Objective:Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is commonly recognized as the most fatal lung cancer type.Despite substantial advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapies for treating solid cancers,their benefits are limite...Objective:Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is commonly recognized as the most fatal lung cancer type.Despite substantial advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapies for treating solid cancers,their benefits are limited to a minority of patients with SCLC.In the present study,novel indicators for predicting the outcomes and molecular targets for SCLC treatment were elucidated.Methods:We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in SCLC.The functional role of the key gene identified in SCLC was determined both in vitro and in vivo.Results:A significant correlation was observed between patient survival and CD56dim natural killer(NK)cell proportion.Furthermore,we noted that the hub gene ubiquitin-specific protease 1(USP1)is closely correlated with both CD56dim NK cells and overall survival in SCLC.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that USP1 is upregulated in SCLC.In addition,gene set enrichment analysis revealed that USP1 overexpression hinders NK cell-mediated immune responses.By co-cultivating NK-92 cells with SCLC cells,we demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity against SCLC could be improved either via USP1 knock-down or pharmacological inhibition.Furthermore,using a nude-mice xenograft tumor model,we noted that USP1 inhibition effectively suppressed tumor proliferation and increased the expression of NK cell-associated markers.Conclusions:Our study findings highlight the importance of NK cells in regulating SCLC.USP1 overexpression can inhibit NK cell-mediated immunity;therefore,USP1 may serve not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a potential molecular target of SCLC therapy.展开更多
Urbanization has significantly altered the habitat structure and behavioral patterns of animals.In urban environments with frequent human disturbances,animals may undergo adaptive adjustments in their escape behaviors...Urbanization has significantly altered the habitat structure and behavioral patterns of animals.In urban environments with frequent human disturbances,animals may undergo adaptive adjustments in their escape behaviors.This study focuses on Eurasian Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)from five cities across different latitudes in China,comparing their flight initiation distance(FID)in urban and rural areas to assess the impact of urbanization on their escape behavior and the trend of ecological homogenization.The results confirm the established pattern at the geographic level:a reduction of FID in urban habitats and a decrease in FID with increasing latitude.That is,northern populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow in China are bolder than the southern populations.In addition,FID is positively correlated with flock size,with rural flocks exhibiting more pronounced group behavior(observed flocking frequency for urban and rural is 28.74%vs.40.7%,flock size variance is 26.90 vs.55.63).Despite the differences between northern and southern latitudes,the variability of FID in urban individuals consistently remains lower than that in rural areas,supporting the trend of reduced variability in escape behavior among birds in urban environments.Driven by urbanization,the escape behavior of Eurasian Tree Sparrows tends toward ecological homogenization,meaning that behavioral differences between urban areas in different cities are diminishing.This trend may obscure the behavioral variability brought about by latitude gradients,indicating that urbanization not only shapes the behavioral adaptations of birds but also potentially weakens their behavioral diversity.展开更多
Atmospheric escape plays a critical role in shaping the long-term climate evolution of Mars.Among the various escape mechanisms,energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)generated through charge exchange between solar wind ions an...Atmospheric escape plays a critical role in shaping the long-term climate evolution of Mars.Among the various escape mechanisms,energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)generated through charge exchange between solar wind ions and exospheric neutrals serve as an important diagnostic for ion-neutral interactions and upper atmospheric loss.This study presents direct observations of hydrogen ENAs(H-ENAs)on the dayside of Mars by using the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer(MINPA)onboard China’s Tianwen-1 orbiter.By analyzing H-ENA data during a coronal mass ejection and a stream interaction region from December 29,2021,to January 1,2022,and comparing these data with MAVEN/SWIA(Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Solar Wind Ion Analyzer)solar wind measurements,we examine the temporal evolution of H-ENA flux and the associated sputtered escape of atmospheric constituents.The observed H-ENA velocity is consistent with upstream solar wind ions,and the H-ENA-to-ion intensity ratio is used to infer variations in exospheric density,revealing a delayed response to enhanced solar wind activity.Penetrating H-ENA intensities reach up to 5.3×10^(6)s^(−1) cm^(−2),with energy fluxes on the order of(0.5-8.1)×10^(−3) mW/m^(2).The estimated oxygen sputtered escape rate driven by penetrating H-ENAs ranges from 5.5×10^(23)s^(−1) to 5.2×10^(24)s^(−1),comparable to or exceeding previous estimates based on penetrating ions.The findings highlight the need for low-altitude H-ENA observations to better quantify their atmospheric interactions and refine our understanding of nonthermal escape processes at Mars.展开更多
Gynecological cancers present significant treatment challenges due to drug resistance and adverse side effects.This review explores advancements in lysosomal escape mechanisms,essential for enhancing nano-therapeutic ...Gynecological cancers present significant treatment challenges due to drug resistance and adverse side effects.This review explores advancements in lysosomal escape mechanisms,essential for enhancing nano-therapeutic efficacy.Strategies such as pH-sensitive linkers and membrane fusion are examined,showcasing their potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in ovarian,cervical,and uterine cancers.We delve into novel materials and strategies developed to bypass the lysosomal barrier,including pH-sensitive linkers,fusogenic lipids,and nanoparticles(NPs)engineered for endosomal disruption.Mechanisms such as the proton sponge effect,where NPs induce osmotic swelling and rupture of the lysosomal membrane,and membrane fusion,which facilitates the release of therapeutic agents directly into the cytoplasm,are explored in detail.These innovations not only promise to improve therapeutic outcomes but also minimize side effects,marking a significant step forward in the treatment of ovarian,cervical,and uterine cancers.By providing a comprehensive analysis of current advancements and their implications for clinical applications,this review sheds light on the potential of lysosomal escape strategies to revolutionize gynecological cancer treatment,setting the stage for future research and development in this vital area.展开更多
Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the ...Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the escape tectonics.Global Positioning System(GPS)motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards(from east to west).Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anatolian fault systems,rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aegean,with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional interpretations.However,which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics,extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still unclear.To assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia,we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets,and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components,revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones,while southward components increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia,where a slab tear is suggested.This phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving mechanisms.The ArabiaEurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressively more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear,which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the apparent curve of the whole modern velocity field.The 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also confirm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west,and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in extension.We propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as one plate with an additional component of extension in its west caused by the local driving mechanism,slab rollback(with the boundary above the slab tear around Isparta),rather than separate microplates or a near-pole spin of the entire Anatolian Plate,and the collisionrelated extrusion is the dominant mechanism of tectonic escape.展开更多
Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an ...Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.展开更多
In the original publication of the article,the affiliation“College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,People’s Republic of China”for author Ziqi Wang was missing and i...In the original publication of the article,the affiliation“College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,People’s Republic of China”for author Ziqi Wang was missing and included in this correction article.展开更多
The paper investigates the escape probability for isotropic emitters near a Kerr black hole.We propose a new approach to obtain the escape probability in a general manner,going beyond previous case-by-case studies.Thi...The paper investigates the escape probability for isotropic emitters near a Kerr black hole.We propose a new approach to obtain the escape probability in a general manner,going beyond previous case-by-case studies.This approach is based on studies of the black hole shadow with astrometric observable and can be applied to emitters with an arbitrary 4-velocities and locations,even to the emitters outside of the equatorial plane.We also consider representative examples illustrating how escape probabilities vary with distance,velocity,and inclination angle.Overall,this new approach provides an effective method for studying escape probabilities near Kerr black holes.展开更多
While many metaheuristic optimization algorithms strive to address optimization challenges,they often grapple with the delicate balance between exploration and exploitation,leading to issues such as premature converge...While many metaheuristic optimization algorithms strive to address optimization challenges,they often grapple with the delicate balance between exploration and exploitation,leading to issues such as premature convergence,sensitivity to parameter settings,and difficulty in maintaining population diversity.In response to these challenges,this study introduces the Chase,Pounce,and Escape(CPE)algorithm,drawing inspiration from predator-prey dynamics.Unlike traditional optimization approaches,the CPE algorithm divides the population into two groups,each independently exploring the search space to efficiently navigate complex problem domains and avoid local optima.By incorporating a unique search mechanism that integrates both the average of the best solution and the current solution,the CPE algorithm demonstrates superior convergence properties.Additionally,the inclusion of a pouncing process facilitates rapid movement towards optimal solutions.Through comprehensive evaluations across various optimization scenarios,including standard test functions,Congress on Evolutionary Computation(CEC)-2017 benchmarks,and real-world engineering challenges,the effectiveness of the CPE algorithm is demonstrated.Results consistently highlight the algorithm’s performance,surpassing that of other well-known optimization techniques,and achieving remarkable outcomes in terms of mean,best,and standard deviation values across different problem domains,underscoring its robustness and versatility.展开更多
Objective: To explore the effectiveness of OSCE-based Escape Room Approach for nursing training in the Department of Gastroenterology. Method: 160 nursing students who were interns in the Department of Gastroenterolog...Objective: To explore the effectiveness of OSCE-based Escape Room Approach for nursing training in the Department of Gastroenterology. Method: 160 nursing students who were interns in the Department of Gastroenterology of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were enrolled and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 80 participants in each group. Conventional approach and the Escape Room Approach were employed for the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Result: The critical thinking capability, learning engagement, scores of self-regulated learning capability of clinical nursing practice and final scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P Conclusion: OSCE-based Escape Room Approach can effectively enhance critical thinking capability, learning engagement, scores of self-regulated learning capability of clinical nursing practice, and knowledge and skills of the nursing interns.展开更多
Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–...Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–prey distance when escape begins).Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator,prey,and its eventual refuge.The relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the“interpath angle”or“Φ,”which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run toward an approaching predator.In general,we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its burrow.The“race for life”model makes formal predictions about howΦshould affect FID.We evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a species which flees to burrows.We found support for some of the model’s predictions,yet the relationship betweenΦand FID was less clear.Marmots may not assessΦin a continuous fashion;but we found that binning angle into 445°bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle continuously.Future studies ofΦ,especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation,will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions.展开更多
In order to visualize singularity of SGCMGs in gimbal angle space,a novel continuous bounded singularity parameter--Singularity Radius,whose sign can distinctly determine singularity type,is proposed.Then a rapid sing...In order to visualize singularity of SGCMGs in gimbal angle space,a novel continuous bounded singularity parameter--Singularity Radius,whose sign can distinctly determine singularity type,is proposed.Then a rapid singularity-escape steering law is proposed basing on gradient of Singularity Radius and residual base vector to drive the SGCMG system to neighboring singular boundary,and quickly escape elliptic singularities.Finally,simulation results on Pyramid-type and skew-type configuration demonstrate the effectiveness and rapidness of the proposed steering law.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the expression of Fas, Fas ligand （FasL） and CD80 on the cell surface of mouse acute myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3 and the function of FasL. Methods： The expression of Fas, Fas...Objective： To investigate the expression of Fas, Fas ligand （FasL） and CD80 on the cell surface of mouse acute myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3 and the function of FasL. Methods： The expression of Fas, FasL and CD80 was detected on WEHI-3 cell surface by flow cytometry. Simultaneously the function of FasL was determined by Thymidine （^3H-TdR） Incorporation. Results： The expression of CD80 and Fas on WEHI-3 cell surface was 5.06%±0.41% and 6.75%±2.31% （n=5） respectively, and the expression of FasL was up to 63.73%±5.23% （n=5）. The apoptotic rate of YAC-1 cells was 26%±4.5%, 35%±3.2% and 43%±2.7% （n=5） respectively when WEHI-3 （effector cell, E） and Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells （target cell, T） were cultured in the ratio of 3：1, 10：1 and 30：1. Conclusion： WEHI-3 cells express high FasL, low Fas and CD80, and can induce apoptosis of Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Dongguan Science and Technology of Social Development Program(No.20231800940192)the Talent Development Foundation of the First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University(No.PU2023002).
文摘Objective:Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is commonly recognized as the most fatal lung cancer type.Despite substantial advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapies for treating solid cancers,their benefits are limited to a minority of patients with SCLC.In the present study,novel indicators for predicting the outcomes and molecular targets for SCLC treatment were elucidated.Methods:We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in SCLC.The functional role of the key gene identified in SCLC was determined both in vitro and in vivo.Results:A significant correlation was observed between patient survival and CD56dim natural killer(NK)cell proportion.Furthermore,we noted that the hub gene ubiquitin-specific protease 1(USP1)is closely correlated with both CD56dim NK cells and overall survival in SCLC.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that USP1 is upregulated in SCLC.In addition,gene set enrichment analysis revealed that USP1 overexpression hinders NK cell-mediated immune responses.By co-cultivating NK-92 cells with SCLC cells,we demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity against SCLC could be improved either via USP1 knock-down or pharmacological inhibition.Furthermore,using a nude-mice xenograft tumor model,we noted that USP1 inhibition effectively suppressed tumor proliferation and increased the expression of NK cell-associated markers.Conclusions:Our study findings highlight the importance of NK cells in regulating SCLC.USP1 overexpression can inhibit NK cell-mediated immunity;therefore,USP1 may serve not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a potential molecular target of SCLC therapy.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1304600)。
文摘Urbanization has significantly altered the habitat structure and behavioral patterns of animals.In urban environments with frequent human disturbances,animals may undergo adaptive adjustments in their escape behaviors.This study focuses on Eurasian Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)from five cities across different latitudes in China,comparing their flight initiation distance(FID)in urban and rural areas to assess the impact of urbanization on their escape behavior and the trend of ecological homogenization.The results confirm the established pattern at the geographic level:a reduction of FID in urban habitats and a decrease in FID with increasing latitude.That is,northern populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow in China are bolder than the southern populations.In addition,FID is positively correlated with flock size,with rural flocks exhibiting more pronounced group behavior(observed flocking frequency for urban and rural is 28.74%vs.40.7%,flock size variance is 26.90 vs.55.63).Despite the differences between northern and southern latitudes,the variability of FID in urban individuals consistently remains lower than that in rural areas,supporting the trend of reduced variability in escape behavior among birds in urban environments.Driven by urbanization,the escape behavior of Eurasian Tree Sparrows tends toward ecological homogenization,meaning that behavioral differences between urban areas in different cities are diminishing.This trend may obscure the behavioral variability brought about by latitude gradients,indicating that urbanization not only shapes the behavioral adaptations of birds but also potentially weakens their behavioral diversity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42188101, 42274211, 41974170, 42374184, 42122032, and 41974196)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. QYZDJSSW-JSC028, XDA15052500, XDA17010301, and XDB41000000)+3 种基金the CNSA (Grant No. D050103)the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of Chinathe Specialized Research Fund for Laboratory of Geospace Environment of the University of Science and Technology of Chinasupported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern and Beijing through the ISSI/ISSI-BJ International Team Project titled “Understanding the Mars Space Environment Through Multi-Spacecraft Measurements” (ISSI Team Project No. 23-582 and ISSI-BJ Team Project No. 58)
文摘Atmospheric escape plays a critical role in shaping the long-term climate evolution of Mars.Among the various escape mechanisms,energetic neutral atoms(ENAs)generated through charge exchange between solar wind ions and exospheric neutrals serve as an important diagnostic for ion-neutral interactions and upper atmospheric loss.This study presents direct observations of hydrogen ENAs(H-ENAs)on the dayside of Mars by using the Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer(MINPA)onboard China’s Tianwen-1 orbiter.By analyzing H-ENA data during a coronal mass ejection and a stream interaction region from December 29,2021,to January 1,2022,and comparing these data with MAVEN/SWIA(Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Solar Wind Ion Analyzer)solar wind measurements,we examine the temporal evolution of H-ENA flux and the associated sputtered escape of atmospheric constituents.The observed H-ENA velocity is consistent with upstream solar wind ions,and the H-ENA-to-ion intensity ratio is used to infer variations in exospheric density,revealing a delayed response to enhanced solar wind activity.Penetrating H-ENA intensities reach up to 5.3×10^(6)s^(−1) cm^(−2),with energy fluxes on the order of(0.5-8.1)×10^(−3) mW/m^(2).The estimated oxygen sputtered escape rate driven by penetrating H-ENAs ranges from 5.5×10^(23)s^(−1) to 5.2×10^(24)s^(−1),comparable to or exceeding previous estimates based on penetrating ions.The findings highlight the need for low-altitude H-ENA observations to better quantify their atmospheric interactions and refine our understanding of nonthermal escape processes at Mars.
文摘Gynecological cancers present significant treatment challenges due to drug resistance and adverse side effects.This review explores advancements in lysosomal escape mechanisms,essential for enhancing nano-therapeutic efficacy.Strategies such as pH-sensitive linkers and membrane fusion are examined,showcasing their potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in ovarian,cervical,and uterine cancers.We delve into novel materials and strategies developed to bypass the lysosomal barrier,including pH-sensitive linkers,fusogenic lipids,and nanoparticles(NPs)engineered for endosomal disruption.Mechanisms such as the proton sponge effect,where NPs induce osmotic swelling and rupture of the lysosomal membrane,and membrane fusion,which facilitates the release of therapeutic agents directly into the cytoplasm,are explored in detail.These innovations not only promise to improve therapeutic outcomes but also minimize side effects,marking a significant step forward in the treatment of ovarian,cervical,and uterine cancers.By providing a comprehensive analysis of current advancements and their implications for clinical applications,this review sheds light on the potential of lysosomal escape strategies to revolutionize gynecological cancer treatment,setting the stage for future research and development in this vital area.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91755213 and 41888101)the Chinese Scholarship Council
文摘Anatolia is the global archetype of tectonic escape,as witnessed by the devastating 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake sequence,and the 2020 Samos Earthquake,which show different kinematics related to the framework of the escape tectonics.Global Positioning System(GPS)motions of the wedge-shaped plate differ regionally from northwestwards to southwestwards(from east to west).Anatolia was extruded westward from the Arabian-Eurasian collision along the North and East Anatolian fault systems,rotating counterclockwise into the oceanic free-faces of the Mediterranean and Aegean,with dramatic extension of western Anatolia in traditional interpretations.However,which is the dominant mechanism for this change in kinematics,extrusion related to the Arabia/Eurasia collision or rollback of the African slab beneath western Anatolia is still unclear.To assess the dominant driving mechanisms across Anatolia,we analyze recent GPS velocity datasets,and decomposed them into N-S and E-W components,revealing that westward motion is essentially constant across the whole plate and consistent with the slip rates of the North and East Anatolia fault zones,while southward components increase dramatically in the transition area between central and western Anatolia,where a slab tear is suggested.This phenomenon is related to different tectonic driving mechanisms.The ArabiaEurasia collision drives the Anatolian Plate uniformly westwards while western Anatolia is progressively more affected by the southward retreating African subducting slab west of the Aegean/Cypriot slab tear,which significantly increases the southward component of the velocity field and causes the apparent curve of the whole modern velocity field.The 2020 and 2023 earthquake focal mechanisms also confirm that the northward colliding Arabian Plate forced Anatolia to the west,and the retreating African slab is pulling the upper plate of western Anatolian apart in extension.We propose that the Anatolian Plate is moving westwards as one plate with an additional component of extension in its west caused by the local driving mechanism,slab rollback(with the boundary above the slab tear around Isparta),rather than separate microplates or a near-pole spin of the entire Anatolian Plate,and the collisionrelated extrusion is the dominant mechanism of tectonic escape.
基金project was funded by the Foreign Youth Talent Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(QN2023014004L)to Amaël BORZÉEa grant from the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute(KEITI 2021002270001)to Yikweon JANGThe research was carried out whithin the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(theme No.124012200182-1).
文摘Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.
文摘In the original publication of the article,the affiliation“College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,People’s Republic of China”for author Ziqi Wang was missing and included in this correction article.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, Grant No. 2020YFC2201502by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11991052)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS, Grant No. ZDBS-LY-7009
文摘The paper investigates the escape probability for isotropic emitters near a Kerr black hole.We propose a new approach to obtain the escape probability in a general manner,going beyond previous case-by-case studies.This approach is based on studies of the black hole shadow with astrometric observable and can be applied to emitters with an arbitrary 4-velocities and locations,even to the emitters outside of the equatorial plane.We also consider representative examples illustrating how escape probabilities vary with distance,velocity,and inclination angle.Overall,this new approach provides an effective method for studying escape probabilities near Kerr black holes.
文摘While many metaheuristic optimization algorithms strive to address optimization challenges,they often grapple with the delicate balance between exploration and exploitation,leading to issues such as premature convergence,sensitivity to parameter settings,and difficulty in maintaining population diversity.In response to these challenges,this study introduces the Chase,Pounce,and Escape(CPE)algorithm,drawing inspiration from predator-prey dynamics.Unlike traditional optimization approaches,the CPE algorithm divides the population into two groups,each independently exploring the search space to efficiently navigate complex problem domains and avoid local optima.By incorporating a unique search mechanism that integrates both the average of the best solution and the current solution,the CPE algorithm demonstrates superior convergence properties.Additionally,the inclusion of a pouncing process facilitates rapid movement towards optimal solutions.Through comprehensive evaluations across various optimization scenarios,including standard test functions,Congress on Evolutionary Computation(CEC)-2017 benchmarks,and real-world engineering challenges,the effectiveness of the CPE algorithm is demonstrated.Results consistently highlight the algorithm’s performance,surpassing that of other well-known optimization techniques,and achieving remarkable outcomes in terms of mean,best,and standard deviation values across different problem domains,underscoring its robustness and versatility.
文摘Objective: To explore the effectiveness of OSCE-based Escape Room Approach for nursing training in the Department of Gastroenterology. Method: 160 nursing students who were interns in the Department of Gastroenterology of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were enrolled and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 80 participants in each group. Conventional approach and the Escape Room Approach were employed for the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Result: The critical thinking capability, learning engagement, scores of self-regulated learning capability of clinical nursing practice and final scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P Conclusion: OSCE-based Escape Room Approach can effectively enhance critical thinking capability, learning engagement, scores of self-regulated learning capability of clinical nursing practice, and knowledge and skills of the nursing interns.
基金K.W.was supported by the National Science Foundation’s Research Experience for Undergraduates grant program(DBI 126713 to the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory)as well as the University of Connecticut Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Katie Bu Undergraduate Research Award.J.G.was supported by the Rocky Mountain Biological LaboratoryD.T.B.was supported by the National Science Foundation(DEB-1119660 and 1557130 to D.T.B.as well as DBI-126713 to the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory).
文摘Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–prey distance when escape begins).Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator,prey,and its eventual refuge.The relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the“interpath angle”or“Φ,”which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run toward an approaching predator.In general,we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its burrow.The“race for life”model makes formal predictions about howΦshould affect FID.We evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a species which flees to burrows.We found support for some of the model’s predictions,yet the relationship betweenΦand FID was less clear.Marmots may not assessΦin a continuous fashion;but we found that binning angle into 445°bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle continuously.Future studies ofΦ,especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation,will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions.
基金funded under the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61873312)。
文摘In order to visualize singularity of SGCMGs in gimbal angle space,a novel continuous bounded singularity parameter--Singularity Radius,whose sign can distinctly determine singularity type,is proposed.Then a rapid singularity-escape steering law is proposed basing on gradient of Singularity Radius and residual base vector to drive the SGCMG system to neighboring singular boundary,and quickly escape elliptic singularities.Finally,simulation results on Pyramid-type and skew-type configuration demonstrate the effectiveness and rapidness of the proposed steering law.
基金Supported by a grant from National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (30240022).
文摘Objective： To investigate the expression of Fas, Fas ligand （FasL） and CD80 on the cell surface of mouse acute myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3 and the function of FasL. Methods： The expression of Fas, FasL and CD80 was detected on WEHI-3 cell surface by flow cytometry. Simultaneously the function of FasL was determined by Thymidine （^3H-TdR） Incorporation. Results： The expression of CD80 and Fas on WEHI-3 cell surface was 5.06%±0.41% and 6.75%±2.31% （n=5） respectively, and the expression of FasL was up to 63.73%±5.23% （n=5）. The apoptotic rate of YAC-1 cells was 26%±4.5%, 35%±3.2% and 43%±2.7% （n=5） respectively when WEHI-3 （effector cell, E） and Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells （target cell, T） were cultured in the ratio of 3：1, 10：1 and 30：1. Conclusion： WEHI-3 cells express high FasL, low Fas and CD80, and can induce apoptosis of Fas^＋ YAC-1 cells.
