[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Echi-nacea purpurea polysaccharides （EPS） on proliferation of rat intestinal epithelial cel IEC-6. [Method] The proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel s cu...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Echi-nacea purpurea polysaccharides （EPS） on proliferation of rat intestinal epithelial cel IEC-6. [Method] The proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel s cultured in EPS at different concentrations and for different time was measured by MTT assay and analyzed by statistic methods. [Result] The proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel s cultured in EPS at al the concentrations and for different time was improved by different extents in com-parison with the control. In detail, 50 and 200 μg/ml EPS greatly improved the IEC-6 cel proliferation after 24 h of culture; then, the cel proliferation rate in the two treatments increased from 24 to 48 h, and declined from 48 to 72 h. The cel pro-liferation was also significantly improved by culturing in 100 μg/ml EPS for 72 h and in 500 μg/ml EPS for 48 h. After 48 h of culture, the proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel increased in a EPS dose-dependent manner. [Conclusion] EPS can promote IEC-6 cel proliferation, and thus improve the intestinal mucosal absorption and immune function of rat.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effect of Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide （EPS） on IL-6 mRNA expression level in IEC-6 cell after lipopolysac- charide （LPS） injury. [Method] Total RNA of IEC-6 cell wa...[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effect of Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide （EPS） on IL-6 mRNA expression level in IEC-6 cell after lipopolysac- charide （LPS） injury. [Method] Total RNA of IEC-6 cell was extracted with TRIzon reagent and amplified by R-r-PCR. The amplification products were examined by a- garose gel electrophoresis and graphed for analysis. [Result] After stimulation by LPS, the IL-6 mRNA expression level in iEC-6 cell increased. However, EPS could inhibit this effect, and the inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. At the concentration of 50 μg/ml, EPS could partially inhibit the IL-6 mRNA expression in IEC-6 cell after LPS stimulation; in the concentration range of 100-500 μg/ml, the inhibitory effect of EPS on IL-6 mRNA expression in iEC-6 cell increased with the increase of con- centration. When the IEC-6 cell was pre-treated with EPS （50, 100, 200 and 500 μg/ml） for 24 h and then stimulated with LPS （10 μg/ml） for 1 and 4 h, respectively, it was found that the LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6 in IEC-6 cell was in- hibited by EPS, and this kind of inhibitory effect was time-dependent. [Conclusion] After small intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated by LPS, the IL-6 mRNA expres- sion level increased. However, EPS could inhibit the LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6, thus protecting the intestinal mucosa. In addition, this kind of inhibitory effect showed time and concentration dependence.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate effects of Echinacea compound on the immune function of weaned piglets. [Method] Eighty Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred piglets were randomly divided into four groups...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate effects of Echinacea compound on the immune function of weaned piglets. [Method] Eighty Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred piglets were randomly divided into four groups： control group （drug-free group）, 1.5% close group, 1.0% dose group and 0.5% dose group. Blood samples of piglets were collected at 20, 35, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days old, respective- ly, to determine neutrophil leukocyte percentage in peripheral blood, lymphocyte trapsformation rate and the levels of antibodies against classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome disorder. [Result] Applying a certain dose of Echinacea compound could significantly increase neutrophil leukocyte per- centage in peripheral blood and lymphocyte transformation rate （P〈0.05）, and ex- tremely significantly improve the levels of antibodies against classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome disorder （P〈0.01）. [Conclusion] Echi- nacea compound has played a certain role in promoting nonspecific and specific im- mune function of piglets.展开更多
Objective: Assessing adverse drug reactions(ADRs) is a proven method to estimate the safety of medicines. The ADRs to herbal medicines in Australia(and by inference, the safety of herbal medicines in Australia) remain...Objective: Assessing adverse drug reactions(ADRs) is a proven method to estimate the safety of medicines. The ADRs to herbal medicines in Australia(and by inference, the safety of herbal medicines in Australia) remain unknown. This study examines spontaneous ADR cases to four of the most popular herbs in Australia from 2000 to 2015: echinacea(Echinacea purpurea), valerian(Valeriana officinalis), black cohosh(Actaea racemosa) and ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba).Methods: ADRs of echinacea, valerian, black cohosh and ginkgo reported to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) between 2000 and 2015 were obtained from the TGA database. Data were collated and analysed according to age, sex, severity, type of ADR and body system affected. Statistics were calculated using Graph Pad Prism software.Results: Most ADRs were mild or moderate. However, every herbal medicine was associated with lifethreatening ADRs. In each life-threatening case, the herbal medicine was taken concomitantly with prescription medications. Black cohosh was associated with a significant number of severe ADRs(30.3% of the total), with 39.4% of these ADRs being associated with abnormal hepatic function, hepatitis or hepatotoxicity.Conclusion: This study highlights the lack of public awareness with regard to herb–drug interactions,since most of the severe ADRs involved a herb–drug interaction.展开更多
Objective:Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups.They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities.Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varie...Objective:Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups.They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities.Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varieties of Echinacea are similar to or better than those of the wild ones and the relationship between the accumulation of polyphenols and their antioxidant activities are still not clear.Methods:Folin-Ciocalteu method,high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay,ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid(ABTS)radical scavenging assay,and Fe^(2+)chelating ability assay were used,respectively,to detect the total polyphenols and 5 kinds of caffeic acid derivatives(chicoric acid,caffeic acid,caftaric acid,chlorogenic acid,and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid)in the roots,stems,leaves,and flowers,and the antioxidant activities of 3 varieties of Echinacea:E.purpurea L.,cultivar E.purpurea'Aloha',and E.purpurea'White Swan'.Results:E.purpurea L.had the highest contents of total polyphenols,5 caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activities,followed by E.purpurea'White Swan'and E.purpurea'Aloha',respectively.E.purpurea'White Swan'had the strongest ability to remove the DPPH,ABTS·^(+)and free radicals,and to chelate Fe^(2+);E.purpurea L.had the strongest ability to reduce FRAP.The correlation analyses revealed that the contents of total polyphenols and caffeic acid derivatives of E.purpurea L.and E.purpurea'White Swan'were correlated with their antioxidant activities.Conclusion:E.purpurea L.was the most appropriate material for the development of medicinal plants.E.purpurea'White Swan'could be used as a substitute for E.purpurea L.in terms of its antioxidant activity.展开更多
Cichoric acid is the main phenolic compound in the root and rhizome of the medicinal part, Echinacea purpurea that is known for possessing immune enhancing characteristics. In this study, we analysis the the synthesis...Cichoric acid is the main phenolic compound in the root and rhizome of the medicinal part, Echinacea purpurea that is known for possessing immune enhancing characteristics. In this study, we analysis the the synthesis and storage sites of phenolic compound in E. purpurea. We used fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical and immunocytochemical localization to observe the distribution of phenolic compounds. Our results show that the phenolic compounds were mostly distributed in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and mainly present in the vacuoles, large intercellular spaces and their surrounding cell walls. No phenolic compounds were observed in the cytoplasm and the organelles. We concluded that the phenolic compounds were synthetized in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and stored in the vacuoles of parenchyma cells. The above results provided significantly cytological information for further approaching the metabolic regulation and transfer pathways of phenolic compounds in biochemistry and molecular biology.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper aimed to study the effects of Echinacea polysaccharide on secretion of IL-8mRNA by LPS-injured IEC-6 cells, in order to figure out the mechanism of EPS on injured cells. MethodI Total RNA was e...[ Objective] The paper aimed to study the effects of Echinacea polysaccharide on secretion of IL-8mRNA by LPS-injured IEC-6 cells, in order to figure out the mechanism of EPS on injured cells. MethodI Total RNA was extracted with TRlzon reagent. IL-8 mRNA was amplified by RT-PCR and detected by agar- ose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, electrophoresis and image was analyzed. [ Result] The 50 μg/mL EPS could partially inhibit IL-8 mRNA level produced by -stimulated IEC-6; with the increasing concentration of EPS （200 and 500 μg/mL） , the inhibitory effect against IL-8 mRNA gradually enhanced. IEC-6 was pretreated by 50, 100,200 and 500 μg/mL EPS for ：24 h, then stimulated by 10 μg/ml 1,PS for 1 and 4 h, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expres- sion of 1L-8 mRNA induced by LPS was effectively inhibited by EPS; the inhibitory effect of EPS on expression of IL-8mRNA after stimulated by LPS for 4 h was more intense and the expression concentration was lower; the inhibitory rate at 4 h was higher than that at I h. [ Conclusion] EPS protected intestinal mucosa by inhibiting secretion of IL-8 mRNA by LPS-stimulated cells, and the inhibition of EPS was dependent to concentration and time.展开更多
[ Objective ] This study was conducted to investigate Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） on expression of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） under injury of intestinal epithelial cells （IEC-6） by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）...[ Objective ] This study was conducted to investigate Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） on expression of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） under injury of intestinal epithelial cells （IEC-6） by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）, so as to discuss the action mechanism of EPS to injured cells. [Method] Total DNA was extracted with TRIzon reagent, TNF-α mRNA was amplified, and the amplification products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and imaging. [Result] 50 μg/ml EPS could partially inhibited the production of IL-α mRNA by IEC-6 under the stimulation of LPS, while the inhibition of 2（10 and 500 μg/ml EPS on the level of IL-1α mRNA gradually increased with the concentration increasing; and IEC-6 cells pretreated with 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml EPS for 24 h and then stimulated by 10 μml IPS for 1 and 4 h were analyzed by RT-PCR method, and it was found that the expression of IL-α mRNA induced by LPS could be effectively inhibited by EPS, and the inhibition rate at 4 h was higher than that at 1 h. [ Conclusion] EPS could play its role of protecting intestinal mucosa by inhibiting the secretion of IL-1α mRNA by cells under the stimulation of LPS, and such inhibition effects of EPS had concentration dependency and time dependency.展开更多
[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） in treatment of various bacterial infection and reduction of inflammation, so as to provide a theoretical basis fo...[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） in treatment of various bacterial infection and reduction of inflammation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinic application of EPS. [ Method ] Nuclear protein extracted from six groups, the normal control group, the simple lipopolysaccharide （LPS） group and the EPS （ with concentrations of 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml, respectively） ＋ LPS groups was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and pIkB-α protein contents in the extracts were analyzed by Coomassie brilliant blue （CBB） staining and Western-Blot method. [ Result] The simple LPS group showed the highest pIkB-α protein level, and in the EPS concentration range of 0 -200 μg/ml, the expression level of pIkB-α pro- tein was improved with the increase of EPS concentration. [ Conclusion The expression level of pIkB-α protein was improved under the simulation of IEC-6 by LPS, while EPS could effectively inhibit the expression of pIkB-α protein. The expression level of pIkB-α was the lowest in the LPS ＋500 μg/ml EPS group.展开更多
The extraction yields, active compounds and antioxidant properties of 50%-aqueous-ethanolic extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea purpurea flower with multi-steps and multi-batches extraction methods were assessed. In mu...The extraction yields, active compounds and antioxidant properties of 50%-aqueous-ethanolic extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea purpurea flower with multi-steps and multi-batches extraction methods were assessed. In multi-steps extraction, the extraction yields of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts were 21.52%, 9.33%, and 2.90%, and their total phenols contents were 182.08, 176.33, and 177.08 mg CAE/g, respectively, with cichoric acid (62.07 - 66.57 mg/g) being the main phenolic compound. No differences in the contents of individual and total caffeic acids derivates existed among 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts. The dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10(E/Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (alkamide 8/9) contents of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts were 505.38, 598.61, and 585.99 µg/g, respectively. In multi-batches extraction, the extracted dry weight increased with increasing the sample batches, with the extraction yields and alkamide 8/9 contents of samples decreased from 19.93% to 12.98% and 534.36 to 269.76 µg/g, respectively. The total phenol (177.25 - 186.92 mg CAE/g), individual and total caffeic acid derivatives (85.99 - 95.06 mg/g) contents of extracts among different sample batches were not significantly different, with cichoric acid (63.66 - 70.31 mg/g) being the main phenolic compound. All the prepared extracts also exhibited potent antioxidant properties. Overall, the two-step sequential extraction is desirable for extracting bioactive compounds from freeze-dried E. purpurea flower.展开更多
The plant growth regulator diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) has proved highly effective on micropropagation of the medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench), however, sharp variation of the...The plant growth regulator diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) has proved highly effective on micropropagation of the medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench), however, sharp variation of the effects existed among explants in the same treatment, making the application of DA-6 in micropropagation difficult. In order to clarify factors that influencing the treating results of DA-6, explants with different biomass dosage were prepared and inoculated onto medium supplemented with different concentrations of DA-6. It was found that among the three kinds of biomass dosage explants, the lowest biomass explants required the lowest concentration of DA-6, and the highest biomass explants required the highest concentration of DA-6 for the best results on adventitious buds regeneration. Similar results were obtained when regenerated buds of three different biomass dosages were cultured. It could be concluded from the above experimental results that for achieving better DA-6 application results, the concentration of DA-6 should be determined not only by the types but also by the biomass dosage of the explants. The present finding might help to improve the micropropagation efficiency in E. purpurea, and might be applicable for other species展开更多
Anthersisolated from tetraploid purple coneflowerplants were cultured in vitro. The highest callus induction rate was obtained when the medium was consisted of N6 basal elements, 4% sucrose, 0.5 mg?L?1 BA, and 0.10 mg...Anthersisolated from tetraploid purple coneflowerplants were cultured in vitro. The highest callus induction rate was obtained when the medium was consisted of N6 basal elements, 4% sucrose, 0.5 mg?L?1 BA, and 0.10 mg?L?1 NAA. Various morphogenesis such as globular, heart-shape, torpedo-shapeand final state embryos as well asvarious texture calluses around were observed. Out of 110 plantlets regenerated, 104 were confirmed as diploid and the rest were as tetraploid. Plants of one diploid offspring strain presented aspecialcharacter in pot: unlike the original tetraploid plants, it grown tubular, bisexual ray florets. The results obtained in the present studies indicated that although the tetraploid purple coneflower plants produced only diploid microspores, the recovery of some useful mutants through in vitro anther cultures might be reasonably expected.展开更多
Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) is an immunostimulating drug, containing multiple substances. The most important substance in activity is polysaccharide, caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid), alkamides and ...Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) is an immunostimulating drug, containing multiple substances. The most important substance in activity is polysaccharide, caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid), alkamides and glycoproteins. It is not clear yet, which substances are responsible for activity. Cichoric acid is an appropriate marker of the quality of Echinacea purpurea containing product, because it has immune stimulatory effects and it is susceptible to degradation. In this study a TLC scanner system and HPLC method has been used for identification and determination of cichoric acid in aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea. The results showed that the cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea cultivated in Iran is about 1.50 ±0.65% (w/w) which is comparable with cichoric acid content in native plants. The local conditions have no significant effect on cichoric acid content as a biomarker of Echinacea purpurea quality.展开更多
Mannitol or sorbitol was added into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium contain-ing certain concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) which was used to induce adventi-tious buds of Echinacea purpurea L. Results showed th...Mannitol or sorbitol was added into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium contain-ing certain concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) which was used to induce adventi-tious buds of Echinacea purpurea L. Results showed that the induced adventitious buds growing from medium added with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or sorbitol of the same con-centration were more consistent in height. The regeneration rates in MS medium containing 0.2 mg·L-1 BA and 15 g·L-1 mannitol were increased, while in MS medium containing 0.2 and 0.5 mg·L-1 BA, and 15 g·L-1 sorbitol, the regeneration rates were suppressed. On the other hand, genotype of explants and the concentration of BA in-fluenced the incidence of hyperhydricity, and the hyperhydricity of regenerated buds was more severe when the petiole explants were inoculated on medium with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or 15 g·L-1 sorbitol. The present study offers new possibility to the production of uniform plantlets for commercial cultivation in this important medicinal plant.展开更多
Objective:In order to elucidate the biological activity of the Co-cultured adventitious roots(ARs) of Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea and provide theoretical basis for its application,and the antiinflammatory...Objective:In order to elucidate the biological activity of the Co-cultured adventitious roots(ARs) of Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea and provide theoretical basis for its application,and the antiinflammatory activities and potential mechanisms of Co-cultured ARs were studied.Methods:The experimental materials were obtained by bioreactor co-culture technology and used in the activity research.In this study,mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were used as in vitro model.Different concentrations of AR extract(50-400 g/mL) were used to treat cells.The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) phosphorylation,and the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B-a levels were determined by the Western blot analysis.Results:In the co-cultured ARs,total flavonoids and total caffeic acid were determined,and the contents of both bioactive compounds were significantly higher than those ARs from the single-species culture.Compared with the control group,the large amount of pro-inflammatory mediators was released after LPS stimulation.However,in the extract groups with different concentrations(25,50,and 100 g/mL),the production of these pro-inflammatory mediators was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,the levels of phosphorylation of MAPK proteins,including p-p38, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase,and p-extracellular regulated protein kinases were significantly(P <0.05) decreased in the extract groups,revealing that the AR extract probably involved in regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.Conclusion:Collectively,our findings suggested that the co-cultured ARs of E.pallida and E.purpurea can inhibit production of pro-inflammatory mediators in mouse peritoneal macrophages and possess the anti-inflammatory effect by regulating MAPK signaling pathways.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472230)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)+1 种基金Fund of Department of Science and Technology of Hebei Province(14966610D,12220408D)Fund from Hebei Provincial Department of Education for Hundreds of Outstanding Innovative Talents(II)(ZH2011244,Q2012037)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Echi-nacea purpurea polysaccharides （EPS） on proliferation of rat intestinal epithelial cel IEC-6. [Method] The proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel s cultured in EPS at different concentrations and for different time was measured by MTT assay and analyzed by statistic methods. [Result] The proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel s cultured in EPS at al the concentrations and for different time was improved by different extents in com-parison with the control. In detail, 50 and 200 μg/ml EPS greatly improved the IEC-6 cel proliferation after 24 h of culture; then, the cel proliferation rate in the two treatments increased from 24 to 48 h, and declined from 48 to 72 h. The cel pro-liferation was also significantly improved by culturing in 100 μg/ml EPS for 72 h and in 500 μg/ml EPS for 48 h. After 48 h of culture, the proliferation rate of IEC-6 cel increased in a EPS dose-dependent manner. [Conclusion] EPS can promote IEC-6 cel proliferation, and thus improve the intestinal mucosal absorption and immune function of rat.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472230)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)Project of Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province(14966610D)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effect of Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide （EPS） on IL-6 mRNA expression level in IEC-6 cell after lipopolysac- charide （LPS） injury. [Method] Total RNA of IEC-6 cell was extracted with TRIzon reagent and amplified by R-r-PCR. The amplification products were examined by a- garose gel electrophoresis and graphed for analysis. [Result] After stimulation by LPS, the IL-6 mRNA expression level in iEC-6 cell increased. However, EPS could inhibit this effect, and the inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. At the concentration of 50 μg/ml, EPS could partially inhibit the IL-6 mRNA expression in IEC-6 cell after LPS stimulation; in the concentration range of 100-500 μg/ml, the inhibitory effect of EPS on IL-6 mRNA expression in iEC-6 cell increased with the increase of con- centration. When the IEC-6 cell was pre-treated with EPS （50, 100, 200 and 500 μg/ml） for 24 h and then stimulated with LPS （10 μg/ml） for 1 and 4 h, respectively, it was found that the LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6 in IEC-6 cell was in- hibited by EPS, and this kind of inhibitory effect was time-dependent. [Conclusion] After small intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated by LPS, the IL-6 mRNA expres- sion level increased. However, EPS could inhibit the LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6, thus protecting the intestinal mucosa. In addition, this kind of inhibitory effect showed time and concentration dependence.
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(31472230)Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)+2 种基金Project of Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province(14966610D)Project of Shijiazhuang Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(131200063A)Support Program of 100 Outstanding Innovative Talents of Hebei Education Department(ZH2011244)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate effects of Echinacea compound on the immune function of weaned piglets. [Method] Eighty Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred piglets were randomly divided into four groups： control group （drug-free group）, 1.5% close group, 1.0% dose group and 0.5% dose group. Blood samples of piglets were collected at 20, 35, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days old, respective- ly, to determine neutrophil leukocyte percentage in peripheral blood, lymphocyte trapsformation rate and the levels of antibodies against classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome disorder. [Result] Applying a certain dose of Echinacea compound could significantly increase neutrophil leukocyte per- centage in peripheral blood and lymphocyte transformation rate （P〈0.05）, and ex- tremely significantly improve the levels of antibodies against classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome disorder （P〈0.01）. [Conclusion] Echi- nacea compound has played a certain role in promoting nonspecific and specific im- mune function of piglets.
基金the University of Adelaide for funding provided through a divisional scholarship
文摘Objective: Assessing adverse drug reactions(ADRs) is a proven method to estimate the safety of medicines. The ADRs to herbal medicines in Australia(and by inference, the safety of herbal medicines in Australia) remain unknown. This study examines spontaneous ADR cases to four of the most popular herbs in Australia from 2000 to 2015: echinacea(Echinacea purpurea), valerian(Valeriana officinalis), black cohosh(Actaea racemosa) and ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba).Methods: ADRs of echinacea, valerian, black cohosh and ginkgo reported to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration(TGA) between 2000 and 2015 were obtained from the TGA database. Data were collated and analysed according to age, sex, severity, type of ADR and body system affected. Statistics were calculated using Graph Pad Prism software.Results: Most ADRs were mild or moderate. However, every herbal medicine was associated with lifethreatening ADRs. In each life-threatening case, the herbal medicine was taken concomitantly with prescription medications. Black cohosh was associated with a significant number of severe ADRs(30.3% of the total), with 39.4% of these ADRs being associated with abnormal hepatic function, hepatitis or hepatotoxicity.Conclusion: This study highlights the lack of public awareness with regard to herb–drug interactions,since most of the severe ADRs involved a herb–drug interaction.
基金supported by the Technology and Development Project of the Finance Department of Guangdong Province,China(No.[2015]639)the Technology Project of the Educational Commission of Guangdong Province of China(No.[2015]3)。
文摘Objective:Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups.They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities.Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varieties of Echinacea are similar to or better than those of the wild ones and the relationship between the accumulation of polyphenols and their antioxidant activities are still not clear.Methods:Folin-Ciocalteu method,high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay,ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid(ABTS)radical scavenging assay,and Fe^(2+)chelating ability assay were used,respectively,to detect the total polyphenols and 5 kinds of caffeic acid derivatives(chicoric acid,caffeic acid,caftaric acid,chlorogenic acid,and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid)in the roots,stems,leaves,and flowers,and the antioxidant activities of 3 varieties of Echinacea:E.purpurea L.,cultivar E.purpurea'Aloha',and E.purpurea'White Swan'.Results:E.purpurea L.had the highest contents of total polyphenols,5 caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activities,followed by E.purpurea'White Swan'and E.purpurea'Aloha',respectively.E.purpurea'White Swan'had the strongest ability to remove the DPPH,ABTS·^(+)and free radicals,and to chelate Fe^(2+);E.purpurea L.had the strongest ability to reduce FRAP.The correlation analyses revealed that the contents of total polyphenols and caffeic acid derivatives of E.purpurea L.and E.purpurea'White Swan'were correlated with their antioxidant activities.Conclusion:E.purpurea L.was the most appropriate material for the development of medicinal plants.E.purpurea'White Swan'could be used as a substitute for E.purpurea L.in terms of its antioxidant activity.
文摘Cichoric acid is the main phenolic compound in the root and rhizome of the medicinal part, Echinacea purpurea that is known for possessing immune enhancing characteristics. In this study, we analysis the the synthesis and storage sites of phenolic compound in E. purpurea. We used fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cytochemical and immunocytochemical localization to observe the distribution of phenolic compounds. Our results show that the phenolic compounds were mostly distributed in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and mainly present in the vacuoles, large intercellular spaces and their surrounding cell walls. No phenolic compounds were observed in the cytoplasm and the organelles. We concluded that the phenolic compounds were synthetized in the cortex parenchyma cells, vascular parenchyma cells and pith parenchyma cells in the root and rhizome, and stored in the vacuoles of parenchyma cells. The above results provided significantly cytological information for further approaching the metabolic regulation and transfer pathways of phenolic compounds in biochemistry and molecular biology.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31472230)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)Project of Hebei Department of Science and Technology(14966610D)
文摘[ Objective] The paper aimed to study the effects of Echinacea polysaccharide on secretion of IL-8mRNA by LPS-injured IEC-6 cells, in order to figure out the mechanism of EPS on injured cells. MethodI Total RNA was extracted with TRlzon reagent. IL-8 mRNA was amplified by RT-PCR and detected by agar- ose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, electrophoresis and image was analyzed. [ Result] The 50 μg/mL EPS could partially inhibit IL-8 mRNA level produced by -stimulated IEC-6; with the increasing concentration of EPS （200 and 500 μg/mL） , the inhibitory effect against IL-8 mRNA gradually enhanced. IEC-6 was pretreated by 50, 100,200 and 500 μg/mL EPS for ：24 h, then stimulated by 10 μg/ml 1,PS for 1 and 4 h, respectively. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expres- sion of 1L-8 mRNA induced by LPS was effectively inhibited by EPS; the inhibitory effect of EPS on expression of IL-8mRNA after stimulated by LPS for 4 h was more intense and the expression concentration was lower; the inhibitory rate at 4 h was higher than that at I h. [ Conclusion] EPS protected intestinal mucosa by inhibiting secretion of IL-8 mRNA by LPS-stimulated cells, and the inhibition of EPS was dependent to concentration and time.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(31472230)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)Fund from Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province(NO.14966610D)
文摘[ Objective ] This study was conducted to investigate Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） on expression of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） under injury of intestinal epithelial cells （IEC-6） by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）, so as to discuss the action mechanism of EPS to injured cells. [Method] Total DNA was extracted with TRIzon reagent, TNF-α mRNA was amplified, and the amplification products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and imaging. [Result] 50 μg/ml EPS could partially inhibited the production of IL-α mRNA by IEC-6 under the stimulation of LPS, while the inhibition of 2（10 and 500 μg/ml EPS on the level of IL-1α mRNA gradually increased with the concentration increasing; and IEC-6 cells pretreated with 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml EPS for 24 h and then stimulated by 10 μml IPS for 1 and 4 h were analyzed by RT-PCR method, and it was found that the expression of IL-α mRNA induced by LPS could be effectively inhibited by EPS, and the inhibition rate at 4 h was higher than that at 1 h. [ Conclusion] EPS could play its role of protecting intestinal mucosa by inhibiting the secretion of IL-1α mRNA by cells under the stimulation of LPS, and such inhibition effects of EPS had concentration dependency and time dependency.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(31472230)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014407068)Fund from Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province(NO.14966610D)
文摘[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Echinacea polysaccharide （EPS） in treatment of various bacterial infection and reduction of inflammation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinic application of EPS. [ Method ] Nuclear protein extracted from six groups, the normal control group, the simple lipopolysaccharide （LPS） group and the EPS （ with concentrations of 50,100,200 and 500 μg/ml, respectively） ＋ LPS groups was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and pIkB-α protein contents in the extracts were analyzed by Coomassie brilliant blue （CBB） staining and Western-Blot method. [ Result] The simple LPS group showed the highest pIkB-α protein level, and in the EPS concentration range of 0 -200 μg/ml, the expression level of pIkB-α pro- tein was improved with the increase of EPS concentration. [ Conclusion The expression level of pIkB-α protein was improved under the simulation of IEC-6 by LPS, while EPS could effectively inhibit the expression of pIkB-α protein. The expression level of pIkB-α was the lowest in the LPS ＋500 μg/ml EPS group.
文摘The extraction yields, active compounds and antioxidant properties of 50%-aqueous-ethanolic extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea purpurea flower with multi-steps and multi-batches extraction methods were assessed. In multi-steps extraction, the extraction yields of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts were 21.52%, 9.33%, and 2.90%, and their total phenols contents were 182.08, 176.33, and 177.08 mg CAE/g, respectively, with cichoric acid (62.07 - 66.57 mg/g) being the main phenolic compound. No differences in the contents of individual and total caffeic acids derivates existed among 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts. The dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10(E/Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (alkamide 8/9) contents of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd extracts were 505.38, 598.61, and 585.99 µg/g, respectively. In multi-batches extraction, the extracted dry weight increased with increasing the sample batches, with the extraction yields and alkamide 8/9 contents of samples decreased from 19.93% to 12.98% and 534.36 to 269.76 µg/g, respectively. The total phenol (177.25 - 186.92 mg CAE/g), individual and total caffeic acid derivatives (85.99 - 95.06 mg/g) contents of extracts among different sample batches were not significantly different, with cichoric acid (63.66 - 70.31 mg/g) being the main phenolic compound. All the prepared extracts also exhibited potent antioxidant properties. Overall, the two-step sequential extraction is desirable for extracting bioactive compounds from freeze-dried E. purpurea flower.
文摘The plant growth regulator diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) has proved highly effective on micropropagation of the medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench), however, sharp variation of the effects existed among explants in the same treatment, making the application of DA-6 in micropropagation difficult. In order to clarify factors that influencing the treating results of DA-6, explants with different biomass dosage were prepared and inoculated onto medium supplemented with different concentrations of DA-6. It was found that among the three kinds of biomass dosage explants, the lowest biomass explants required the lowest concentration of DA-6, and the highest biomass explants required the highest concentration of DA-6 for the best results on adventitious buds regeneration. Similar results were obtained when regenerated buds of three different biomass dosages were cultured. It could be concluded from the above experimental results that for achieving better DA-6 application results, the concentration of DA-6 should be determined not only by the types but also by the biomass dosage of the explants. The present finding might help to improve the micropropagation efficiency in E. purpurea, and might be applicable for other species
文摘Anthersisolated from tetraploid purple coneflowerplants were cultured in vitro. The highest callus induction rate was obtained when the medium was consisted of N6 basal elements, 4% sucrose, 0.5 mg?L?1 BA, and 0.10 mg?L?1 NAA. Various morphogenesis such as globular, heart-shape, torpedo-shapeand final state embryos as well asvarious texture calluses around were observed. Out of 110 plantlets regenerated, 104 were confirmed as diploid and the rest were as tetraploid. Plants of one diploid offspring strain presented aspecialcharacter in pot: unlike the original tetraploid plants, it grown tubular, bisexual ray florets. The results obtained in the present studies indicated that although the tetraploid purple coneflower plants produced only diploid microspores, the recovery of some useful mutants through in vitro anther cultures might be reasonably expected.
文摘Echinacea purpurea (Purple coneflower) is an immunostimulating drug, containing multiple substances. The most important substance in activity is polysaccharide, caffeic acid derivatives (cichoric acid), alkamides and glycoproteins. It is not clear yet, which substances are responsible for activity. Cichoric acid is an appropriate marker of the quality of Echinacea purpurea containing product, because it has immune stimulatory effects and it is susceptible to degradation. In this study a TLC scanner system and HPLC method has been used for identification and determination of cichoric acid in aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea. The results showed that the cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea cultivated in Iran is about 1.50 ±0.65% (w/w) which is comparable with cichoric acid content in native plants. The local conditions have no significant effect on cichoric acid content as a biomarker of Echinacea purpurea quality.
文摘Mannitol or sorbitol was added into the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium contain-ing certain concentrations of 6-Benzyladenine (BA) which was used to induce adventi-tious buds of Echinacea purpurea L. Results showed that the induced adventitious buds growing from medium added with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or sorbitol of the same con-centration were more consistent in height. The regeneration rates in MS medium containing 0.2 mg·L-1 BA and 15 g·L-1 mannitol were increased, while in MS medium containing 0.2 and 0.5 mg·L-1 BA, and 15 g·L-1 sorbitol, the regeneration rates were suppressed. On the other hand, genotype of explants and the concentration of BA in-fluenced the incidence of hyperhydricity, and the hyperhydricity of regenerated buds was more severe when the petiole explants were inoculated on medium with 15 g·L-1 mannitol or 15 g·L-1 sorbitol. The present study offers new possibility to the production of uniform plantlets for commercial cultivation in this important medicinal plant.
基金supported by grants the Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program (20180101278JC) for the financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370388 and 31660080)。
文摘Objective:In order to elucidate the biological activity of the Co-cultured adventitious roots(ARs) of Echinacea pallida and Echinacea purpurea and provide theoretical basis for its application,and the antiinflammatory activities and potential mechanisms of Co-cultured ARs were studied.Methods:The experimental materials were obtained by bioreactor co-culture technology and used in the activity research.In this study,mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were used as in vitro model.Different concentrations of AR extract(50-400 g/mL) were used to treat cells.The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.The inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) phosphorylation,and the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B-a levels were determined by the Western blot analysis.Results:In the co-cultured ARs,total flavonoids and total caffeic acid were determined,and the contents of both bioactive compounds were significantly higher than those ARs from the single-species culture.Compared with the control group,the large amount of pro-inflammatory mediators was released after LPS stimulation.However,in the extract groups with different concentrations(25,50,and 100 g/mL),the production of these pro-inflammatory mediators was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,the levels of phosphorylation of MAPK proteins,including p-p38, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase,and p-extracellular regulated protein kinases were significantly(P <0.05) decreased in the extract groups,revealing that the AR extract probably involved in regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.Conclusion:Collectively,our findings suggested that the co-cultured ARs of E.pallida and E.purpurea can inhibit production of pro-inflammatory mediators in mouse peritoneal macrophages and possess the anti-inflammatory effect by regulating MAPK signaling pathways.
