Technical advances and sustainable development tendency accelerate the implementation of electric trucks.However,the penetration of dynamic charging tariff policy poses a huge challenge to the cost-optimal operation o...Technical advances and sustainable development tendency accelerate the implementation of electric trucks.However,the penetration of dynamic charging tariff policy poses a huge challenge to the cost-optimal operation of the electric truck fleet.To this end,a two-stage stochastic electric vehicle routing model is formulated to support cost-efficient routing and charging decisions.Furthermore,an experimental study based on a real-world distribution network is conducted to evaluate impacts of dynamic charging tariffs on logistics planning.The results show that the daily operation cost can reduce by 3.57%to 5.55%as the number of dynamic charging stations increases.The value of stochastic solution confirms the benefits of implementing stochastic programming model,which will ensure a lower operation cost in the long-term through robust route planning.展开更多
Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems insta...Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.展开更多
The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs b...The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs based on M-EMLs separated by polyethyleneimine ethoxylated(PEIE)layer with different stacking sequences of blue(B),green(G),and red(R)QDs layer were used to intuitively explore the injection,transportation and recombination processes of the charge carriers in QLEDs by using the time-resolved electroluminescence(TrEL)spectra.From the TrEL spectra mea-surements,green and red emissions were obtained first in the QLEDs with the EMLs sequences of G/PEIE/B/PEIE/R and B/PEIE/R/PEIE/G along the direction of light emission,respectively.While the QLEDs adopt EMLs sequences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,the blue,green and red emissions were obtained nearly at the same time.The above phenomenon can be attributed to different charge carrier transmission and radiation recombination process in the EMLs due to different valence band offsets and conduction band offsets between R-,G-and B-QDs by using different sequences of EMLs.White emission with coordi-nates of(0.31,0.31)and correlated color temperature(CCT)of 5916 K was obtained in the QLEDs with the EMLs se-quences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,which can be attributed to the relative uniform emission of B-,G-and R-QDs due to the effec-tive injection and radiation recombination of charge carriers in each of the EMLs.The above results have great significance for further understanding and improving the performance of QLEDs with M-EMLs.展开更多
Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This wo...Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This work designed and built unique S-scheme heterojunctions by in-situ growing inorganic WO_(3) nanoparticles with excellent oxidation ability on fused-sulfone-modified covalent organic frameworks(FS-COF)with strong reduction ability.It is found that FS-COF and WO_(3) have a well-matched staggered band alignment.The best-designed FS-COF/WO_(3)-20%exhibits a maximum photocatalytic HER rate of 24.7 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1) under visible light irradiation,which is 1.4 times greater than the pure FS-COF.Moreover,photogenerated electron-hole pairs can be separated and utilized more efficiently thanks to the FS-COF/WO_(3) heterojunction's ability to create a favorable internal electric field resulting from the difference in work functions between FS-COF and WO_(3),which speeds up the transfer dynamics of photoinduced electrons from WO_(3) to FS-COF through an additional interfacial electron-transfer channel obeying the directional S-scheme migration mechanism.Furthermore,the S-scheme migration mechanism of photoinduced charge carriers instead of the type-II mechanism was confirmed by the signal intensity of•O_(2)−species from spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectra over the single component and the formed heterojunction.It ensures the photoexcited electrons maintain on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of FS-COF with a strong reduction ability to participate in photocatalytic HER,resulting in a significantly boosted H_(2) evolution rate.Based on organic/inorganic coupling,this work offers a strategy for creating particular S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.展开更多
Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was...Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium charge carriers in both textured and non-textured GaAs substrates.Our findings show that the textured surface acts as an antireflective layer, greatly boosting the infrared pump laser's coupling efficiency into the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Additionally, texturing introduces a trapassisted recombination pathway, speeding up carrier relaxation and thus reducing Joule heating. Under the same pumping and bias field conditions, the coarse-textured GaAs photoconductive antenna shows nearly 7.85 times stronger THz emission amplitude than the non-textured device, along with improvement in signal-to-noise ratio.At a fixed bias field, higher pump power increases photogenerated carrier density, causing bias field screening and subsequent saturation of THz emission. At fixed pump power, when the bias field reaches ~2.5 kV/cm, both THz emission and photocurrent spectra show a clear kink, signaling intervalley scattering from the Γ valley to the L(X) valleys under high electric fields.展开更多
The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work...The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work,a novel quaternary pyridinium-based halide salt,1-ethyl-4-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridinium iodide(EMCP-I),is introduced as an effective post-treatment molecule to improve the quality of the perovskite film.EMCP-I exhibits dual functionality to passivate both negatively and positively charged defects and improve the film morphology.Furthermore,the treatment fine-tunes energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer(HTL),facilitating more efficient charge transport.Consequently,EMCP-I-treated devices achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)improvement from 20.5% to 22.6%,driven primarily by an enhanced open-circuit voltage(VOC).Beyond efficiency gains,the treatment significantly enhances the environmental and operational stabilities of solar cells.This work provides a guide for tailoring quaternary pyridinium-based molecules for simultaneous improvement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs.展开更多
Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological product...Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.展开更多
We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering...We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering and ambipolar transport and the influence of a self-consistent electric field on the scattering distribution of electrons. The dynamic spatial distribution of charges is obtained and validated by existing experimental data. Our simulations show that excess negative charges are concentrated near the edge of the electron range. However, the formed region of high charge density may extend to the surface and bottom of a kapton sample, due to the effects of the electric field on electron scattering and charge transport, respectively. Charge trapping is then demonstrated to significantly influence the charge motion. The charge distribution can be extended to the bottom as the trap density decreases. Charge accumulation is therefore balanced by the appearance and increase of leakage current. Accordingly, our model and numerical simulation provide a comprehensive insight into the charging dynamics of a polymer irradiated by electrons in the complex space environment.展开更多
This paper proposes the design concept of a dynamic charging system for electric vehicles using multiple transmitter coils connected to a common radio frequency(RF)feeder driven by a pair of two power supplies.Using a...This paper proposes the design concept of a dynamic charging system for electric vehicles using multiple transmitter coils connected to a common radio frequency(RF)feeder driven by a pair of two power supplies.Using a common RF feeder for multiple transmitter coils reduces the power electronic redundancy compared to a conventional system,where each transmitter coil is individually driven by one switched-mode power supply.Currently,wireless charging of electric vehicles is recommended to operate in the frequency range of 85 kHz and beyond.In this frequency range,the signal wavelength is shorter than about 3.5 km.Therefore,a charging pad longer than several hundred meters is subject to the standing wave effect.In such a case,the voltage significantly varies along the RF feeder,resulting in a variation in the received power level when the receiver moves.Specifically,the received power significantly deteriorates when the receiver is nearby a node of the voltage standing wave.In this paper,we employ a pair of two power sources which are electrically separated by an odd-integer number of the quarter wavelength to drive the RF feeder.As a result,the voltage standing wave generated by one power source is complemented by that of the other,leading to stable received power and transmission efficiency at all the receiver’s positions along with the charging pad.Simulation results at the 85 kHz frequency band verify the output power stabilization effect of the proposed design.It is worth noting that the proposed concept can also be applied to simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)for passive radio frequency identification(RFID)tags by raising the operation frequency to higher industrial,scientific and medical(ISM)bands,e.g.,13.56 MHz and employing similar modulation methods as in the current RFID technology.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thi...Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.展开更多
The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduc...The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduce a tandem design of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl with an atomically matched interface,achieving highly efficient photoreduction of CO_(2)to CO.By incorporating WO_(4)^(2-)ions and tuning coordination environment,the(110)facet of BiOCl was in-situ grown on the(200)facet of Bi_(2)WO_(6).Compared to single phases and ball-milling samples,Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl exhibits a remarkable CO yield of 68.03μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)with a selectivity of 98%.Atomic visualization and coordination analysis confirm the formation of a coherent interface that facilitates charge migration for efficient electron transport.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy provide insights into the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.The proposed lattice engineering strategies offer a new paradigm for the rational design of heterostructures beyond traditional band alignment at the atomic scale.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related t...Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related to energy loss,photoelectric conversion efficiency,and operational stability in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),various strategies have been proposed,such as improving perovskite crystallization,developing tandem architectures,and advancing interfacial engineering.However,the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood.This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process,with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer.It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer,alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems.By elucidating these mechanisms,this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment,reducing energy dissipation,and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.展开更多
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precur...Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique,which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the postsulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films.This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO_(2)/Pt thin-film photocathode,achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen(HC-STH)conversion efficiency of 9.91%.Additionally,the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density(J_(ph))of 29.44 m A cm^(-2)(at 0 VRHE)and favorable onset potential(Von)of 0.73 VRHE.Furthermore,our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 m A cm^(-2)and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56%in natural seawater,followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20%in a CZTS-BiVO_4 tandem cell.The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm^(2)module,highlighting its significant potential for practical,unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.展开更多
As an alternative power solution for low-power devices, harvesting energy from the ambient mechanical vibration has received increasing research interest in recent years. In this paper we study the transient dynamic c...As an alternative power solution for low-power devices, harvesting energy from the ambient mechanical vibration has received increasing research interest in recent years. In this paper we study the transient dynamic characteristics of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system including a piezoelectric energy harvester, a bridge rectifier, and a storage capacitor. To accomplish this, this energy harvesting system is modeled, and the charging process of the storage capacitor is investigated by employing the in-phase assumption The results indicate that the charging voltage across the storage capacitor and the gathered power increase gradually as the charging process proceeds, whereas the charging rate slows down over time as the charging voltage approaches to the peak value of the piezoelectric voltage across the piezoelectric materials. In addition, due to the added electrical damping and the change of the system natural frequency when the charging process is initiated, a sudden drop in the vibration amplitude is observed, which in turn affects the charging rate. However, the vibration amplitude begins to increase as the charging process continues, which is caused by the decrease in the electrical damping （i.e., the decrease in the energy removed from the mechanical vibration）. This electromechanical coupling characteristic is also revealed by the variation of the vibration amplitude with the charging voltage.展开更多
Asymmetric behaviors of capacitance and charging dynamics in the cathode and anode are general for nanoporous supercapacitors.Understanding this behavior is essential for the optimal design of supercapacitors.Herein,w...Asymmetric behaviors of capacitance and charging dynamics in the cathode and anode are general for nanoporous supercapacitors.Understanding this behavior is essential for the optimal design of supercapacitors.Herein,we perform constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations to reveal asymmetric features of porous supercapacitors and their effects on capacitance and charging dynamics.Our simulations show that,counterintuitively,charging dynamics can be fast in pores providing slow ion diffusion and vice versa.Unlike electrodes with singlesize pores,multi-pore electrodes show overcharging and accelerated co-ion desorption,which can be attributed to the subtle interplay between the dynamics and charging mechanisms.We find that capacitance and charging dynamics correlate with how the ions respond to an applied cell voltage in the cathode and anode.We demonstrate that symmetrizing this response can help boost power density,which may find practical applications in supercapacitor optimization.展开更多
Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed ho...Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed hole transport layer(HTL)on the charge carrier dynamics and recombination processes in perovskite photovoltaic devices is still largely unexplored.In particular,significant knowledge is missing on how these crucial parameters for radiative and non-radiative recombinations,as well as for efficient charge extraction vary among different perovskite crystalline phases that are induced by temperature variation.Herein,we perform micro photoluminescence(pPL)and ultrafast time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS)in Glass/Perovskite and two dierent Glass/ITO/HTL/Perovskite configurations at temperatures below room temperature,in order to probe the charge carrier dynamics of different perovskite crystalline phases,while considering also the effect of the employed HTL polymer.Namely,CH_(3)NH_(3)Pbb films were deposited on Glass,PEDOT:PSS and PTAA polymers,and the developed Glass/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)and Glass/ITO/HTL/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)architectures were studied from 85 K up to 215 K in order to explore the charge extraction dynamics of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)orthorhombic and tetragonal crystalline phases.It is observed an unusual blueshift of the bandgap with temperature and the dual emission at temperature below of 100 K and also,that the charge carrier dynamics,as expressed by hole injection times and free carrier recombination rates,are strongly depended on the actual pervoskite crystal phase,as well as,from the selected hole transport material.展开更多
In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and ...In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and thermal stimulating surface-potential decay measurements. The results showed that the initial surface potential, whether positively or negatively charging, is much higher in non-porous PTFE than in porous PTFE. For porous film the value of initial sur-face potentials increases with increase of film thickness. Higher charging temperature can remarkably improve charge stability. The charge dynamics are correlated to materials microstructure according to their scanning electron micrographs.For non-porous PTFE films, polarizability change of C-F bonds is the main origin of electret charges; but for porous PTFE film a large number of bulk and interface type traps are expected because of the greater area of interface and higher crys-tallinity.展开更多
The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can pr...The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can provide maximized D/A interfacial area for exciton dissociation and appro p riate domain size of the exciton diffusion length,which is beneficial to obtain high-performance OSCs.Here,we comprehensively investigated the relationship between various D:A blend ratios and the charge transfer and energy transfer mechanisms in OSCs based on PBDB-T and non-fullerene acceptor IT-M.Based on various D:A blend ratios,it was found that the ratio of components is a key factor to suppress the formation of triplet states and recombination energy losses.Rational D:A blend ratios can provide appropriate donor/accepter surface for charge transfer which has been powerfully verified by various detailed experimental results from the time-resolved fluorescence measurement and transient absorption(TA) spectroscopy.Optimized coherence length and crystallinity are verified by grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering(GIWAXS) measurements.The results are bene ficial to comprehend the effects of various D:A blend ratios on charge transfer and energy transfer dynamics and provides constructive suggestions for rationally designing new materials and feedback for photovoltaic performance optimization in non-fullerene OSCs.展开更多
Aerospace dielectric components on spacecrafts are frequently exposed to surface charging.Here the dynamic charging behaviours of advanced aerospace dielectrics under electron beam irradiation are investigated.Combine...Aerospace dielectric components on spacecrafts are frequently exposed to surface charging.Here the dynamic charging behaviours of advanced aerospace dielectrics under electron beam irradiation are investigated.Combined measurement of dielectric secondary emission yield(SEY)and trap distribution provides input parameters of a driftdiffusion transport model reproducing the beam-irradiated dielectric charging processes.The model reveals the spatial-temporal evolutions of the current,charge density,and electric field distribution.The model-predicted sample current,SEY and surface potential,in a surface layer of 1μm and with incident electron energy range of 10-30 keV,are compared with the experiments,showing qualitative agreement.The effects of beam energy and current,dielectric material,and sample thickness on the charging processes are explored.Relation between the beam energy and final surface potential is determined,and the beam current is found to only affect the charging speed.Dielectric parameters including the mass density,permittivity,surface resistivity,trap state distribution,electron affinity,together influence the charging speed and final charged state.展开更多
As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highway...As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highways,exacerbate these issues with necessary detours,inconsistent service levels,and unpredictable waiting durations.The emerging technology of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)may alleviate range anxiety and eliminate long charging stops;however,the driving speed on DWCL significantly affects charging efficiency and effective charging time.Meanwhile,the existing research has addressed load balancing optimization on Dynamic Wireless Charging(DWC)systems to a limited extent.To address this critical issue,this study introduces an innovative eco-driving speed control strategy,providing a novel solution to the multi-objective optimization problem of speed control on DWCL.We utilize mathematical programming methods and incorporate the longitudinal dynamics of vehicles to provide an accurate physical model of EVs.Three objective functions are formulated to tackle the challenges at hand:reducing travel time,increasing charging efficiency,and achieving load balancing on DWCL,which corresponds to four control strategies.The results of numerical tests indicate that a comprehensive control strategy,which considers all objectives,achieves a minor sacrifice in travel time reduction while significantly improving energy efficiency and load balancing.Furthermore,by defining the energy demand and speed range through an upper operation limit,a relatively superior speed control strategy can be selected.This work contributes to the discourse on DWCL integration into modern transportation systems,enhancing the EV driving experience on major roads.展开更多
基金the Key Soft Science Project of Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”(No.21692195200)the Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2020-XZ-15)。
文摘Technical advances and sustainable development tendency accelerate the implementation of electric trucks.However,the penetration of dynamic charging tariff policy poses a huge challenge to the cost-optimal operation of the electric truck fleet.To this end,a two-stage stochastic electric vehicle routing model is formulated to support cost-efficient routing and charging decisions.Furthermore,an experimental study based on a real-world distribution network is conducted to evaluate impacts of dynamic charging tariffs on logistics planning.The results show that the daily operation cost can reduce by 3.57%to 5.55%as the number of dynamic charging stations increases.The value of stochastic solution confirms the benefits of implementing stochastic programming model,which will ensure a lower operation cost in the long-term through robust route planning.
基金Funding for this work was provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program of Energy Research and Development.
文摘Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.
文摘The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs based on M-EMLs separated by polyethyleneimine ethoxylated(PEIE)layer with different stacking sequences of blue(B),green(G),and red(R)QDs layer were used to intuitively explore the injection,transportation and recombination processes of the charge carriers in QLEDs by using the time-resolved electroluminescence(TrEL)spectra.From the TrEL spectra mea-surements,green and red emissions were obtained first in the QLEDs with the EMLs sequences of G/PEIE/B/PEIE/R and B/PEIE/R/PEIE/G along the direction of light emission,respectively.While the QLEDs adopt EMLs sequences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,the blue,green and red emissions were obtained nearly at the same time.The above phenomenon can be attributed to different charge carrier transmission and radiation recombination process in the EMLs due to different valence band offsets and conduction band offsets between R-,G-and B-QDs by using different sequences of EMLs.White emission with coordi-nates of(0.31,0.31)and correlated color temperature(CCT)of 5916 K was obtained in the QLEDs with the EMLs se-quences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,which can be attributed to the relative uniform emission of B-,G-and R-QDs due to the effec-tive injection and radiation recombination of charge carriers in each of the EMLs.The above results have great significance for further understanding and improving the performance of QLEDs with M-EMLs.
文摘Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This work designed and built unique S-scheme heterojunctions by in-situ growing inorganic WO_(3) nanoparticles with excellent oxidation ability on fused-sulfone-modified covalent organic frameworks(FS-COF)with strong reduction ability.It is found that FS-COF and WO_(3) have a well-matched staggered band alignment.The best-designed FS-COF/WO_(3)-20%exhibits a maximum photocatalytic HER rate of 24.7 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1) under visible light irradiation,which is 1.4 times greater than the pure FS-COF.Moreover,photogenerated electron-hole pairs can be separated and utilized more efficiently thanks to the FS-COF/WO_(3) heterojunction's ability to create a favorable internal electric field resulting from the difference in work functions between FS-COF and WO_(3),which speeds up the transfer dynamics of photoinduced electrons from WO_(3) to FS-COF through an additional interfacial electron-transfer channel obeying the directional S-scheme migration mechanism.Furthermore,the S-scheme migration mechanism of photoinduced charge carriers instead of the type-II mechanism was confirmed by the signal intensity of•O_(2)−species from spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectra over the single component and the formed heterojunction.It ensures the photoexcited electrons maintain on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of FS-COF with a strong reduction ability to participate in photocatalytic HER,resulting in a significantly boosted H_(2) evolution rate.Based on organic/inorganic coupling,this work offers a strategy for creating particular S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2023YFF0719200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.62322115,U24A20226,62588201,62435010,and 62335012)+2 种基金the 111 Project (Grant No.D18014)the Key project supported by Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.YDZX20193100004960)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant Nos.22JC1400200 and 21S31907400)。
文摘Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium charge carriers in both textured and non-textured GaAs substrates.Our findings show that the textured surface acts as an antireflective layer, greatly boosting the infrared pump laser's coupling efficiency into the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Additionally, texturing introduces a trapassisted recombination pathway, speeding up carrier relaxation and thus reducing Joule heating. Under the same pumping and bias field conditions, the coarse-textured GaAs photoconductive antenna shows nearly 7.85 times stronger THz emission amplitude than the non-textured device, along with improvement in signal-to-noise ratio.At a fixed bias field, higher pump power increases photogenerated carrier density, causing bias field screening and subsequent saturation of THz emission. At fixed pump power, when the bias field reaches ~2.5 kV/cm, both THz emission and photocurrent spectra show a clear kink, signaling intervalley scattering from the Γ valley to the L(X) valleys under high electric fields.
基金financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye(TüBITAK)under Project No.119F185the support of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling at the University of Warsaw(ICM UW)under computational allocation no.g93-1617。
文摘The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work,a novel quaternary pyridinium-based halide salt,1-ethyl-4-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridinium iodide(EMCP-I),is introduced as an effective post-treatment molecule to improve the quality of the perovskite film.EMCP-I exhibits dual functionality to passivate both negatively and positively charged defects and improve the film morphology.Furthermore,the treatment fine-tunes energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer(HTL),facilitating more efficient charge transport.Consequently,EMCP-I-treated devices achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)improvement from 20.5% to 22.6%,driven primarily by an enhanced open-circuit voltage(VOC).Beyond efficiency gains,the treatment significantly enhances the environmental and operational stabilities of solar cells.This work provides a guide for tailoring quaternary pyridinium-based molecules for simultaneous improvement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs.
文摘Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11175140)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering and ambipolar transport and the influence of a self-consistent electric field on the scattering distribution of electrons. The dynamic spatial distribution of charges is obtained and validated by existing experimental data. Our simulations show that excess negative charges are concentrated near the edge of the electron range. However, the formed region of high charge density may extend to the surface and bottom of a kapton sample, due to the effects of the electric field on electron scattering and charge transport, respectively. Charge trapping is then demonstrated to significantly influence the charge motion. The charge distribution can be extended to the bottom as the trap density decreases. Charge accumulation is therefore balanced by the appearance and increase of leakage current. Accordingly, our model and numerical simulation provide a comprehensive insight into the charging dynamics of a polymer irradiated by electrons in the complex space environment.
基金JSPS KAKENHI under Grant Nos.20K14736 and 19K04376.
文摘This paper proposes the design concept of a dynamic charging system for electric vehicles using multiple transmitter coils connected to a common radio frequency(RF)feeder driven by a pair of two power supplies.Using a common RF feeder for multiple transmitter coils reduces the power electronic redundancy compared to a conventional system,where each transmitter coil is individually driven by one switched-mode power supply.Currently,wireless charging of electric vehicles is recommended to operate in the frequency range of 85 kHz and beyond.In this frequency range,the signal wavelength is shorter than about 3.5 km.Therefore,a charging pad longer than several hundred meters is subject to the standing wave effect.In such a case,the voltage significantly varies along the RF feeder,resulting in a variation in the received power level when the receiver moves.Specifically,the received power significantly deteriorates when the receiver is nearby a node of the voltage standing wave.In this paper,we employ a pair of two power sources which are electrically separated by an odd-integer number of the quarter wavelength to drive the RF feeder.As a result,the voltage standing wave generated by one power source is complemented by that of the other,leading to stable received power and transmission efficiency at all the receiver’s positions along with the charging pad.Simulation results at the 85 kHz frequency band verify the output power stabilization effect of the proposed design.It is worth noting that the proposed concept can also be applied to simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)for passive radio frequency identification(RFID)tags by raising the operation frequency to higher industrial,scientific and medical(ISM)bands,e.g.,13.56 MHz and employing similar modulation methods as in the current RFID technology.
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1200201)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Projects(No.BJJWZYJH01201910005018)+1 种基金The Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51988101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071003 and 91860202)。
文摘The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduce a tandem design of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl with an atomically matched interface,achieving highly efficient photoreduction of CO_(2)to CO.By incorporating WO_(4)^(2-)ions and tuning coordination environment,the(110)facet of BiOCl was in-situ grown on the(200)facet of Bi_(2)WO_(6).Compared to single phases and ball-milling samples,Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl exhibits a remarkable CO yield of 68.03μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)with a selectivity of 98%.Atomic visualization and coordination analysis confirm the formation of a coherent interface that facilitates charge migration for efficient electron transport.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy provide insights into the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.The proposed lattice engineering strategies offer a new paradigm for the rational design of heterostructures beyond traditional band alignment at the atomic scale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22202102,62474194,22425903,U24A20568)the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4204500)the Jiangsu Provincial Departments of Science and Technology(BE2022023,BK20220010,and BZ2023060)。
文摘Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related to energy loss,photoelectric conversion efficiency,and operational stability in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),various strategies have been proposed,such as improving perovskite crystallization,developing tandem architectures,and advancing interfacial engineering.However,the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood.This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process,with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer.It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer,alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems.By elucidating these mechanisms,this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment,reducing energy dissipation,and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62474114,52472225)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515012041,2025A1515011515)China+1 种基金Science and Technology plan project of Shenzhen(JCYJ20240813141620027,20231122102326002)ChinaShenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(Grants 2024B003)。
文摘Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique,which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the postsulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films.This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO_(2)/Pt thin-film photocathode,achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen(HC-STH)conversion efficiency of 9.91%.Additionally,the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density(J_(ph))of 29.44 m A cm^(-2)(at 0 VRHE)and favorable onset potential(Von)of 0.73 VRHE.Furthermore,our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 m A cm^(-2)and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56%in natural seawater,followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20%in a CZTS-BiVO_4 tandem cell.The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm^(2)module,highlighting its significant potential for practical,unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10476019)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.K5051304011)
文摘As an alternative power solution for low-power devices, harvesting energy from the ambient mechanical vibration has received increasing research interest in recent years. In this paper we study the transient dynamic characteristics of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system including a piezoelectric energy harvester, a bridge rectifier, and a storage capacitor. To accomplish this, this energy harvesting system is modeled, and the charging process of the storage capacitor is investigated by employing the in-phase assumption The results indicate that the charging voltage across the storage capacitor and the gathered power increase gradually as the charging process proceeds, whereas the charging rate slows down over time as the charging voltage approaches to the peak value of the piezoelectric voltage across the piezoelectric materials. In addition, due to the added electrical damping and the change of the system natural frequency when the charging process is initiated, a sudden drop in the vibration amplitude is observed, which in turn affects the charging rate. However, the vibration amplitude begins to increase as the charging process continues, which is caused by the decrease in the electrical damping （i.e., the decrease in the energy removed from the mechanical vibration）. This electromechanical coupling characteristic is also revealed by the variation of the vibration amplitude with the charging voltage.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51876072)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2019CFA002,2020CFA093)supported by the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team
文摘Asymmetric behaviors of capacitance and charging dynamics in the cathode and anode are general for nanoporous supercapacitors.Understanding this behavior is essential for the optimal design of supercapacitors.Herein,we perform constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations to reveal asymmetric features of porous supercapacitors and their effects on capacitance and charging dynamics.Our simulations show that,counterintuitively,charging dynamics can be fast in pores providing slow ion diffusion and vice versa.Unlike electrodes with singlesize pores,multi-pore electrodes show overcharging and accelerated co-ion desorption,which can be attributed to the subtle interplay between the dynamics and charging mechanisms.We find that capacitance and charging dynamics correlate with how the ions respond to an applied cell voltage in the cathode and anode.We demonstrate that symmetrizing this response can help boost power density,which may find practical applications in supercapacitor optimization.
文摘Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed hole transport layer(HTL)on the charge carrier dynamics and recombination processes in perovskite photovoltaic devices is still largely unexplored.In particular,significant knowledge is missing on how these crucial parameters for radiative and non-radiative recombinations,as well as for efficient charge extraction vary among different perovskite crystalline phases that are induced by temperature variation.Herein,we perform micro photoluminescence(pPL)and ultrafast time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS)in Glass/Perovskite and two dierent Glass/ITO/HTL/Perovskite configurations at temperatures below room temperature,in order to probe the charge carrier dynamics of different perovskite crystalline phases,while considering also the effect of the employed HTL polymer.Namely,CH_(3)NH_(3)Pbb films were deposited on Glass,PEDOT:PSS and PTAA polymers,and the developed Glass/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)and Glass/ITO/HTL/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)architectures were studied from 85 K up to 215 K in order to explore the charge extraction dynamics of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)orthorhombic and tetragonal crystalline phases.It is observed an unusual blueshift of the bandgap with temperature and the dual emission at temperature below of 100 K and also,that the charge carrier dynamics,as expressed by hole injection times and free carrier recombination rates,are strongly depended on the actual pervoskite crystal phase,as well as,from the selected hole transport material.
文摘In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and thermal stimulating surface-potential decay measurements. The results showed that the initial surface potential, whether positively or negatively charging, is much higher in non-porous PTFE than in porous PTFE. For porous film the value of initial sur-face potentials increases with increase of film thickness. Higher charging temperature can remarkably improve charge stability. The charge dynamics are correlated to materials microstructure according to their scanning electron micrographs.For non-porous PTFE films, polarizability change of C-F bonds is the main origin of electret charges; but for porous PTFE film a large number of bulk and interface type traps are expected because of the greater area of interface and higher crys-tallinity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11774204,11804084)Major Program of Natural Science Foundation 25 of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019ZD43)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(No.2018JC034)support from the ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science(No.CE170100026)the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(beamline BL16B1)for providing the beam time for GIWAXS measurements。
文摘The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can provide maximized D/A interfacial area for exciton dissociation and appro p riate domain size of the exciton diffusion length,which is beneficial to obtain high-performance OSCs.Here,we comprehensively investigated the relationship between various D:A blend ratios and the charge transfer and energy transfer mechanisms in OSCs based on PBDB-T and non-fullerene acceptor IT-M.Based on various D:A blend ratios,it was found that the ratio of components is a key factor to suppress the formation of triplet states and recombination energy losses.Rational D:A blend ratios can provide appropriate donor/accepter surface for charge transfer which has been powerfully verified by various detailed experimental results from the time-resolved fluorescence measurement and transient absorption(TA) spectroscopy.Optimized coherence length and crystallinity are verified by grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering(GIWAXS) measurements.The results are bene ficial to comprehend the effects of various D:A blend ratios on charge transfer and energy transfer dynamics and provides constructive suggestions for rationally designing new materials and feedback for photovoltaic performance optimization in non-fullerene OSCs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:12375205Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:xzy012023153Swiss National Science Foundation。
文摘Aerospace dielectric components on spacecrafts are frequently exposed to surface charging.Here the dynamic charging behaviours of advanced aerospace dielectrics under electron beam irradiation are investigated.Combined measurement of dielectric secondary emission yield(SEY)and trap distribution provides input parameters of a driftdiffusion transport model reproducing the beam-irradiated dielectric charging processes.The model reveals the spatial-temporal evolutions of the current,charge density,and electric field distribution.The model-predicted sample current,SEY and surface potential,in a surface layer of 1μm and with incident electron energy range of 10-30 keV,are compared with the experiments,showing qualitative agreement.The effects of beam energy and current,dielectric material,and sample thickness on the charging processes are explored.Relation between the beam energy and final surface potential is determined,and the beam current is found to only affect the charging speed.Dielectric parameters including the mass density,permittivity,surface resistivity,trap state distribution,electron affinity,together influence the charging speed and final charged state.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72201149)Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Green Mining of Coal resources,Ministry of Education(KLXGY-KB2420)Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research(SL2023A04J00802).
文摘As the adoption of Electric Vehicles(EVs)intensifies,two primary challenges emerge:limited range due to battery constraints and extended charging times.The traditional charging stations,particularly those near highways,exacerbate these issues with necessary detours,inconsistent service levels,and unpredictable waiting durations.The emerging technology of dynamic wireless charging lanes(DWCLs)may alleviate range anxiety and eliminate long charging stops;however,the driving speed on DWCL significantly affects charging efficiency and effective charging time.Meanwhile,the existing research has addressed load balancing optimization on Dynamic Wireless Charging(DWC)systems to a limited extent.To address this critical issue,this study introduces an innovative eco-driving speed control strategy,providing a novel solution to the multi-objective optimization problem of speed control on DWCL.We utilize mathematical programming methods and incorporate the longitudinal dynamics of vehicles to provide an accurate physical model of EVs.Three objective functions are formulated to tackle the challenges at hand:reducing travel time,increasing charging efficiency,and achieving load balancing on DWCL,which corresponds to four control strategies.The results of numerical tests indicate that a comprehensive control strategy,which considers all objectives,achieves a minor sacrifice in travel time reduction while significantly improving energy efficiency and load balancing.Furthermore,by defining the energy demand and speed range through an upper operation limit,a relatively superior speed control strategy can be selected.This work contributes to the discourse on DWCL integration into modern transportation systems,enhancing the EV driving experience on major roads.
