Accurately tailoring microstructures,especially grain size,during thermomechanical processing is crucial for achieving the desired strengthductility synergy of wrought magnesium alloys.This study establishes a multile...Accurately tailoring microstructures,especially grain size,during thermomechanical processing is crucial for achieving the desired strengthductility synergy of wrought magnesium alloys.This study establishes a multilevel cellular automaton(CA)model to predict the microstructure evolution of wrought magnesium alloys undergoing both dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic precipitation(DP),surpassing the capabilities of traditional DRX models.Multiple physical metallurgical mechanisms,including variations in dislocation with work hardening(WH)and dynamic recovery(DRV),DRX,DP,and solute diffusion,are integrated and interconnected by their mutual effects.To facilitate the CA modeling,a novel local pinning model is proposed to reflect the uneven retardation of a precipitate to grain boundary migration and the virtual intersections of precipitates and grain boundaries based on their distribution,and its rationality is verified by simulations for grain coarsening.Considering the substantial difference in grain size and precipitate size,a multilevel cellular space is constructed,with a coarse parent cellular space for DRX and a sub-cellular space discretized from parent cells for DP,to balance computational efficiency and accuracy.The simulation successfully captures the microstructure evolution with multiscale characteristics,specifically the refinement of grains from hundreds of micros to a few micros through DRX,aided by dynamically precipitated second-phase particles in the submicron(hundreds of nanometers)range.The high degree of agreement between simulated and experimental results in terms of kinetics for microstructure evolution and microstructure after deformation at various temperatures and strain rates attests to the sound rationality and strong predictive capability of the established multilevel CA model.A comparison between the simulated results of the traditional CA model exclusively for DRX and those obtained from the multilevel CA model that incorporates both DRX and DP highlights the necessity of considering the interaction between these two phenomena for accurate grain size prediction.展开更多
The corrosion susceptibility of recrystallized and un-recrystallized grains in equal channel angular pressed(ECAPed)Mg-9Al-lZn(AZ91)alloys immersed in chloride containing media was investigated through immersion testi...The corrosion susceptibility of recrystallized and un-recrystallized grains in equal channel angular pressed(ECAPed)Mg-9Al-lZn(AZ91)alloys immersed in chloride containing media was investigated through immersion testing and an electrochemical microcell technique coupledwith high resolution techniques such as scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),andelectron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).During ECAP,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and strain-induced dynamic precipitation(SIDP)simultaneously occurred,resulting in a bimodal grain structure of original elongated coarse grains and newly formed equiaxed fine grainswith a large volume fraction ofβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.Corrosion preferentially initiates and propagates in the DRXed grains,owing tothe greater microchemistry difference between theβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates formed at the DRXed grain boundaries and the adjacentα-Mgmatrix,which induces a strong microgalvanic coupling between these phases.Additionally,the weaker basal texture of the DRXed grainsalso makes these grains more susceptible to electrochemical reactions than the highly textured un-DRXed grains.The influence of dynamicrecrystallization and dynamic precipitation was also studied in ECAPed alloys with differenl levels of deformation strain through corrosion andelectrochemical techniques.Increasing the strain level led to a more uniform corrosion with a shallow penetration depth,lower corrosion ratevalues,and higher protective ability of the oxide film.Furthermore,higher levels of strain resulted in greater hardness values of the ECAPedalloys.The superior corrosion resistance and strength of the ECAPed alloys with increasing strain level was attributed to the combination ofsmaller DRXed grain size,higher DRX ratio,and higher volume fraction of uniformly distributed fineβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.展开更多
The dynamic precipitation behavior during multi-axial forging in an Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy has been investigated and compared with that in static precipitation treatment. The results indicated that dynamic precipit...The dynamic precipitation behavior during multi-axial forging in an Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy has been investigated and compared with that in static precipitation treatment. The results indicated that dynamic precipitation does occur during multi-axial forging. The dynamic precipitate can be deduced as β phase with face-centered cubic crystal structure (a = 2.22 nm). Most of the β precipitates locate at the dynamic recrystallization grain boundaries. The morphology and orientation relationship is different from that of the β phase formed in the static precipitation treated alloys, although the crystal structure is the same. The precipitation temperature of β phase during MAF is higher than that in the static precipitation treatment.展开更多
The static and dynamic precipitation behavior of solution-treated binary Al-20 wt.% Zn alloy is investigated via artificial aging, cold rolling and artificial aging combined with cold rolling. The solution-treated Al-...The static and dynamic precipitation behavior of solution-treated binary Al-20 wt.% Zn alloy is investigated via artificial aging, cold rolling and artificial aging combined with cold rolling. The solution-treated Al-Zn alloy exhibits high thermal stability during aging, and low densities of nano-sized Zn particles are precipitated along with AI grain boundaries after aging at 200℃ for 13 h. Compared with static precipitation, dynamic precipitation occurs more easily in the Al-Zn alloy. Zn clusters are obtained after cold rolling at an equivalent plastic strain of 0.6, and the size of the Zn phase reaches hundreds of nanometers when the strain is increased to 12.1. The results show that the speed of static precipitation can be significantly enhanced after the application of 2.9 rolling strain. Grain refinement and defects induced by cold rolling are considered to promote Zn precipitation. The hardness of Al-Zn alloy is also affected by static and dynamic precipitations.展开更多
Understanding composition effects is crucial for alloy design and development. To date, there is a lack of research comprehensively addressing the effect of alloy composition on dynamic precipitation, segregation and ...Understanding composition effects is crucial for alloy design and development. To date, there is a lack of research comprehensively addressing the effect of alloy composition on dynamic precipitation, segregation and grain refinement under severe-plastic-deformation processing. This research investigates Al-x Si alloys with x = 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 at.% Si processed by high pressure torsion(HPT) at room temperature by using transmission electron microscopy, transmission Kikuchi diffraction and atom probe tomography. The alloys exhibit interesting composition-dependent grain refinement and fast dynamic decomposition under HPT processing. Si atoms segregate at dislocations and Si precipitates form at grain boundaries(GBs) depending on the Si content of the alloys. The growth of Si precipitates consumes most Si atoms segregating at GBs, hence the size and distribution of the Si precipitates become predominant factors in controlling the grain size of the decomposed Al-Si alloys after HPT processing. The hardness of the Al-Si alloys is well correlated with a combination of grain-refinement strengthening and the decomposition-induced softening.展开更多
Warm compression deformation of Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.70%Nb-0.40Ta(wt%)(FeCrAl)and Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.45%Nb-0.40Ta-0.11Zr(wt%)(FeCrAl-Zr)ferritic stainless steel was performed by a thermal simulation mach...Warm compression deformation of Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.70%Nb-0.40Ta(wt%)(FeCrAl)and Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.45%Nb-0.40Ta-0.11Zr(wt%)(FeCrAl-Zr)ferritic stainless steel was performed by a thermal simulation machine Gleeble 3800 at 600°C and strain rates of 0.01-10 s^(-1).Before deformation,all the samples were solution-annealed for 2 h at 1150°C for FeCrAl alloy and 1250°C for FeCrAl-Zr alloy.The strain rate has little or no effect on peak stress,and the precipitates in matrix or grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)have no difference in the samples deformed at the strain rate 0.01 s^(-1)and 1 s^(-1)both in FeCrAl and FeCrAl-Zr alloys.The addition of Zr increased the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs).The Laves phase in FeCrAl alloy precipitated uniform in the matrix,while in FeCrAl-Zr alloy Laves phase precipitated at grain boundary and formed GBP.The LAGBs andΣ3 coincident site lattice(CSL)grain boundary both increased in FeCrAl-Zr alloy,which possessed some beneficial properties such as high-temperature creep resistance to the Fe-Cr-Al alloy.More interesting,twins were created by warm deformation,which was difficult in typical bcc ferrite alloy.These results could be expected to provide guidance for subsequent warm working processes for the alloy.展开更多
A new wrought magnesium(Mg)alloy based on Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn(ZM60)is developed,which performs excellent combination of high tensile yield strength and good ductility.We investigate the effects of micro-alloying on dynamic...A new wrought magnesium(Mg)alloy based on Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn(ZM60)is developed,which performs excellent combination of high tensile yield strength and good ductility.We investigate the effects of micro-alloying on dynamic precipitation,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and mechanical properties of ZM60 alloy.The co-addition of minor(0.6 wt%)neodymium(Nd)and(0.3 wt%)erbium(Er)can accelerate the twinning and DRX process of ZM60 alloy at the initial compression deformation stage.The dynamic precipitation process is also accelerated due to Nd and Er co-alloying.Dislocation accumulation disappears and a higher density of rodβ_(1) precipitates and some thick β_(2) precipitates in matrix and fine twins,which inhibits the growth of DRX grains in compressed ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy.The as-extruded ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy has a yield strength(YS)of 245.8 MPa,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 347.2 MPa and elongation(EL)of 16.3%.The yield strength and tensile strength are improved via minor Nd and Er additions due to fine complete DRX grains,second phase particles and high density of precipitates.The grain refinement,weakened reserved working hardening and weakened basal fiber texture improve the elongation of ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy.展开更多
The hot deformation behavior of a Mn-Cu-V weathering steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 5 s-1 using MMS-300 thermal-mechanical simulator. The activa...The hot deformation behavior of a Mn-Cu-V weathering steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 5 s-1 using MMS-300 thermal-mechanical simulator. The activation energy for dynamic recrystallization and stress exponent were calculated to be 551 kJ/mol and 7.73, respectively. The accurate values of critical strain were determined by the relationship between work hardening rate and flow stress （θ-σ） curves. The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation was employed to describe the relationship between the peak stress and Zener-Hollomon parameter during hot deformation. The interaction between dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation of V（C,N） at a low strain rate was analyzed. The results showed that precipitation particles size of weathering steel increased with increasing strain at deformation temperature g50~C and strain rate 0.1 s-I. The calculation results of the recrystallization driving force and pinning force showed that dynamic precipitation could retard the progress of dynamic recrystallization but not prevent it while the pinning forces is less than driving force. On the contrary, dynamic precipitation can effectively prevent the progress of dynamic recrystallization.展开更多
This study investigated the effect of Si addition on the microstructure and the silicide precipitation behavior in a novel near-βtitanium alloy.The results show that coarse and continuous silicides were preferentiall...This study investigated the effect of Si addition on the microstructure and the silicide precipitation behavior in a novel near-βtitanium alloy.The results show that coarse and continuous silicides were preferentially precipitated at the grain boundary during the solidification process,and theβgrain size of the as-cast alloy was refined.Dynamic recrystallization occurs under isothermal compression,and the silicide could inhibit the growth of recrystallized grains.The element redistribution and dislocation accumulation during hot deformation promote the dynamic precipitation of silicide,resulting in a discontinuous distribution of silicides at the grain boundaries.This work provides insight into how silicide dynamic precipitation will affect the microstructure and plastic deformation behavior of metal alloys.展开更多
A computer simulation study on dynamics for the precipitation of δ'(Al_3Li) ordered particles from a disor- dered matrix (α) in binary Al-Li alloys is performed using the microscopic Langevin equation. A unique ...A computer simulation study on dynamics for the precipitation of δ'(Al_3Li) ordered particles from a disor- dered matrix (α) in binary Al-Li alloys is performed using the microscopic Langevin equation. A unique precipitation mechanism is found near the ordering spinodal line. Different from the classical nucleation mechanism in the me- tastable region and the congruent ordering followed by spinodal decomposition in the instable region, a nonstoichi- ometric single ordered phase with composition fluctuations is formed by non-classical nucleation, and this ordered phase decomposes spinodally. It can be concluded that the precipitation dynamics of δ' phase from metastability to instability is gradual, and no sharp transition occurs near the mean-field spinodal line as the mean-field theory pre- dicts.展开更多
The Al?4.10Cu?1.42Mg?0.57Mn?0.12Zr alloy was compressed to different strains at deformation temperature of 300 oC and strain rate of 10 s?1 on Gleeble?1500 system. The dynamic complex microstructures evolutions were i...The Al?4.10Cu?1.42Mg?0.57Mn?0.12Zr alloy was compressed to different strains at deformation temperature of 300 oC and strain rate of 10 s?1 on Gleeble?1500 system. The dynamic complex microstructures evolutions were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The true stress?true strain curves exhibited a peak stress at critical strain, after which the flow stresses decreased monotonically, showing a dynamic flow softening. As the strain increased, the dislocation tangled to cell structure and sub-grain structure, which indicated the occurrence of dynamic recovery during deformation. Dynamic precipitations ofS (Al2CuMg),θ (Al2Cu) and Al3Zr phase were accelerated and coarsened by deformation. ContinuousS phases precipitated in the Al matrix and discontinuousS phases were found to be nucleated near the Al3Zr phase and at the sub-grain boundary. The flow softening mechanism was resulted from the reduction of dislocation density which attributed to dynamic recovery and precipitates coarsening.展开更多
Conventional high-strength Mg-RE-based wrought alloys usually contain a high amount of RE solutes,which largely increases the alloy cost and thus restricts their adoptions.In this work,we developed a low-RE-containing...Conventional high-strength Mg-RE-based wrought alloys usually contain a high amount of RE solutes,which largely increases the alloy cost and thus restricts their adoptions.In this work,we developed a low-RE-containing Mg-3Sm-1Nd-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy by hot extrusion with low extrusion ratio,which shows a high tensile yield strength(TYS)of 435 MPa and a satisfactory elongation of 5.6%at room temperature,outperforming most Mg-Gd-Y-based extrusion alloys with RE contents of 12 wt%at least.Outstanding high-temperature strength,such as the TYS of 280 MPa at 200℃ and 251 MPa at 250℃,is also obtained in this alloy.The alloy presented a typical bimodal grain structure including coarse hot-worked grains with a strong texture and fine recrystallized grains with random orientations.Also,abundant Mg3RE particles were mostly introduced in hot-worked grains and at recrystallized grain boundaries by dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Consequently,the high strength of this alloy is principally attributed to the combined hardening effect of numerous Mg_(3)RE particles,fine recrystallized grains,and strongly textural hot-worked grains,rather than the ultra-strong age-hardening effect in traditional high RE-alloyed Mg alloys.展开更多
The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels was investigated by isothermal single compression tests in the temperature range of 900-1 150 ℃ at constant strain rates of 0.1-5 s^-1. DRX ...The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels was investigated by isothermal single compression tests in the temperature range of 900-1 150 ℃ at constant strain rates of 0.1-5 s^-1. DRX was retarded effectively at low temperature due to the onset of dynamic precipitation of Nb and Ti carbonitrides, resulting in higher values of the peak strain. An expression was developed for the activation energy of deformation as a function of the contents of Nb and Ti in solution as well as other alloying elements. A new value of corrective factor was determined and applied to quantify the retardation produced by increase in the amount of Nb and Ti dissolved at the reheating temperature. The ratio of critical strain to peak strain decreases with increasing equivalent Nb content. In addition, the effects of Ti content and deformation conditions on DRX kinetics and steady state grain size were determined. Finally, the kinetics of dynamic precipitation was determined and effect of dynamic precipitation on the onset of DRX was clarified based on the comparison between precipitate pinning force and recrystallization driving force.展开更多
An Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy,which obtained different homogenization cooling rates by changing the heattreated sample size,was compressed to various strains at the deformation temperature of 300℃ and strain rate of 0.01 s^(-...An Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy,which obtained different homogenization cooling rates by changing the heattreated sample size,was compressed to various strains at the deformation temperature of 300℃ and strain rate of 0.01 s^(-1).The results showed that the homogenization cooling rate had strong effects on the hot deformation behavior of the alloy.The flow stress and relative dynamic softening rate of the alloy were significantly higher under a high cooling rate(HCR) than those under a low cooling rate(LCR).Furthermore,based on X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculation,the substructure evolution in the grain interior,morphology,and spatial distribution of the precipitates were studied to determine the differences in the flow softening mechanism.The main softening mechanism could be summarized as dynamic recovery and precipitation coarsening for the LCR alloy and dynamic precipitation for the HCR alloy.展开更多
The effect of Gd content ranging from 6.5 wt.%to 8.5 wt.%on microstructure evolution and dynamic mechanical behavior of Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys was investigated by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron...The effect of Gd content ranging from 6.5 wt.%to 8.5 wt.%on microstructure evolution and dynamic mechanical behavior of Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys was investigated by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and split Hopkinson pressure bar.The microstructure of as-cast Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys indicates that the addition of Gd can promote grain refinement in the casting.Due to the rapid cooling rate during solidification,a large amount of non-equilibrium eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) appears at the grain boundary of as-cast Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys.After solution treatment at 520℃ for 6 h,the Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into the matrix,and the rare earth hydrides(REH)phase appears.The stress−strain curves validate that the solution-treated Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys with optimal Gd contents maintain excellent dynamic properties at different strain rates.It was concluded that the variation of Gd content and the agglomeration of residual REH particles and dynamically precipitated fine particles are key factors affecting dynamic mechanical properties of Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys.展开更多
The plant ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the responses of vegetation dynamics to climate change in Central Asia are still unclear. In this study, we use...The plant ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the responses of vegetation dynamics to climate change in Central Asia are still unclear. In this study, we used the normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） data to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation and the correlation of vegetation and climatic variables over the period of 1982–2012 in Central Asia by using the empirical orthogonal function and least square methods. The results showed that the annual NDVI in Central Asia experienced a weak increasing trend overall during the study period. Specifically, the annual NDVI showed a significant increasing trend between1982 and 1994, and exhibited a decreasing trend since 1994. The regions where the annual NDVI decreased were mainly distributed in western Central Asia, which may be caused by the decreased precipitation. The NDVI exhibited a larger increasing trend in spring than in the other three seasons. In mountainous areas, the NDVI had a significant increasing trend at the annual and seasonal scales; further, the largest increasing trend of NDVI mainly appeared in the middle mountain belt（1,700–2,650 m asl）. The annual NDVI was positively correlated with annual precipitation in Central Asia, and there was a weak negative correlation between annual NDVI and temperature. Moreover, a one-month time lag was found in the response of NDVI to temperature from June to September in Central Asia during 1982–2012.展开更多
High thermal conductivity and high strength Mg-1.5Mn-2.5Ce alloy with a tensile yield strength of 387.0 MPa,ultimate tensile strength of 395.8 MPa,and thermal conductivity of 142.1 W/(m·K)was successfully fabrica...High thermal conductivity and high strength Mg-1.5Mn-2.5Ce alloy with a tensile yield strength of 387.0 MPa,ultimate tensile strength of 395.8 MPa,and thermal conductivity of 142.1 W/(m·K)was successfully fabricated via hot extrusion.The effects of La and Ce additions on the microstructure,thermal conductivity,and mechanical properties of the Mg-1.5Mn alloy were investigated.The results indicated that both the as-extruded Mg-1.5Mn-2.5La and Mg-1.5Mn-2.5Ce alloys exhibited a bimodal grain structure,with dynamically precipitated nano-scaleα-Mn phases.In comparison with La,the addition of Ce enhanced the dynamic precipitation more effectively during hot extrusion,while its influence on promoting the dynamic recrystallization was relatively weaker.The high tensile strength obtained in the as-extruded Mg-1.5Mn-2.5RE alloys can be attributed to the combined influence of the bimodal grain structure(with fine dynamic recrystallized(DRXed)grain size and high proportion of un-dynamic recrystallized(unDRXed)grains),dense nano-scale precipitates,and broken Mg12RE phases,while the remarkable thermal conductivity was due to the precipitation of Mn-rich phases from the Mg matrix.展开更多
The development of low-cost,high-performance Mg alloys is crucial to the industrial applications of large-scale production of Mg alloys.In this work,extruded Mg-5Bi-3Al alloy with excellent mechanical properties is su...The development of low-cost,high-performance Mg alloys is crucial to the industrial applications of large-scale production of Mg alloys.In this work,extruded Mg-5Bi-3Al alloy with excellent mechanical properties is successfully prepared by modifying the extrusion temperatures(240℃and 300℃).The extruded alloy obtained ultra-high strength(yield strength=380 MPa,ultimate tensile strength=418 MPa)and excellent plasticity(elongation=10.2%)at the extrusion temperature of 240℃,the main contributing factors are primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of ultrafine recrystallized grain size(~0.5µm)and high density of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)precipitates.Stacking faults within the sub-micron Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase are observed in the E240 alloy,confirming the plastic deformation capability of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase.The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and work-hardening behavior of the extruded Mg-5Bi-3Al alloys at room temperature are systematically investigated.The results suggest that decreasing the extrusion temperature can refine recrystallized grain size and Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase size,and the quantity of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase is increased,while increasing the extrusion temperature can improve the degree of recrystallization and weaken texture.The work hardening rate is increased with the increased extrusion temperature,mainly due to the coarsening of grains and precipitates,and the weakening of texture.This work provides an experimental basis for preparing high-performance wrought Mg-5Bi-3Al alloys.展开更多
The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic precipitation of Mg-5Gd-3Sm(-1Zn)-0.5Zr alloys after hot compression deformation were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscop...The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic precipitation of Mg-5Gd-3Sm(-1Zn)-0.5Zr alloys after hot compression deformation were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)techniques.Further-more,the DRX mechanisms were investigated by calculating the deformation activation energy,establishing the constitutive equation,and creating a critical strain model.The results indicate that the presence of Zn element enhanced the production of DRX,considerably re-duced the strength of{0001}plane texture,and boosted the Schmidt factor of nonbasal plane slip.The Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr alloy had a low degree of DRX,manifested as a monolayer of DRX grains at the grain boundaries,and dominated by the discontinuous DRX mech-anism.However,the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy had a high degree of DRX,which occurred in the form of multilayered DRX grains by the main mechanism of continuous DRX.Compared with the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr alloy,in addition to the Mg5(Gd,Sm)phase,the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy also introduced a new dynamic precipitation phase called(Mg,Zn)_(3)(Gd,Sm)phase.The dynamic precip-itation phase prevented grain boundary migration and dislocation motion,which promoted DRX nucleation and prevented the growth of recrystallized grains.展开更多
The addition of minor gadolinium(Gd)into Mg-4Sm-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy significantly enhances hightemperature strength and creep resistance,such as a decrease in the minimum creep rate by approximately five times and an in...The addition of minor gadolinium(Gd)into Mg-4Sm-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy significantly enhances hightemperature strength and creep resistance,such as a decrease in the minimum creep rate by approximately five times and an increase in the yield strength by around 40 MPa at 200℃.The presence of Gd results in the co-precipitation of both prismaticβ-type and basal y-type phases during creep,whereas only the basalγ-type phase is present in the Gd-free alloy.The prismaticβ-type and basalγ-type phases are oriented perpendicular to each other in space,creating a closed configuration that effectively blocks dislocation motions compared to single basalγ-type precipitates.Therefore,the improved creep resistance in the Gd-enriched alloy is mainly attributed to the co-precipitation of prismaticβ-type andγ-type precipitates during creep.Furthermore,rare earth(RE)atoms inherently provide stable solute hardening at high temperatures,which contributes to the increased high-temperature strength.The addition of Gd also enhances grain boundary stability by promoting the formation of more Mg_(3)RE phases,thereby further enhancing the creep strength.These findings offer insights into the development of highly creepresistant Mg alloys with low RE concentrations.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.52075288)。
文摘Accurately tailoring microstructures,especially grain size,during thermomechanical processing is crucial for achieving the desired strengthductility synergy of wrought magnesium alloys.This study establishes a multilevel cellular automaton(CA)model to predict the microstructure evolution of wrought magnesium alloys undergoing both dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic precipitation(DP),surpassing the capabilities of traditional DRX models.Multiple physical metallurgical mechanisms,including variations in dislocation with work hardening(WH)and dynamic recovery(DRV),DRX,DP,and solute diffusion,are integrated and interconnected by their mutual effects.To facilitate the CA modeling,a novel local pinning model is proposed to reflect the uneven retardation of a precipitate to grain boundary migration and the virtual intersections of precipitates and grain boundaries based on their distribution,and its rationality is verified by simulations for grain coarsening.Considering the substantial difference in grain size and precipitate size,a multilevel cellular space is constructed,with a coarse parent cellular space for DRX and a sub-cellular space discretized from parent cells for DP,to balance computational efficiency and accuracy.The simulation successfully captures the microstructure evolution with multiscale characteristics,specifically the refinement of grains from hundreds of micros to a few micros through DRX,aided by dynamically precipitated second-phase particles in the submicron(hundreds of nanometers)range.The high degree of agreement between simulated and experimental results in terms of kinetics for microstructure evolution and microstructure after deformation at various temperatures and strain rates attests to the sound rationality and strong predictive capability of the established multilevel CA model.A comparison between the simulated results of the traditional CA model exclusively for DRX and those obtained from the multilevel CA model that incorporates both DRX and DP highlights the necessity of considering the interaction between these two phenomena for accurate grain size prediction.
基金This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘The corrosion susceptibility of recrystallized and un-recrystallized grains in equal channel angular pressed(ECAPed)Mg-9Al-lZn(AZ91)alloys immersed in chloride containing media was investigated through immersion testing and an electrochemical microcell technique coupledwith high resolution techniques such as scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),andelectron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).During ECAP,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and strain-induced dynamic precipitation(SIDP)simultaneously occurred,resulting in a bimodal grain structure of original elongated coarse grains and newly formed equiaxed fine grainswith a large volume fraction ofβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.Corrosion preferentially initiates and propagates in the DRXed grains,owing tothe greater microchemistry difference between theβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates formed at the DRXed grain boundaries and the adjacentα-Mgmatrix,which induces a strong microgalvanic coupling between these phases.Additionally,the weaker basal texture of the DRXed grainsalso makes these grains more susceptible to electrochemical reactions than the highly textured un-DRXed grains.The influence of dynamicrecrystallization and dynamic precipitation was also studied in ECAPed alloys with differenl levels of deformation strain through corrosion andelectrochemical techniques.Increasing the strain level led to a more uniform corrosion with a shallow penetration depth,lower corrosion ratevalues,and higher protective ability of the oxide film.Furthermore,higher levels of strain resulted in greater hardness values of the ECAPedalloys.The superior corrosion resistance and strength of the ECAPed alloys with increasing strain level was attributed to the combination ofsmaller DRXed grain size,higher DRX ratio,and higher volume fraction of uniformly distributed fineβ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(No.2013CB632202)Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program during the twelfth Five-year Plan Period through project(No.2011BAE22B01)for financial support.
文摘The dynamic precipitation behavior during multi-axial forging in an Mg-7Gd-5Y-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy has been investigated and compared with that in static precipitation treatment. The results indicated that dynamic precipitation does occur during multi-axial forging. The dynamic precipitate can be deduced as β phase with face-centered cubic crystal structure (a = 2.22 nm). Most of the β precipitates locate at the dynamic recrystallization grain boundaries. The morphology and orientation relationship is different from that of the β phase formed in the static precipitation treated alloys, although the crystal structure is the same. The precipitation temperature of β phase during MAF is higher than that in the static precipitation treatment.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2013CB733000the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province under Grant No 2015GXNSFBA139238the Guangxi'Bagui'Teams for Innovation and Research
文摘The static and dynamic precipitation behavior of solution-treated binary Al-20 wt.% Zn alloy is investigated via artificial aging, cold rolling and artificial aging combined with cold rolling. The solution-treated Al-Zn alloy exhibits high thermal stability during aging, and low densities of nano-sized Zn particles are precipitated along with AI grain boundaries after aging at 200℃ for 13 h. Compared with static precipitation, dynamic precipitation occurs more easily in the Al-Zn alloy. Zn clusters are obtained after cold rolling at an equivalent plastic strain of 0.6, and the size of the Zn phase reaches hundreds of nanometers when the strain is increased to 12.1. The results show that the speed of static precipitation can be significantly enhanced after the application of 2.9 rolling strain. Grain refinement and defects induced by cold rolling are considered to promote Zn precipitation. The hardness of Al-Zn alloy is also affected by static and dynamic precipitations.
基金funded by the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51751120 and No.51604156)support and the assistance of Material Characterization and Research Center of Nanjing University of Science and Technology。
文摘Understanding composition effects is crucial for alloy design and development. To date, there is a lack of research comprehensively addressing the effect of alloy composition on dynamic precipitation, segregation and grain refinement under severe-plastic-deformation processing. This research investigates Al-x Si alloys with x = 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 at.% Si processed by high pressure torsion(HPT) at room temperature by using transmission electron microscopy, transmission Kikuchi diffraction and atom probe tomography. The alloys exhibit interesting composition-dependent grain refinement and fast dynamic decomposition under HPT processing. Si atoms segregate at dislocations and Si precipitates form at grain boundaries(GBs) depending on the Si content of the alloys. The growth of Si precipitates consumes most Si atoms segregating at GBs, hence the size and distribution of the Si precipitates become predominant factors in controlling the grain size of the decomposed Al-Si alloys after HPT processing. The hardness of the Al-Si alloys is well correlated with a combination of grain-refinement strengthening and the decomposition-induced softening.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1867201)the Key Project of Nuclear Safety and Advanced Nuclear Technology(No.2019YFB1901002)"the Project supported by State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy",Central South University,Changsha.China.
文摘Warm compression deformation of Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.70%Nb-0.40Ta(wt%)(FeCrAl)and Fe-13.5%Cr-4.7%Al-2.0%Mo-0.45%Nb-0.40Ta-0.11Zr(wt%)(FeCrAl-Zr)ferritic stainless steel was performed by a thermal simulation machine Gleeble 3800 at 600°C and strain rates of 0.01-10 s^(-1).Before deformation,all the samples were solution-annealed for 2 h at 1150°C for FeCrAl alloy and 1250°C for FeCrAl-Zr alloy.The strain rate has little or no effect on peak stress,and the precipitates in matrix or grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)have no difference in the samples deformed at the strain rate 0.01 s^(-1)and 1 s^(-1)both in FeCrAl and FeCrAl-Zr alloys.The addition of Zr increased the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs).The Laves phase in FeCrAl alloy precipitated uniform in the matrix,while in FeCrAl-Zr alloy Laves phase precipitated at grain boundary and formed GBP.The LAGBs andΣ3 coincident site lattice(CSL)grain boundary both increased in FeCrAl-Zr alloy,which possessed some beneficial properties such as high-temperature creep resistance to the Fe-Cr-Al alloy.More interesting,twins were created by warm deformation,which was difficult in typical bcc ferrite alloy.These results could be expected to provide guidance for subsequent warm working processes for the alloy.
基金the support of the Major Research Development Program of Shandong Province of China(Project No.2019GGX102060)the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Project No.2017M612224)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(Project No.ZR2016EMQ08)。
文摘A new wrought magnesium(Mg)alloy based on Mg-6.0Zn-0.5Mn(ZM60)is developed,which performs excellent combination of high tensile yield strength and good ductility.We investigate the effects of micro-alloying on dynamic precipitation,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and mechanical properties of ZM60 alloy.The co-addition of minor(0.6 wt%)neodymium(Nd)and(0.3 wt%)erbium(Er)can accelerate the twinning and DRX process of ZM60 alloy at the initial compression deformation stage.The dynamic precipitation process is also accelerated due to Nd and Er co-alloying.Dislocation accumulation disappears and a higher density of rodβ_(1) precipitates and some thick β_(2) precipitates in matrix and fine twins,which inhibits the growth of DRX grains in compressed ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy.The as-extruded ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy has a yield strength(YS)of 245.8 MPa,ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 347.2 MPa and elongation(EL)of 16.3%.The yield strength and tensile strength are improved via minor Nd and Er additions due to fine complete DRX grains,second phase particles and high density of precipitates.The grain refinement,weakened reserved working hardening and weakened basal fiber texture improve the elongation of ZM60-0.6Nd-0.3Er alloy.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51034009, and 50974039)the Doctorate Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20090042120005)
文摘The hot deformation behavior of a Mn-Cu-V weathering steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 5 s-1 using MMS-300 thermal-mechanical simulator. The activation energy for dynamic recrystallization and stress exponent were calculated to be 551 kJ/mol and 7.73, respectively. The accurate values of critical strain were determined by the relationship between work hardening rate and flow stress （θ-σ） curves. The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation was employed to describe the relationship between the peak stress and Zener-Hollomon parameter during hot deformation. The interaction between dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation of V（C,N） at a low strain rate was analyzed. The results showed that precipitation particles size of weathering steel increased with increasing strain at deformation temperature g50~C and strain rate 0.1 s-I. The calculation results of the recrystallization driving force and pinning force showed that dynamic precipitation could retard the progress of dynamic recrystallization but not prevent it while the pinning forces is less than driving force. On the contrary, dynamic precipitation can effectively prevent the progress of dynamic recrystallization.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52371117,52171122,52275362)the Central Government Guides the Special Fund Projects of Local Scientific and Technological Development,China(Nos.YDZJSX2021A016,YDZX-20191400002149)+1 种基金the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia,China(No.2022AAC02077)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(No.20210302124077)。
文摘This study investigated the effect of Si addition on the microstructure and the silicide precipitation behavior in a novel near-βtitanium alloy.The results show that coarse and continuous silicides were preferentially precipitated at the grain boundary during the solidification process,and theβgrain size of the as-cast alloy was refined.Dynamic recrystallization occurs under isothermal compression,and the silicide could inhibit the growth of recrystallized grains.The element redistribution and dislocation accumulation during hot deformation promote the dynamic precipitation of silicide,resulting in a discontinuous distribution of silicides at the grain boundaries.This work provides insight into how silicide dynamic precipitation will affect the microstructure and plastic deformation behavior of metal alloys.
基金The project was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (59871039)
文摘A computer simulation study on dynamics for the precipitation of δ'(Al_3Li) ordered particles from a disor- dered matrix (α) in binary Al-Li alloys is performed using the microscopic Langevin equation. A unique precipitation mechanism is found near the ordering spinodal line. Different from the classical nucleation mechanism in the me- tastable region and the congruent ordering followed by spinodal decomposition in the instable region, a nonstoichi- ometric single ordered phase with composition fluctuations is formed by non-classical nucleation, and this ordered phase decomposes spinodally. It can be concluded that the precipitation dynamics of δ' phase from metastability to instability is gradual, and no sharp transition occurs near the mean-field spinodal line as the mean-field theory pre- dicts.
基金Project(2009CB623704)supported by the National Basic Research(973)Program of ChinaProject(20130161110007)supported by the Doctoral Program of the Ministry of Education,ChinaProject(CX2013B128)supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate,China
文摘The Al?4.10Cu?1.42Mg?0.57Mn?0.12Zr alloy was compressed to different strains at deformation temperature of 300 oC and strain rate of 10 s?1 on Gleeble?1500 system. The dynamic complex microstructures evolutions were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The true stress?true strain curves exhibited a peak stress at critical strain, after which the flow stresses decreased monotonically, showing a dynamic flow softening. As the strain increased, the dislocation tangled to cell structure and sub-grain structure, which indicated the occurrence of dynamic recovery during deformation. Dynamic precipitations ofS (Al2CuMg),θ (Al2Cu) and Al3Zr phase were accelerated and coarsened by deformation. ContinuousS phases precipitated in the Al matrix and discontinuousS phases were found to be nucleated near the Al3Zr phase and at the sub-grain boundary. The flow softening mechanism was resulted from the reduction of dislocation density which attributed to dynamic recovery and precipitates coarsening.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201111,52275389,and 52201137)the Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Scientific Research Initial Funding(No.20232102)+1 种基金the Reward funds for excellent doctor of work in coming to Shanxi(No.20242068)the Special fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of ShanxiProvince.
文摘Conventional high-strength Mg-RE-based wrought alloys usually contain a high amount of RE solutes,which largely increases the alloy cost and thus restricts their adoptions.In this work,we developed a low-RE-containing Mg-3Sm-1Nd-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy by hot extrusion with low extrusion ratio,which shows a high tensile yield strength(TYS)of 435 MPa and a satisfactory elongation of 5.6%at room temperature,outperforming most Mg-Gd-Y-based extrusion alloys with RE contents of 12 wt%at least.Outstanding high-temperature strength,such as the TYS of 280 MPa at 200℃ and 251 MPa at 250℃,is also obtained in this alloy.The alloy presented a typical bimodal grain structure including coarse hot-worked grains with a strong texture and fine recrystallized grains with random orientations.Also,abundant Mg3RE particles were mostly introduced in hot-worked grains and at recrystallized grain boundaries by dynamic precipitation during extrusion.Consequently,the high strength of this alloy is principally attributed to the combined hardening effect of numerous Mg_(3)RE particles,fine recrystallized grains,and strongly textural hot-worked grains,rather than the ultra-strong age-hardening effect in traditional high RE-alloyed Mg alloys.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50474086,50334010)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universities(No.NCET-04-0278)of the Ministry of Education
文摘The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels was investigated by isothermal single compression tests in the temperature range of 900-1 150 ℃ at constant strain rates of 0.1-5 s^-1. DRX was retarded effectively at low temperature due to the onset of dynamic precipitation of Nb and Ti carbonitrides, resulting in higher values of the peak strain. An expression was developed for the activation energy of deformation as a function of the contents of Nb and Ti in solution as well as other alloying elements. A new value of corrective factor was determined and applied to quantify the retardation produced by increase in the amount of Nb and Ti dissolved at the reheating temperature. The ratio of critical strain to peak strain decreases with increasing equivalent Nb content. In addition, the effects of Ti content and deformation conditions on DRX kinetics and steady state grain size were determined. Finally, the kinetics of dynamic precipitation was determined and effect of dynamic precipitation on the onset of DRX was clarified based on the comparison between precipitate pinning force and recrystallization driving force.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51674111 and51605234)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20130161110007)。
文摘An Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy,which obtained different homogenization cooling rates by changing the heattreated sample size,was compressed to various strains at the deformation temperature of 300℃ and strain rate of 0.01 s^(-1).The results showed that the homogenization cooling rate had strong effects on the hot deformation behavior of the alloy.The flow stress and relative dynamic softening rate of the alloy were significantly higher under a high cooling rate(HCR) than those under a low cooling rate(LCR).Furthermore,based on X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculation,the substructure evolution in the grain interior,morphology,and spatial distribution of the precipitates were studied to determine the differences in the flow softening mechanism.The main softening mechanism could be summarized as dynamic recovery and precipitation coarsening for the LCR alloy and dynamic precipitation for the HCR alloy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51575289,51705270)the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province,China (No.2019GHY112068)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (No.ZR2019PEE028)。
文摘The effect of Gd content ranging from 6.5 wt.%to 8.5 wt.%on microstructure evolution and dynamic mechanical behavior of Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys was investigated by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and split Hopkinson pressure bar.The microstructure of as-cast Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys indicates that the addition of Gd can promote grain refinement in the casting.Due to the rapid cooling rate during solidification,a large amount of non-equilibrium eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) appears at the grain boundary of as-cast Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys.After solution treatment at 520℃ for 6 h,the Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into the matrix,and the rare earth hydrides(REH)phase appears.The stress−strain curves validate that the solution-treated Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys with optimal Gd contents maintain excellent dynamic properties at different strain rates.It was concluded that the variation of Gd content and the agglomeration of residual REH particles and dynamically precipitated fine particles are key factors affecting dynamic mechanical properties of Mg−xGd−3Y−0.5Zr alloys.
基金supported by the Innovation Research Group Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China (KZCX2-YW-T09)the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2015-XBQN-B-20)
文摘The plant ecosystems are particularly sensitive to climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the responses of vegetation dynamics to climate change in Central Asia are still unclear. In this study, we used the normalized difference vegetation index（NDVI） data to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation and the correlation of vegetation and climatic variables over the period of 1982–2012 in Central Asia by using the empirical orthogonal function and least square methods. The results showed that the annual NDVI in Central Asia experienced a weak increasing trend overall during the study period. Specifically, the annual NDVI showed a significant increasing trend between1982 and 1994, and exhibited a decreasing trend since 1994. The regions where the annual NDVI decreased were mainly distributed in western Central Asia, which may be caused by the decreased precipitation. The NDVI exhibited a larger increasing trend in spring than in the other three seasons. In mountainous areas, the NDVI had a significant increasing trend at the annual and seasonal scales; further, the largest increasing trend of NDVI mainly appeared in the middle mountain belt（1,700–2,650 m asl）. The annual NDVI was positively correlated with annual precipitation in Central Asia, and there was a weak negative correlation between annual NDVI and temperature. Moreover, a one-month time lag was found in the response of NDVI to temperature from June to September in Central Asia during 1982–2012.
基金supported by National Key Research&Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFB3703300,2021YFE010016 and 2020YFA0405900)National Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.52220105003 and 51971075)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.FRFCU5710000918)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province-Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.YQ2020E006)JSPS KAKENHI(Grant No.JP21H01669).
文摘High thermal conductivity and high strength Mg-1.5Mn-2.5Ce alloy with a tensile yield strength of 387.0 MPa,ultimate tensile strength of 395.8 MPa,and thermal conductivity of 142.1 W/(m·K)was successfully fabricated via hot extrusion.The effects of La and Ce additions on the microstructure,thermal conductivity,and mechanical properties of the Mg-1.5Mn alloy were investigated.The results indicated that both the as-extruded Mg-1.5Mn-2.5La and Mg-1.5Mn-2.5Ce alloys exhibited a bimodal grain structure,with dynamically precipitated nano-scaleα-Mn phases.In comparison with La,the addition of Ce enhanced the dynamic precipitation more effectively during hot extrusion,while its influence on promoting the dynamic recrystallization was relatively weaker.The high tensile strength obtained in the as-extruded Mg-1.5Mn-2.5RE alloys can be attributed to the combined influence of the bimodal grain structure(with fine dynamic recrystallized(DRXed)grain size and high proportion of un-dynamic recrystallized(unDRXed)grains),dense nano-scale precipitates,and broken Mg12RE phases,while the remarkable thermal conductivity was due to the precipitation of Mn-rich phases from the Mg matrix.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant nos.52371005,52022017,and 51927801]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.E.G.thanks Xiaomi Foundation for support.
文摘The development of low-cost,high-performance Mg alloys is crucial to the industrial applications of large-scale production of Mg alloys.In this work,extruded Mg-5Bi-3Al alloy with excellent mechanical properties is successfully prepared by modifying the extrusion temperatures(240℃and 300℃).The extruded alloy obtained ultra-high strength(yield strength=380 MPa,ultimate tensile strength=418 MPa)and excellent plasticity(elongation=10.2%)at the extrusion temperature of 240℃,the main contributing factors are primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of ultrafine recrystallized grain size(~0.5µm)and high density of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)precipitates.Stacking faults within the sub-micron Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase are observed in the E240 alloy,confirming the plastic deformation capability of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase.The effects of extrusion temperature on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and work-hardening behavior of the extruded Mg-5Bi-3Al alloys at room temperature are systematically investigated.The results suggest that decreasing the extrusion temperature can refine recrystallized grain size and Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase size,and the quantity of Mg_(3)Bi_(2)phase is increased,while increasing the extrusion temperature can improve the degree of recrystallization and weaken texture.The work hardening rate is increased with the increased extrusion temperature,mainly due to the coarsening of grains and precipitates,and the weakening of texture.This work provides an experimental basis for preparing high-performance wrought Mg-5Bi-3Al alloys.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201119 and 52371108)the Frontier Exploration Project of Longmen Laboratory,China(No.LMQYTSKT014)the 12th Postgraduate Innovation Fund of Henan University of Science and Technology(No.CXJJ-2023-KJ04).
文摘The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and dynamic precipitation of Mg-5Gd-3Sm(-1Zn)-0.5Zr alloys after hot compression deformation were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)techniques.Further-more,the DRX mechanisms were investigated by calculating the deformation activation energy,establishing the constitutive equation,and creating a critical strain model.The results indicate that the presence of Zn element enhanced the production of DRX,considerably re-duced the strength of{0001}plane texture,and boosted the Schmidt factor of nonbasal plane slip.The Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr alloy had a low degree of DRX,manifested as a monolayer of DRX grains at the grain boundaries,and dominated by the discontinuous DRX mech-anism.However,the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy had a high degree of DRX,which occurred in the form of multilayered DRX grains by the main mechanism of continuous DRX.Compared with the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-0.5Zr alloy,in addition to the Mg5(Gd,Sm)phase,the Mg-5Gd-3Sm-1Zn-0.5Zr alloy also introduced a new dynamic precipitation phase called(Mg,Zn)_(3)(Gd,Sm)phase.The dynamic precip-itation phase prevented grain boundary migration and dislocation motion,which promoted DRX nucleation and prevented the growth of recrystallized grains.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202203021211338,202203021212507)Research Project supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2022-178)+1 种基金Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Youth Talent Team(202204051001005)Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province(20240033)。
文摘The addition of minor gadolinium(Gd)into Mg-4Sm-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy significantly enhances hightemperature strength and creep resistance,such as a decrease in the minimum creep rate by approximately five times and an increase in the yield strength by around 40 MPa at 200℃.The presence of Gd results in the co-precipitation of both prismaticβ-type and basal y-type phases during creep,whereas only the basalγ-type phase is present in the Gd-free alloy.The prismaticβ-type and basalγ-type phases are oriented perpendicular to each other in space,creating a closed configuration that effectively blocks dislocation motions compared to single basalγ-type precipitates.Therefore,the improved creep resistance in the Gd-enriched alloy is mainly attributed to the co-precipitation of prismaticβ-type andγ-type precipitates during creep.Furthermore,rare earth(RE)atoms inherently provide stable solute hardening at high temperatures,which contributes to the increased high-temperature strength.The addition of Gd also enhances grain boundary stability by promoting the formation of more Mg_(3)RE phases,thereby further enhancing the creep strength.These findings offer insights into the development of highly creepresistant Mg alloys with low RE concentrations.
