Arctic shipping poses environmental risks due to the region’s fragile ecosystems and rapid climate changes.Effective risk assessment tools are needed to ensure sustainable expansion and to carry out environmental imp...Arctic shipping poses environmental risks due to the region’s fragile ecosystems and rapid climate changes.Effective risk assessment tools are needed to ensure sustainable expansion and to carry out environmental impact assessments.This paper explores applications of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis(FMEA)and Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis(STPA)coupled with the consequences of a“Dynamic baseline approach”for Arctic shipping environmental impact assessment.Shipping entails complex interactions between environmental,technical,human,and organizational factors.FMEA identifies failure modes and their effects through component-level analysis.STPA examines how unsafe control actions can emerge from interactions between system components.Combining these techniques with a dynamic(variable)baseline,accounting for inherent ongoing changing Arctic conditions,offers a robust methodology.A qualitative case study shows that prioritizing hazards by risk,yields highest concerns,as increased greenhouse gas emissions,black carbon deposition on ice and snow,and response delays to accidents represent some of the most important identified threats to the environment.The use of FMEA and STPA are complementary,and differences are highlighted.The methodology applied,should be representative for the qualitative risk analysis methodology,and while the findings are impacted by the perspectives of the authors,the process followed is intended to identify and rank risks in a consistent manner.Mitigations measures must be in place to target these issues.Constant monitoring of the changing ecological and socioeconomic Arctic baselines supports the responses.This methodology offers a starting point for systematically addressing environmental impact risks in the data-limited Arctic.Integrating failure modes and effect analysis,system theories and dynamic baselines,account for identification of the complex interactions,influencing environmental risks in this rapidly evolving region.展开更多
High moments of conserved quantities,such as net-baryon,net-electric charge,and net-strangeness,in heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to fluctuations caused by the quantum chromodynamics critical point(CP).The event-b...High moments of conserved quantities,such as net-baryon,net-electric charge,and net-strangeness,in heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to fluctuations caused by the quantum chromodynamics critical point(CP).The event-by-event analysis of high moments of the conserved charges has been widely used in experiments to search for the CP,particularly in the RHIC-STAR experiment.To establish a dynamical non-critical baseline,particularly in the high baryon density region,we performed a systematic analysis of the proton multiplicity distributions from Au+Au collisions at3≤√SNN≤9.2Ge V.The beam energy,centrality,and rapidity width dependence of proton(factorial)cumulants,up to the 4~(th)order,were extracted from the calculations of a hadronic transport model called the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics(Ur QMD)model.In addition,the effects of the initial volume fluctuation are discussed.These results will be important for the physics analysis of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan(BES)data,particularly for the fixed-target data and experimental data from future CBM experiments at FAIR.展开更多
基金supported in parts by funds provided by“The Program for Maritim Competence(MARKOM II),”(https://www.markomii.no/om-markomii/),project 10039funds made available to UIT,The Arctic University of Norway。
文摘Arctic shipping poses environmental risks due to the region’s fragile ecosystems and rapid climate changes.Effective risk assessment tools are needed to ensure sustainable expansion and to carry out environmental impact assessments.This paper explores applications of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis(FMEA)and Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis(STPA)coupled with the consequences of a“Dynamic baseline approach”for Arctic shipping environmental impact assessment.Shipping entails complex interactions between environmental,technical,human,and organizational factors.FMEA identifies failure modes and their effects through component-level analysis.STPA examines how unsafe control actions can emerge from interactions between system components.Combining these techniques with a dynamic(variable)baseline,accounting for inherent ongoing changing Arctic conditions,offers a robust methodology.A qualitative case study shows that prioritizing hazards by risk,yields highest concerns,as increased greenhouse gas emissions,black carbon deposition on ice and snow,and response delays to accidents represent some of the most important identified threats to the environment.The use of FMEA and STPA are complementary,and differences are highlighted.The methodology applied,should be representative for the qualitative risk analysis methodology,and while the findings are impacted by the perspectives of the authors,the process followed is intended to identify and rank risks in a consistent manner.Mitigations measures must be in place to target these issues.Constant monitoring of the changing ecological and socioeconomic Arctic baselines supports the responses.This methodology offers a starting point for systematically addressing environmental impact risks in the data-limited Arctic.Integrating failure modes and effect analysis,system theories and dynamic baselines,account for identification of the complex interactions,influencing environmental risks in this rapidly evolving region.
文摘High moments of conserved quantities,such as net-baryon,net-electric charge,and net-strangeness,in heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to fluctuations caused by the quantum chromodynamics critical point(CP).The event-by-event analysis of high moments of the conserved charges has been widely used in experiments to search for the CP,particularly in the RHIC-STAR experiment.To establish a dynamical non-critical baseline,particularly in the high baryon density region,we performed a systematic analysis of the proton multiplicity distributions from Au+Au collisions at3≤√SNN≤9.2Ge V.The beam energy,centrality,and rapidity width dependence of proton(factorial)cumulants,up to the 4~(th)order,were extracted from the calculations of a hadronic transport model called the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics(Ur QMD)model.In addition,the effects of the initial volume fluctuation are discussed.These results will be important for the physics analysis of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan(BES)data,particularly for the fixed-target data and experimental data from future CBM experiments at FAIR.
