to thank the Institute of Plant Ecology,Justus-Liebig University and the Institute of Botany,Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Germany for the use of their facilities.
文摘Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biochar+1.5%compost)on the performance of Phragmites karka plants grown on a synthetic nutrient-poor sandy clay soil(50% sand,30% clay,and 20% gravel).Indicators of plant performance,such as growth,lignocellulosic biomass,water status(leaf water potential,osmotic potential,and turgor potential),mineral nutrition status,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyll fluorescence,and soil respiration(carbon dioxide(CO2)flux)were assessed under greenhouse conditions.Biochar-treated plants had higher growth rates and lignocellulosic biomass production than control plants with no biochar and no compost.There was also a significant increase in soil respiration in the treatments with biochar,which stimulated microbial interactions.The increase in soil water-holding capacity after biochar amendment caused significant improvements in plant water status and plant ion(K^+,Mg^2+,and Ca^2+)contents,leading to an increase in net photosynthesis and a higher energy-use efficiency of photosystem II.Biochar-treated plants had lower oxidative stress,increased water-use efficiency,and decreased soil respiration,and the biochar-compost mixture resulted in even greater improvements in growth,leaf turgor potential,photosynthesis,nutrient content,and soil gas exchange.Our results suggest that biochar and compost promote plant growth with respect to nutrient uptake,water balance,and photosynthetic system efficiency.In summary,both the soil amendments studied could increase opportunities for P.karka to sequester CO2 and produce more fodder bio-active compounds and biomass for bio-energy on nutrient-poor degraded soils.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30872000 and 41071203)partially supported by the Project of Knowledge Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZXZ-YW-33)Sichuan Foundation of Excellent Young Scientists (No. 2010JQ0026)
文摘A soil temperature control system was designed for sapling study in alpine region and tested in summer, 2009. The system consisted of a power switch, voltage regulator, microcomputer timer, safety relays, temperature control device, temperature sensors, heating cables, fireproofing plastic pipes (PVC), 108 heavy-duty plastic containers and seedlings. The heating cables were held in six 2-layer PVC frames with 25 cm wide, 320 cm long and 25 cm high and three 1-layer frames with 25 cm wide and 320 cm long for 15°C soil temperature treatment, half of the 2-layer frames were used for 20°C and 25°C soil temperature treatments, respectively. Each of the frames was installed at each of ditches with 30 cm wide, 330 cm long and 30 cm deep in size. 12 seedling containers with 20 cm top diameter, 18cm bottom diameter and 25 cm high were homogenously placed at each of the ditches, and spaces between the containers were filled with natural soil. The system was economic, and could increase soil temperatures obviously and uniformly, the maximal and minimal standard errors of soil temperatures were ±0.28 and ±0.05°C at 10cm depth in the containers within each of all the ditches. In the system, aboveground environment was natural, diurnal and monthly soil temperatures varied with changing air temperature, the research results may be better to know the eco-physiological and growth responses of alpine saplings/seedlings to soil warming than that in greenhouse, laboratory, infrared heat lamp and open top chamber.
基金supported the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No.2007BAD46B03)
文摘The combined stress of drought, high temperature and excessive light characterizes the desert area. In order to survive the desert habitat, desert shrubs have evolved a number of special eco-physiological mechanisms to resist environmental stress during long-term evolution. In this paper, adaptation mechanisms of desert shrubs to environmental stress are reviewed in terms of morphological structure, water potential, photosynthesis and water use efficiency, transpiration and stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment and anti-oxidation protection. In addition, some suggestions for future research are proposed.
文摘Selecting plants adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of specific locations is essential for environmental protection and economic sustainability of agricultural and pastoral systems. This is particularly true for countries like China with a diversity of climates and soils and intended uses. Currently, proper species selection is difficult due to the absence of computer-based selection tools. Climate and soil GIS layers, matched with a matrix of plant characteristics through rules describing species tolerances would greatly improve the selection process. Better matching will reduce environmental hazards and economic risks associated with sub-optimal plant selection and performance. GIS-based climate and soil maps have been developed for China. A matrix of quantitative species tolerances has been developed for example forage species and used in combination with an internet map server that allows customized map creation. A web-based decision support system has been developed to provide current information and links to original data sources, supplementary materials, and selection strategies.
文摘In the present article,the author posits that the perception that animals apparently display a strategy of avoiding detection by means of camouflage—i.e.,by disguising themselves in the natural colours of their environment—is not the actual case in nature but,rather,merely anecdotal.Animal coloration is mainly a-biotic(eco-physiological)and not biotic(camouflage).The contention regarding the absence of the phenomenon of camouflage among animals as a common evolutionary response is based on three arguments:(1)that reflecting the natural colours of the environment is linked to ecophysiology;(2)that predator and prey constitute“an evolutionary pair”and,accordingly,they know how to identify one another(in order to survive they employ different strategies,of which camouflage is not one of them);and (3)that the approach of relating animal camouflage to reflecting the colours of the environment is an anthropocentric one.Rather than the accepted biotic-ethological approach(colour camouflage),the present article suggests the recognition of a-biotic and eco-physiological conditions as a distinct research field,whose title“Reflection of environmental colours by animals”,along with this article,calls for eco-physiologists to demonstrate that this approach indeed offers a special contribution to the understanding of colouration in animals.
基金BS and DBM were supported by NSF Macrosystems(Grant EF-1241848)FRM was supported by PAPIIT UNAM 210116YQ was supported by China’s Biodiversity Observation Network(Sino-BON).
文摘Determining the susceptibility of species to changing thermal niches is a major goal for biologists.In this paper we develop an eco-physiological model of extinction risk under climate change premised on behavioral thermoregulation.Our method downscales operative environmental temperatures,which restrict hours of activity of lizards,hr,for present-day climate(1975)and future climate scenarios(2070).We apply our model using occurrence records of 20 Phrynocephalus lizards(or taxa in species complexes)drawn from literature and museum records.Our analysis is phylogenetically informed,because some clades may be more sensitive to rising temperatures.The limits for computed hr predict local extirpations among Phrynocephalus lizards at continental scales and delineate upper boundaries of thermal niches as defined by Extreme Value Distributions.Under the 8.5 Representative Concentration Pathway scenario,we predict extirpation of 64%of local populations by 2070 across 20 Phrynocephalus species,and 12 are at high risk of total extinction due to thermal limits being exceeded.In tandem with global strategies of lower CO_(2) emissions,we propose regional strategies for establishing new national parks to protect extinction-prone taxa by preserving high-elevation climate refugia within existing sites of species occurrence.We propose that evolved acclimatization–maternal plasticity–may ameliorate risk,but is poorly studied.Previous studies revealed that adaptive maternal plasticity by thermoregulating gravid females alter progeny thermal preferences by±1℃.We describe plasticity studies for extinction-prone species that could assess whether they might be buffered from climate warming–a self-rescue.We discuss an epigenetic framework for studying such maternal-effect evolution.
文摘Bio-loggers are miniaturized autonomous devices that record quantitative data on the state of free-ranging ani-mals(e.g.behavior,position and physiology)and their natural environment.This is especially relevant for spe-cies where direct visual observation is difficult or impossible.Today,ongoing technical development allows the monitoring of numerous parameters in an increasing range of species over extended periods.However,the ex-ternal attachment of devices might affect various aspects of animal performance(energetics,thermoregulation,foraging as well as social and reproductive behavior),which ultimately affect fitness.External attachment might also increase entanglement risk and the conspicuousness of animals,leaving them more vulnerable to preda-tion.By contrast,implantation of devices can mitigate many of these undesirable effects and might be prefera-ble,especially for long-term studies,provided that the many challenges associated with surgical procedures can be mastered.Implantation may then allow us to gather data that would be impossible to obtain otherwise and thereby may provide new and ecologically relevant insights into the life of wild animals.Here,we:(i)discuss the pros and cons of attachment methods;(ii)highlight recent field studies that used implanted bio-loggers to address eco-physiological questions in a wide range of species;and(iii)discuss logger implantation in light of ethical considerations.
文摘Background:Variable retention(aggregated and dispersed retention)harvesting proposed for Nothofagus pumilio was designed for timber purposes and biodiversity conservation.Harvesting by opening canopy generates different microenvironments and creates contrasting conditions for seedling establishment,growth,and eco-physiology performance due to synergies(positives or negatives)with biotic and abiotic factors.This study evaluated the regeneration in different microenvironment conditions within managed stands during 5 years after harvesting.Remnant forest structure after harvesting and different microenvironments were characterized in managed stands,where 105 regeneration plots were measured(3 stands×7 microenvironments×5 replicas).We characterized the seedling bank,as well as growth and ecophysiology performance of the regeneration.Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted for the comparisons.Results:Microenvironments offered different environmental conditions for natural regeneration(soil moisture and light availability).Seedling under debris and dicot plants showed better eco-physiological performance,establishment,and growth than plants growing under monocots or located in the dispersed retention without the protection of other understory plants.The most unfavorable microenvironment conditions were high canopy cover of remnant trees(inside the aggregates or close to trees in the dispersed retention)and heavily impacted areas(skidder extraction roads).Conclusions:Favorable microenvironments in the harvested areas will improve the natural recruitment,growth,and eco-physiology performance of the natural regeneration after harvesting.It is necessary to develop new silvicultural practices that decrease the unfavorable microenvironments(e.g.,road density or excessive woody accumulation),to assure the success of the proposed silvicultural method.
