Earned duration management(EDM)is a methodology for project schedule management(PSM)that can be considered an alternative to earned value management(EVM).EDM provides an estimation of devia-tions in schedule and a fin...Earned duration management(EDM)is a methodology for project schedule management(PSM)that can be considered an alternative to earned value management(EVM).EDM provides an estimation of devia-tions in schedule and a final project duration estimation.There is a key difference between EDM and EVM:In EDM,the value of activities is expressed as work periods;whereas in EVM,value is expressed in terms of cost.In this paper,we present how EDM can be applied to monitor and control stochastic pro-jects.To explain the methodology,we use a real case study with a project that presents a high level of uncertainty and activities with random durations.We analyze the usability of this approach according to the activities network topology and compare the EVM and earned schedule methodology(ESM)for PSM.展开更多
This paper aims to present a comprehensive proposal for project scheduling and control by applying fuzzy earned value.It goes a step further than the existing literature:in the formulation of the fuzzy earned value we...This paper aims to present a comprehensive proposal for project scheduling and control by applying fuzzy earned value.It goes a step further than the existing literature:in the formulation of the fuzzy earned value we consider not only its duration,but also cost and production,and alternatives in the scheduling between the earliest and latest times.The mathematical model is implemented in a prototypical construction project with all the estimated values taken as fuzzy numbers.Our findings suggest that different possible schedules and the fuzzy arithmetic provide more objective results in uncertain environments than the traditional methodology.The proposed model allows for controlling the vagueness of the environment through the adjustment of the α-cut,adapting it to the specific circumstances of the project.展开更多
"Milan Expo 2015 was opened in Italy on May 1,and the China Pavilion opened on the same day.Since its opening,the China Pavilion has earned wide attention and praise by virtue of its bravo design and sound operat..."Milan Expo 2015 was opened in Italy on May 1,and the China Pavilion opened on the same day.Since its opening,the China Pavilion has earned wide attention and praise by virtue of its bravo design and sound operation services,which has turned into a significant platform for展开更多
Mark Twain was asked one day if he could remember the first money he earned.He thought a long time before answering, and then said, 'Yes, it was at school. I can remember everything about it. Schoolboys in those d...Mark Twain was asked one day if he could remember the first money he earned.He thought a long time before answering, and then said, 'Yes, it was at school. I can remember everything about it. Schoolboys in those days never respected their teachers and never took care of the things of the school. They often damaged their desks. There was a rule in our school that any boy who damaged his desk with a pencil or a knife would be beaten in front of the whole school or would have to pay five dollars.展开更多
Abusiness environment is the soil on which companies depend for survival and growth,and it represents the soft power and competitiveness of a region.In recent years,the Zhongshan Municipal Party Committee and Zhongsha...Abusiness environment is the soil on which companies depend for survival and growth,and it represents the soft power and competitiveness of a region.In recent years,the Zhongshan Municipal Party Committee and Zhongshan Municipal People’s Government have placed great emphasis on improving the business environment,striving to create a world-class,market-oriented,and law-based international business environment.展开更多
At present,with the rapid development of China's economy,the development of the construction industry has made a new breakthrough.Project management requires the construction industry to continuously play its role...At present,with the rapid development of China's economy,the development of the construction industry has made a new breakthrough.Project management requires the construction industry to continuously play its role and value in improving the ability of project management.Earned value method,which is an important way in the field of project management,enables whole project management to rise to a new height.The specific principle of earned value method will be elaborated by fully introducing the specific role of earned value method in engineering projects to provide a reference and basis for practitioners to improve their management ability.展开更多
Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrat...Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrated approach of earned value management.According to the principle of earned value management deviation analysis,the basic process of the new drug research and development project was combined with the hypothesis method from the research of Tufts Drug Development Research Center.Results and Conclusion If the project progress check was carried out in the clinical trial,the project costs were found overspent,the efficiency was low,the project progress was faster,and the resource investment was ahead.It is recommended that the adjustment should be made to reduce the input of resources,and increase the efficient key personnel to take the place of some less efficient staff.展开更多
Background: Botswana is regarded as a leader of progressive HIV/AIDS policy, as the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to establish a free, national antiretroviral therapy program. In light of such programmatic succe...Background: Botswana is regarded as a leader of progressive HIV/AIDS policy, as the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to establish a free, national antiretroviral therapy program. In light of such programmatic successes, it is important to evaluate the potentially changing relationship of HIV/AIDS to the wellbeing of individuals, households, and institutions in the country. Methods: We evaluate the effects of HIV-related illness on absenteeism and earnings several years after the start of the national treatment program among a random sample of adults in Botswana using survey data from 3999 individuals aged 15 to 49, using quasi-experimental methods. We compare absenteeism between individuals with and without HIV-related illness, using a propensity score matching approach. We then estimate the effect of HIV-related illness on earnings using a Heckman selection model to account for selection into the workforce. We stratify our analyses by sex. Results: Men and women with HIV-related illness were absent by about 5.2 and 3.3 additional days, respectively, in the month prior to the survey compared to matched controls, and earned approximately 38% and 43% less, respectively, in the month prior to the survey compared to those without HIV-related illness. Conclusions: HIV-related illness appears to increase absenteeism in this sample and dramatically reduce earnings. The findings suggest a need for policies that confer greater financial security to individuals with HIV/AIDS in Botswana.展开更多
With government support,more young people are studying Thangka art,securing its innovative development.THE 1,300-year-old Thangka art,religious painting on woven material,has been lauded as an illustrated encyclopedia...With government support,more young people are studying Thangka art,securing its innovative development.THE 1,300-year-old Thangka art,religious painting on woven material,has been lauded as an illustrated encyclopedia of Tibetan culture.Its unique artistic and cultural value earned it a place on China’s intangible cultural heritage list in 2006.One institution tasked with preserving and developing this ancient art is the Tibet Academy of Thangka(TAT)in Lhasa.It focuses on the Mansar School of Thangka painting.Visitors can observe the whole process of creating a Mansar Thangka piece,from sketching to adding the final touch.展开更多
In a quiet training hall in Nairobi,the capital of Kenya,8-year-old Amina Mwikali,a student at Githunguri Primary School,executes a perfect horse stance,her determination far outweighing her young age.A rising star in...In a quiet training hall in Nairobi,the capital of Kenya,8-year-old Amina Mwikali,a student at Githunguri Primary School,executes a perfect horse stance,her determination far outweighing her young age.A rising star in Kenya’s martial arts scene,Mwikali has earned recognition as one of the youngest practitioners to train for senior honours in kungfu.展开更多
It has been 53 years since the first volume of Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica(Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,CJAVS)was published.The Journal has earned its reputation by presenting high-leve...It has been 53 years since the first volume of Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica(Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,CJAVS)was published.The Journal has earned its reputation by presenting high-level academic and instructive papers,technical reports,and achievements in Chinese,but its influence is still limited to its primary audience,in China.In recent years,international trade of animals and their products have expanded,展开更多
Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mecha...Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University.He earned his PhD at Harvard University in 2009.展开更多
Dr.Lian Shen earned his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering from the Department of Modern Mechanics at University of Science and Technology of China in 1993and his Doctorof Science degree...Dr.Lian Shen earned his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering from the Department of Modern Mechanics at University of Science and Technology of China in 1993and his Doctorof Science degree in Fluid Mechanics from the Department of Ocean Engineeringat Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2001.展开更多
Dr.Huan Zhang is a Cuiying Scholar and an associate professor at Lanzhou University.He earned his Ph.D.degree at Lanzhou University in 2016 under the supervision of Professor Xiaojing Zheng.His primary research focuse...Dr.Huan Zhang is a Cuiying Scholar and an associate professor at Lanzhou University.He earned his Ph.D.degree at Lanzhou University in 2016 under the supervision of Professor Xiaojing Zheng.His primary research focuses on field observations and numerical simulations of dust storm turbulence,particularly turbulence-particleelectrostatics interactions.To date,he has published nearly 20 sCl papers in multidisciplinary academic journals,including Nature Communications,Journal of Fluid Mechanics,Physics of Fluids,Earth and Planetary Science Letters,Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,and Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.In 2017,he was selected for the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology.Additionally,he serves as a young editor for Acta Mechanica Sinica,Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,and Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics.He is also a member of the 9th Youth Huan Zhang Committee of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and the 1oth Council of the Gansu Provincial Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Furthermore,he holds a special invitation as a member of the Environmental Mechanics Committee of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.展开更多
Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mecha...Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University.He earned his PhD at Harvard University in 2009.展开更多
基金financed by the Regional Government of Castille and Leon(Spain)with Grant(VA180P20).
文摘Earned duration management(EDM)is a methodology for project schedule management(PSM)that can be considered an alternative to earned value management(EVM).EDM provides an estimation of devia-tions in schedule and a final project duration estimation.There is a key difference between EDM and EVM:In EDM,the value of activities is expressed as work periods;whereas in EVM,value is expressed in terms of cost.In this paper,we present how EDM can be applied to monitor and control stochastic pro-jects.To explain the methodology,we use a real case study with a project that presents a high level of uncertainty and activities with random durations.We analyze the usability of this approach according to the activities network topology and compare the EVM and earned schedule methodology(ESM)for PSM.
基金Project partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (No.BIA2011-23602)the European Community with the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER),Spain
文摘This paper aims to present a comprehensive proposal for project scheduling and control by applying fuzzy earned value.It goes a step further than the existing literature:in the formulation of the fuzzy earned value we consider not only its duration,but also cost and production,and alternatives in the scheduling between the earliest and latest times.The mathematical model is implemented in a prototypical construction project with all the estimated values taken as fuzzy numbers.Our findings suggest that different possible schedules and the fuzzy arithmetic provide more objective results in uncertain environments than the traditional methodology.The proposed model allows for controlling the vagueness of the environment through the adjustment of the α-cut,adapting it to the specific circumstances of the project.
文摘"Milan Expo 2015 was opened in Italy on May 1,and the China Pavilion opened on the same day.Since its opening,the China Pavilion has earned wide attention and praise by virtue of its bravo design and sound operation services,which has turned into a significant platform for
文摘Mark Twain was asked one day if he could remember the first money he earned.He thought a long time before answering, and then said, 'Yes, it was at school. I can remember everything about it. Schoolboys in those days never respected their teachers and never took care of the things of the school. They often damaged their desks. There was a rule in our school that any boy who damaged his desk with a pencil or a knife would be beaten in front of the whole school or would have to pay five dollars.
文摘Abusiness environment is the soil on which companies depend for survival and growth,and it represents the soft power and competitiveness of a region.In recent years,the Zhongshan Municipal Party Committee and Zhongshan Municipal People’s Government have placed great emphasis on improving the business environment,striving to create a world-class,market-oriented,and law-based international business environment.
文摘At present,with the rapid development of China's economy,the development of the construction industry has made a new breakthrough.Project management requires the construction industry to continuously play its role and value in improving the ability of project management.Earned value method,which is an important way in the field of project management,enables whole project management to rise to a new height.The specific principle of earned value method will be elaborated by fully introducing the specific role of earned value method in engineering projects to provide a reference and basis for practitioners to improve their management ability.
文摘Objective To help investors assess and control the costs of new drug development and reduce the risks of new drug development projects.Methods Cost analysis and financial forecasting were carried out with the integrated approach of earned value management.According to the principle of earned value management deviation analysis,the basic process of the new drug research and development project was combined with the hypothesis method from the research of Tufts Drug Development Research Center.Results and Conclusion If the project progress check was carried out in the clinical trial,the project costs were found overspent,the efficiency was low,the project progress was faster,and the resource investment was ahead.It is recommended that the adjustment should be made to reduce the input of resources,and increase the efficient key personnel to take the place of some less efficient staff.
文摘Background: Botswana is regarded as a leader of progressive HIV/AIDS policy, as the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to establish a free, national antiretroviral therapy program. In light of such programmatic successes, it is important to evaluate the potentially changing relationship of HIV/AIDS to the wellbeing of individuals, households, and institutions in the country. Methods: We evaluate the effects of HIV-related illness on absenteeism and earnings several years after the start of the national treatment program among a random sample of adults in Botswana using survey data from 3999 individuals aged 15 to 49, using quasi-experimental methods. We compare absenteeism between individuals with and without HIV-related illness, using a propensity score matching approach. We then estimate the effect of HIV-related illness on earnings using a Heckman selection model to account for selection into the workforce. We stratify our analyses by sex. Results: Men and women with HIV-related illness were absent by about 5.2 and 3.3 additional days, respectively, in the month prior to the survey compared to matched controls, and earned approximately 38% and 43% less, respectively, in the month prior to the survey compared to those without HIV-related illness. Conclusions: HIV-related illness appears to increase absenteeism in this sample and dramatically reduce earnings. The findings suggest a need for policies that confer greater financial security to individuals with HIV/AIDS in Botswana.
文摘With government support,more young people are studying Thangka art,securing its innovative development.THE 1,300-year-old Thangka art,religious painting on woven material,has been lauded as an illustrated encyclopedia of Tibetan culture.Its unique artistic and cultural value earned it a place on China’s intangible cultural heritage list in 2006.One institution tasked with preserving and developing this ancient art is the Tibet Academy of Thangka(TAT)in Lhasa.It focuses on the Mansar School of Thangka painting.Visitors can observe the whole process of creating a Mansar Thangka piece,from sketching to adding the final touch.
文摘In a quiet training hall in Nairobi,the capital of Kenya,8-year-old Amina Mwikali,a student at Githunguri Primary School,executes a perfect horse stance,her determination far outweighing her young age.A rising star in Kenya’s martial arts scene,Mwikali has earned recognition as one of the youngest practitioners to train for senior honours in kungfu.
文摘It has been 53 years since the first volume of Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica(Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,CJAVS)was published.The Journal has earned its reputation by presenting high-level academic and instructive papers,technical reports,and achievements in Chinese,but its influence is still limited to its primary audience,in China.In recent years,international trade of animals and their products have expanded,
文摘Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University.He earned his PhD at Harvard University in 2009.
文摘Dr.Lian Shen earned his Bachelor of Sciencedegree in Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering from the Department of Modern Mechanics at University of Science and Technology of China in 1993and his Doctorof Science degree in Fluid Mechanics from the Department of Ocean Engineeringat Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2001.
文摘Dr.Huan Zhang is a Cuiying Scholar and an associate professor at Lanzhou University.He earned his Ph.D.degree at Lanzhou University in 2016 under the supervision of Professor Xiaojing Zheng.His primary research focuses on field observations and numerical simulations of dust storm turbulence,particularly turbulence-particleelectrostatics interactions.To date,he has published nearly 20 sCl papers in multidisciplinary academic journals,including Nature Communications,Journal of Fluid Mechanics,Physics of Fluids,Earth and Planetary Science Letters,Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,and Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.In 2017,he was selected for the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association for Science and Technology.Additionally,he serves as a young editor for Acta Mechanica Sinica,Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,and Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics.He is also a member of the 9th Youth Huan Zhang Committee of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and the 1oth Council of the Gansu Provincial Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Furthermore,he holds a special invitation as a member of the Environmental Mechanics Committee of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.
文摘Dr.Xuanhe Zhao is a professor of mechanical engineering and civil and environmental engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Before joining MIT,he was an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University.He earned his PhD at Harvard University in 2009.
