Waveform audio(WAV) file is a widely used file format of uncompressed audio. With the rapid development of digital media technology, one can easily insert duplicated segments with powerful audio editing software, e.g....Waveform audio(WAV) file is a widely used file format of uncompressed audio. With the rapid development of digital media technology, one can easily insert duplicated segments with powerful audio editing software, e.g. inserting a segment of audio with negative meaning into the existing audio file. The duplicated segments can change the meaning of the audio file totally. So for a WAV file to be used as evidence in legal proceedings and historical documents, it is very importance to identify if there are any duplicated segments in it.This paper proposes a method to detect duplicated segments in a WAV file. Our method is based on the similarity calculation between two different segments. Duplicated segments are prone to having similar audio waveform,i.e., a high similarity. We use fast convolution algorithm to calculate the similarity, which makes our method quit efficient. We calculate the similarity between any two different segments in a digital audio file and use the similarity to judge which segments are duplicated. Experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of our method on detecting duplicated audio segments.展开更多
A 37-year old male presented with an acute abdomen suggestive of an appendiceal perforation.Urgent laparotomy showed a duplicated appendix with one of the lumens involved with appendicitis and a focal periappendicular...A 37-year old male presented with an acute abdomen suggestive of an appendiceal perforation.Urgent laparotomy showed a duplicated appendix with one of the lumens involved with appendicitis and a focal periappendicular abscess while the other lumen had a localized appendiceal cancer.Recognition of congenital intestinal duplications in adults is important to avoid serious clinical consequences.展开更多
CRISPR （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats）-Cas9-based genome editing has revolutionized func- tional genomics in many biological research fields. The specificity and potency of CR1SPR-Cas9 ge...CRISPR （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats）-Cas9-based genome editing has revolutionized func- tional genomics in many biological research fields. The specificity and potency of CR1SPR-Cas9 genome editing make it ideal for investigating the function of genes in vivo （Hsu et al., 2014）. Gene duplication is a key driver of evolu- tionary novelty （Taylor and Raes, 2004）. However, duplicated genes with near-identical sequences and functional redun- dancy have posed challenges for genetic analysis （Woollard, 2005）. The functions of duplicated genes can be assessed by simultaneous knockdown using homology-based methods such as RNA interference （RNAi） （Tischler et al., 2006）, Generation of double or triple mutants is an alternative way to assess functional redundancy of duplicated genes, However, generation of such compound mutants by forward or reverse genetic methods is time consuming.展开更多
LaparoEndoscopic Single-site(LESS) renal surgery emerging as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy,is technically challenging and the major vascular anomaly may increase the risk of intraoperative haemor...LaparoEndoscopic Single-site(LESS) renal surgery emerging as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy,is technically challenging and the major vascular anomaly may increase the risk of intraoperative haemorrhage.Herein,we present a case of right transumbilical LESS radical nephrectomy which was successfully performed in the presence of double inferior vena cava and duplicated the standard laparoscopic techniques.Most importantly,to bring such an aberrant vascular anatomy to the attention of laparoscopic,especially LESS surgeons with high resolution pictorial illustrations.展开更多
Duplicated inferior vena cava with bilateral iliac vein compression is extremely rare.We report a case of an 87-year-old man presented with bilateral lower extremity swelling,who was noted to have duplicated inferior ...Duplicated inferior vena cava with bilateral iliac vein compression is extremely rare.We report a case of an 87-year-old man presented with bilateral lower extremity swelling,who was noted to have duplicated inferior vena cava,as revealed by computed tomography angiography(CTA).This revealed bilateral iliac vein compression caused by surrounding structures.Anticoagulant treatment combined with stent implantation completely alleviated this chronic debilitating condition during the follow-up of 2 months with no recurrence.展开更多
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance over MANET is an area of extensive research. Congestion control mechanisms are major components of TCP which affect its performance. The improvement of these mechanisms ...Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance over MANET is an area of extensive research. Congestion control mechanisms are major components of TCP which affect its performance. The improvement of these mechanisms represents a big challenge especially over wireless environments. Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) mechanisms control the amount of increment and decrement of the transmission rate as a response to changes in the level of contention on routers buffer space and links bandwidth. The role of an AIMD mechanism in transmitting the proper amount of data is not easy, especially over MANET. This is because MANET has a very dynamic topology and high bit error rate wireless links that cause packet loss. Such a loss could be misinterpreted as severe congestion by the transmitting TCP node. This leads to unnecessary sharp reduction in the transmission rate which could degrades TCP throughput. This paper introduces a new AIMD algorithm that takes the number of already received duplicated ACK, when a timeout takes place, into account in deciding the amount of multiplicative decrease. Specifically, it decides the point from which Slow-start mechanism should begin its recovery of the congestion window size. The new AIMD algorithm has been developed as a new TCP variant which we call TCP Karak. The aim of TCP Karak is to be more adaptive to mobile wireless networks conditions by being able to distinguish between loss due to severe congestion and that due to link breakages or bit errors. Several simulated experiments have been conducted to evaluate TCP Karak and compare its performance with TCP NewReno. Results have shown that TCP Karak is able to achieve higher throughput and goodput than TCP NewReno under various mobility speeds, traffic loads, and bit error rates.展开更多
Aneurysm at the origin of a duplication of the middle cerebral artery (DMCA) is very rare, and only 29 treated cases have been reported. All of the cases were treated by direct surgery except a ruptured case treated b...Aneurysm at the origin of a duplication of the middle cerebral artery (DMCA) is very rare, and only 29 treated cases have been reported. All of the cases were treated by direct surgery except a ruptured case treated by intentional partial coil embolization. We report the first unruptured case treated by coil embolization and review the previously published cases. Coil embolization can be alternative treatment for an unruptured aneurysm at the origin of the DMCA. Stable framing to spare the origin of it and prevention of thromboembolic complications are keys for safe treatment.展开更多
Recent studies on leaf development demonstrate that the mechanism on the adaxial-abaxial polarity pattern formation could be well conserved among the far-related species, in which PHANTASTICA （PAHN）-Iike genes play ...Recent studies on leaf development demonstrate that the mechanism on the adaxial-abaxial polarity pattern formation could be well conserved among the far-related species, in which PHANTASTICA （PAHN）-Iike genes play important roles. In this study, we explored the conservation and diversity on functions of PHAN-Iike genes during the compound leaf development in Lotusjaponicus, a papilionoid legume. Two PHAN-Iike genes in L. japonicus, LjPHANa and LjPHANb, were found to originate from a gene duplication event and displayed different expression patterns during compound leaf development. Two mutants, reduced leafletsl （rell） and reduced leaflets3 （rel3）, which exhibited decreased adaxial identity of leaflets and reduced leaflet initiation, were identified and investigated. The expression patterns of both LjPHANs in rel mutants were altered and correlated with abnormalities of compound leaves. Our data suggest that LjPHANa and LjPHANb play important but divergent roles in regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity of compound leaves in L. japonicus.展开更多
Since the discovery of the first transposon by Dr.Barbara McClintock,the prevalence and diversity of transposable elements(TEs)have been gradually recognized.As fundamental genetic components,TEs drive organismal evol...Since the discovery of the first transposon by Dr.Barbara McClintock,the prevalence and diversity of transposable elements(TEs)have been gradually recognized.As fundamental genetic components,TEs drive organismal evolution not only by contributing functional sequences(e.g.,regulatory elements or“controllers”as phrased by Dr.McClintock)but also by shuffling genomic sequences.In the latter respect,TE-mediated gene duplications have contributed to the origination of new genes and attracted extensive interest.In response to the development of this field,we herein attempt to provide an overview of TEmediated duplication by focusing on common rules emerging across duplications generated by different TE types.Specifically,despite the huge divergence of transposition machinery across TEs,we identify three common features of various TE-mediated duplication mechanisms,including end bypass,template switching,and recurrent transposition.These three features lead to one common functional outcome,namely,TE-mediated duplicates tend to be subjected to exon shuffling and neofunctionalization.Therefore,the intrinsic properties of the mutational mechanism constrain the evolutionary trajectories of these duplicates.We finally discuss the future of this field including an in-depth characterization of both the duplication mechanisms and functions of TE-mediated duplicates.展开更多
Variations of the anterior cerebral artery(ACA)-anterior communicating artery(ACo A) complex are commonly observed when associated with a symptomatic intracranial aneurysm. We report an asymptomatic ACo A aneurysm ass...Variations of the anterior cerebral artery(ACA)-anterior communicating artery(ACo A) complex are commonly observed when associated with a symptomatic intracranial aneurysm. We report an asymptomatic ACo A aneurysm associated with duplicated hypoplastic A1 segment of the right ACA, observed in a 70-year-old female cadaver. Furthermore, the aneurysm, practically substituting the ACo A, caused a remarkable depression on the internal surface of the right frontal lobe, anterior to the optic chiasm. Aneurysms and other anomalies of the ACA and ACo A are common and their microvascular surgical management requires sound knowledge of the normal and variant vascular anatomy. Persistence of some embryonic vessels that normally disappear, disappearance of vessels that would normally persist or sprouting of new vessels due to hemodynamic and genetic factors are the usual causes for such anomalies. The high incidence of coexisting vascular anomalies and aneurysm suggests that such abnormalities predispose to aneurysm formation due to changes in the regional blood flow. A1 segment duplication has been reported to occur in 4% of subjects in cadaveric studies and in up to 0.5%-9.7% of cases of ACo A aneurysm surgery. Angiographic hypoplasias and aplasias of the A1 seg-ment have been also correlated with ACo A aneurysm patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Thumb polydactyly is one of the most common congenital hand deformities,and the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure or a modified one is often used.However,controversy remains over the rare instances in which both th...BACKGROUND Thumb polydactyly is one of the most common congenital hand deformities,and the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure or a modified one is often used.However,controversy remains over the rare instances in which both thumbs are not of similar length or far apart in distance.AIM To evaluate the clinical outcomes of pedicle complex tissue flap transfer in the treatment of duplicated thumbs with unequal size.METHODS From January 2014 to December 2020,15 patients underwent duplicated thumb reconstruction by pedicle complex tissue flap transfer at our hand surgery center.The technique was used when it was necessary to combine different tissues from both severed and preserved thumbs that were not of similar length or far apart in distance.Subjective parents’evaluations and functional outcomes(ALURRA and TATA criteria)were obtained.The alignment deviation,instability,range of motion(percent of opposite thumb)of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints,and the aesthetic aspects,including circumference,length,nail size,and nail deformity,were used to assess the clinical outcomes.RESULTS The average age of patients at the time of surgery was 13 mo,and the mean final follow-up occurred at 42 mo.An appropriate volume with a stable joint and good appearance was obtained in 14 reconstructed thumbs.An unstable interphalangeal joint occurred in one thumb.The flexion-extension arc at the metacarpophalangeal joint was good,while that at the interphalangeal joint was poor.Most of the parents were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results of the reconstructed thumbs.The mean ALURRA score was 21.8(range:20-24),and the Tada score was 6.9(range:5-8).Compared with the non-operated side,the length of the operated thumb was approximately 95%,the girth was 89%,and the nail width was 82.9%.The mean ranges of motion were 62.1%of that of the unaffected thumb in the interphalangeal joint and 78.3%in the metacarpophalangeal joint.CONCLUSION Harvesting a pedicle flap from a severed thumb is a safe and reliable procedure.Defects of the preserved thumb,such as the skin,nail,and bone,can be effectively restored using the complex tissue flap.展开更多
In tea plants,the abundant flavonoid compounds are responsible for the health benefits for the human body and define the astringent flavor profile.While the downstream mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis have been ex...In tea plants,the abundant flavonoid compounds are responsible for the health benefits for the human body and define the astringent flavor profile.While the downstream mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis have been extensively studied,the role of chalcone synthase(CHS)in this secondary metabolic process in tea plants remains less clear.In this study,we compared the evolutionary profile of the flavonoid metabolism pathway and discovered that gene duplication of CHS occurred in tea plants.We identified three CsCHS genes,along with a CsCHS-like gene,as potential candidates for further functional investigation.Unlike the CsCHS-like gene,the CsCHS genes effectively restored flavonoid production in Arabidopsis chs-mutants.Additionally,CsCHS transgenic tobacco plants exhibited higher flavonoid compound accumulation compared to their wild-type counterparts.Most notably,our examination of promoter and gene expression levels for the selected CHS genes revealed distinct responses to UV-B stress in tea plants.Our findings suggest that environmental factors such as UV-B exposure could have been the key drivers behind the gene duplication events in CHS.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal duplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the digestive tract,with colonic manifestations being particularly uncommon.Malignant transformation of colonic duplication cysts is rare,with ad...BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal duplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the digestive tract,with colonic manifestations being particularly uncommon.Malignant transformation of colonic duplication cysts is rare,with adenocarcinoma being the most frequently reported type.Herein,we report a rare case of adenocarcinoma originating from a colonic duplication cyst.CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old woman was found to have an elevated cancer antigen 19-9 level during a routine checkup.Imaging revealed a well-defined abdominal cavity cystic mass,which was initially suspected to be an ovarian teratoma.Laparoscopic surgery revealed a duplication cyst,and pathological examination confirmed adenocarcinoma arising from the cyst.The mass within the transverse mesocolon was successfully excised by a colorectal surgeon.Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed adenocarcinoma with invasion into the muscularis propria.Postoperative endoscopy and positron emission computed tomography scan showed no signs of malignancy,except for an elevated cancer antigen 19-9 level.A multidisciplinary team recommended no further chemotherapy,advising routine follow-up for monitoring.CONCLUSION Colonic duplications,though rare,remain a differential diagnosis of unexplained abdominal masses,with complete resection being their primary treatment approach.展开更多
Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformat...Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.The total length was612.91 Mb,and 25755 genes were detected in the chayote genome.The contig N50 was more than 20.01 Mb,and the scaffold N50 was over47.11 Mb.Of the genome,60.35%were composed of repetitive sequences,and 31.18%of genome sequences belonged to long-terminal repeats.A global alignment of homologous regions in chayote and other Cucurbitaceae plant genomes was constructed using grape as a reference.Based on this genome-wide and global alignment map,researchers can easily identify homologous collinear genes of the studied genomes in most Cucurbitaceae species.Twenty-five chayote accessions were divided into two subgroups based on phylogenetic tree,population structure analysis,and principal component analysis using genome re-sequencing data.The chayote genome,re-sequencing dataset,and comprehensive genomic analysis will accelerate comparative and functional genomic analysis of chayote and other Cucurbitaceae species in the future.展开更多
The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysac...The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.展开更多
Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basi...Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basis of this somatic polymorphism is understood,the developmental and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we selected Monochoria elata(Pontederiaceae)as our study system due to its typical heterantherous floral structure.We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of M.elata,conducted transcriptomic analyses and target phytohormone metabolome analysis to explore gene networks and hormones associated with heteranthery.We focused on three key stamen characteristics—colour,spatial patterning,and filament elongation—selected for their significant roles in stamen differentiation and their relevance to the functional diversity observed in heterantherous species.Our analyses suggest that gene networks involving MelLEAFY3,MADS-box,and TCP genes regulate stamen identity,with anthocyanin influencing colour,and lignin contributing to filament elongation.Additionally,variation in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid concentration between feeding and pollinating anthers appears to contribute to their morphological divergence.Our findings highlight gene networks and hormones associated with intra-floral stamen differentiation and indicate that whole genome duplications have likely facilitated the evolution of heteranthery during divergence from other Pontederiaceae without heteranthery.展开更多
The flowering time is a key trait that determines adaptation,yield and quality of crops.Adlay,a traditional cereal crop,has developed a distinctive agricultural industry in Southwest China and Southeast Asian countrie...The flowering time is a key trait that determines adaptation,yield and quality of crops.Adlay,a traditional cereal crop,has developed a distinctive agricultural industry in Southwest China and Southeast Asian countries.However,the currently planted varieties are all semi-domesticated landraces with delayed flowering and excessive height.These defects limit yield improvement per unit area and mechanized harvesting.In this study,a major QTL associated with flowering time and plant height in adlay has been mapped and identified as Cl CCT,a gene having a conserved function and regulatory pathway for inhibiting flowering time and increasing plant height in gramineous crops.Among the six identified haplotypes of Cl CCT,the haplotype with 38-bp insertion in promoter region of Cl CCT has earlier flowering time and wider geographical distribution than other haplotypes.The insertion variation,which arises from the segmental duplication of Cl CCT,can inhibit the expression level of reporter gene and has been used in breeding for early maturity and dwarfing.These research results not only reinforce our understanding of the importance of CCT domain protein in the tropical crops adapting to high-latitude environment,but also provide a validated breeding target for the early maturity and dwarfing of adlay.展开更多
基金the "12th Five-Year Plan" National Science and Technology Support Program(No.2012BAK16B05)
文摘Waveform audio(WAV) file is a widely used file format of uncompressed audio. With the rapid development of digital media technology, one can easily insert duplicated segments with powerful audio editing software, e.g. inserting a segment of audio with negative meaning into the existing audio file. The duplicated segments can change the meaning of the audio file totally. So for a WAV file to be used as evidence in legal proceedings and historical documents, it is very importance to identify if there are any duplicated segments in it.This paper proposes a method to detect duplicated segments in a WAV file. Our method is based on the similarity calculation between two different segments. Duplicated segments are prone to having similar audio waveform,i.e., a high similarity. We use fast convolution algorithm to calculate the similarity, which makes our method quit efficient. We calculate the similarity between any two different segments in a digital audio file and use the similarity to judge which segments are duplicated. Experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of our method on detecting duplicated audio segments.
文摘A 37-year old male presented with an acute abdomen suggestive of an appendiceal perforation.Urgent laparotomy showed a duplicated appendix with one of the lumens involved with appendicitis and a focal periappendicular abscess while the other lumen had a localized appendiceal cancer.Recognition of congenital intestinal duplications in adults is important to avoid serious clinical consequences.
基金supported by National Institutes of Health(NIH grant R01GM054657)to A.D.C
文摘CRISPR （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats）-Cas9-based genome editing has revolutionized func- tional genomics in many biological research fields. The specificity and potency of CR1SPR-Cas9 genome editing make it ideal for investigating the function of genes in vivo （Hsu et al., 2014）. Gene duplication is a key driver of evolu- tionary novelty （Taylor and Raes, 2004）. However, duplicated genes with near-identical sequences and functional redun- dancy have posed challenges for genetic analysis （Woollard, 2005）. The functions of duplicated genes can be assessed by simultaneous knockdown using homology-based methods such as RNA interference （RNAi） （Tischler et al., 2006）, Generation of double or triple mutants is an alternative way to assess functional redundancy of duplicated genes, However, generation of such compound mutants by forward or reverse genetic methods is time consuming.
基金Supported by the Municipal Hospitals' Project for Emerging and Frontier Technology of Shanghai (SHDC12010115)the Chinese Military Major Project for Clinical High-tech and Innovative Technology (2010gxjs057)the Project of Key Discipline of Shanghai
文摘LaparoEndoscopic Single-site(LESS) renal surgery emerging as a potential alternative to conventional laparoscopy,is technically challenging and the major vascular anomaly may increase the risk of intraoperative haemorrhage.Herein,we present a case of right transumbilical LESS radical nephrectomy which was successfully performed in the presence of double inferior vena cava and duplicated the standard laparoscopic techniques.Most importantly,to bring such an aberrant vascular anatomy to the attention of laparoscopic,especially LESS surgeons with high resolution pictorial illustrations.
文摘Duplicated inferior vena cava with bilateral iliac vein compression is extremely rare.We report a case of an 87-year-old man presented with bilateral lower extremity swelling,who was noted to have duplicated inferior vena cava,as revealed by computed tomography angiography(CTA).This revealed bilateral iliac vein compression caused by surrounding structures.Anticoagulant treatment combined with stent implantation completely alleviated this chronic debilitating condition during the follow-up of 2 months with no recurrence.
文摘Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance over MANET is an area of extensive research. Congestion control mechanisms are major components of TCP which affect its performance. The improvement of these mechanisms represents a big challenge especially over wireless environments. Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) mechanisms control the amount of increment and decrement of the transmission rate as a response to changes in the level of contention on routers buffer space and links bandwidth. The role of an AIMD mechanism in transmitting the proper amount of data is not easy, especially over MANET. This is because MANET has a very dynamic topology and high bit error rate wireless links that cause packet loss. Such a loss could be misinterpreted as severe congestion by the transmitting TCP node. This leads to unnecessary sharp reduction in the transmission rate which could degrades TCP throughput. This paper introduces a new AIMD algorithm that takes the number of already received duplicated ACK, when a timeout takes place, into account in deciding the amount of multiplicative decrease. Specifically, it decides the point from which Slow-start mechanism should begin its recovery of the congestion window size. The new AIMD algorithm has been developed as a new TCP variant which we call TCP Karak. The aim of TCP Karak is to be more adaptive to mobile wireless networks conditions by being able to distinguish between loss due to severe congestion and that due to link breakages or bit errors. Several simulated experiments have been conducted to evaluate TCP Karak and compare its performance with TCP NewReno. Results have shown that TCP Karak is able to achieve higher throughput and goodput than TCP NewReno under various mobility speeds, traffic loads, and bit error rates.
文摘Aneurysm at the origin of a duplication of the middle cerebral artery (DMCA) is very rare, and only 29 treated cases have been reported. All of the cases were treated by direct surgery except a ruptured case treated by intentional partial coil embolization. We report the first unruptured case treated by coil embolization and review the previously published cases. Coil embolization can be alternative treatment for an unruptured aneurysm at the origin of the DMCA. Stable framing to spare the origin of it and prevention of thromboembolic complications are keys for safe treatment.
文摘Recent studies on leaf development demonstrate that the mechanism on the adaxial-abaxial polarity pattern formation could be well conserved among the far-related species, in which PHANTASTICA （PAHN）-Iike genes play important roles. In this study, we explored the conservation and diversity on functions of PHAN-Iike genes during the compound leaf development in Lotusjaponicus, a papilionoid legume. Two PHAN-Iike genes in L. japonicus, LjPHANa and LjPHANb, were found to originate from a gene duplication event and displayed different expression patterns during compound leaf development. Two mutants, reduced leafletsl （rell） and reduced leaflets3 （rel3）, which exhibited decreased adaxial identity of leaflets and reduced leaflet initiation, were identified and investigated. The expression patterns of both LjPHANs in rel mutants were altered and correlated with abnormalities of compound leaves. Our data suggest that LjPHANa and LjPHANb play important but divergent roles in regulating adaxial-abaxial polarity of compound leaves in L. japonicus.
基金the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China,the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFA0802600)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-SM005,XDPB17)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970565).
文摘Since the discovery of the first transposon by Dr.Barbara McClintock,the prevalence and diversity of transposable elements(TEs)have been gradually recognized.As fundamental genetic components,TEs drive organismal evolution not only by contributing functional sequences(e.g.,regulatory elements or“controllers”as phrased by Dr.McClintock)but also by shuffling genomic sequences.In the latter respect,TE-mediated gene duplications have contributed to the origination of new genes and attracted extensive interest.In response to the development of this field,we herein attempt to provide an overview of TEmediated duplication by focusing on common rules emerging across duplications generated by different TE types.Specifically,despite the huge divergence of transposition machinery across TEs,we identify three common features of various TE-mediated duplication mechanisms,including end bypass,template switching,and recurrent transposition.These three features lead to one common functional outcome,namely,TE-mediated duplicates tend to be subjected to exon shuffling and neofunctionalization.Therefore,the intrinsic properties of the mutational mechanism constrain the evolutionary trajectories of these duplicates.We finally discuss the future of this field including an in-depth characterization of both the duplication mechanisms and functions of TE-mediated duplicates.
文摘Variations of the anterior cerebral artery(ACA)-anterior communicating artery(ACo A) complex are commonly observed when associated with a symptomatic intracranial aneurysm. We report an asymptomatic ACo A aneurysm associated with duplicated hypoplastic A1 segment of the right ACA, observed in a 70-year-old female cadaver. Furthermore, the aneurysm, practically substituting the ACo A, caused a remarkable depression on the internal surface of the right frontal lobe, anterior to the optic chiasm. Aneurysms and other anomalies of the ACA and ACo A are common and their microvascular surgical management requires sound knowledge of the normal and variant vascular anatomy. Persistence of some embryonic vessels that normally disappear, disappearance of vessels that would normally persist or sprouting of new vessels due to hemodynamic and genetic factors are the usual causes for such anomalies. The high incidence of coexisting vascular anomalies and aneurysm suggests that such abnormalities predispose to aneurysm formation due to changes in the regional blood flow. A1 segment duplication has been reported to occur in 4% of subjects in cadaveric studies and in up to 0.5%-9.7% of cases of ACo A aneurysm surgery. Angiographic hypoplasias and aplasias of the A1 seg-ment have been also correlated with ACo A aneurysm patients.
基金the China Scholarship Council,No.201808080126(to Liu FX).
文摘BACKGROUND Thumb polydactyly is one of the most common congenital hand deformities,and the Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure or a modified one is often used.However,controversy remains over the rare instances in which both thumbs are not of similar length or far apart in distance.AIM To evaluate the clinical outcomes of pedicle complex tissue flap transfer in the treatment of duplicated thumbs with unequal size.METHODS From January 2014 to December 2020,15 patients underwent duplicated thumb reconstruction by pedicle complex tissue flap transfer at our hand surgery center.The technique was used when it was necessary to combine different tissues from both severed and preserved thumbs that were not of similar length or far apart in distance.Subjective parents’evaluations and functional outcomes(ALURRA and TATA criteria)were obtained.The alignment deviation,instability,range of motion(percent of opposite thumb)of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints,and the aesthetic aspects,including circumference,length,nail size,and nail deformity,were used to assess the clinical outcomes.RESULTS The average age of patients at the time of surgery was 13 mo,and the mean final follow-up occurred at 42 mo.An appropriate volume with a stable joint and good appearance was obtained in 14 reconstructed thumbs.An unstable interphalangeal joint occurred in one thumb.The flexion-extension arc at the metacarpophalangeal joint was good,while that at the interphalangeal joint was poor.Most of the parents were satisfied with the cosmetic and functional results of the reconstructed thumbs.The mean ALURRA score was 21.8(range:20-24),and the Tada score was 6.9(range:5-8).Compared with the non-operated side,the length of the operated thumb was approximately 95%,the girth was 89%,and the nail width was 82.9%.The mean ranges of motion were 62.1%of that of the unaffected thumb in the interphalangeal joint and 78.3%in the metacarpophalangeal joint.CONCLUSION Harvesting a pedicle flap from a severed thumb is a safe and reliable procedure.Defects of the preserved thumb,such as the skin,nail,and bone,can be effectively restored using the complex tissue flap.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20232,32372756,and 32202551).
文摘In tea plants,the abundant flavonoid compounds are responsible for the health benefits for the human body and define the astringent flavor profile.While the downstream mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis have been extensively studied,the role of chalcone synthase(CHS)in this secondary metabolic process in tea plants remains less clear.In this study,we compared the evolutionary profile of the flavonoid metabolism pathway and discovered that gene duplication of CHS occurred in tea plants.We identified three CsCHS genes,along with a CsCHS-like gene,as potential candidates for further functional investigation.Unlike the CsCHS-like gene,the CsCHS genes effectively restored flavonoid production in Arabidopsis chs-mutants.Additionally,CsCHS transgenic tobacco plants exhibited higher flavonoid compound accumulation compared to their wild-type counterparts.Most notably,our examination of promoter and gene expression levels for the selected CHS genes revealed distinct responses to UV-B stress in tea plants.Our findings suggest that environmental factors such as UV-B exposure could have been the key drivers behind the gene duplication events in CHS.
基金Supported by a research fund from Dankook University in 2024this research was supported by the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00220408).
文摘BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal duplication is a rare congenital anomaly of the digestive tract,with colonic manifestations being particularly uncommon.Malignant transformation of colonic duplication cysts is rare,with adenocarcinoma being the most frequently reported type.Herein,we report a rare case of adenocarcinoma originating from a colonic duplication cyst.CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old woman was found to have an elevated cancer antigen 19-9 level during a routine checkup.Imaging revealed a well-defined abdominal cavity cystic mass,which was initially suspected to be an ovarian teratoma.Laparoscopic surgery revealed a duplication cyst,and pathological examination confirmed adenocarcinoma arising from the cyst.The mass within the transverse mesocolon was successfully excised by a colorectal surgeon.Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed adenocarcinoma with invasion into the muscularis propria.Postoperative endoscopy and positron emission computed tomography scan showed no signs of malignancy,except for an elevated cancer antigen 19-9 level.A multidisciplinary team recommended no further chemotherapy,advising routine follow-up for monitoring.CONCLUSION Colonic duplications,though rare,remain a differential diagnosis of unexplained abdominal masses,with complete resection being their primary treatment approach.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(Grant No.32260097)the National Guidance Foundation for Local Science and Technology Development of China(Grant No.[2023]009)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei(Grant No.C2022209010)。
文摘Sechium edule(chayote)is an important vegetable crop belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family.To decipher the chayote genome,a highquality chromosome-level chayote genome was obtained by genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.The total length was612.91 Mb,and 25755 genes were detected in the chayote genome.The contig N50 was more than 20.01 Mb,and the scaffold N50 was over47.11 Mb.Of the genome,60.35%were composed of repetitive sequences,and 31.18%of genome sequences belonged to long-terminal repeats.A global alignment of homologous regions in chayote and other Cucurbitaceae plant genomes was constructed using grape as a reference.Based on this genome-wide and global alignment map,researchers can easily identify homologous collinear genes of the studied genomes in most Cucurbitaceae species.Twenty-five chayote accessions were divided into two subgroups based on phylogenetic tree,population structure analysis,and principal component analysis using genome re-sequencing data.The chayote genome,re-sequencing dataset,and comprehensive genomic analysis will accelerate comparative and functional genomic analysis of chayote and other Cucurbitaceae species in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360058)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(2023ZYZX1224)Xinjiang University Excellent Doctoral Student Innovation Project(XJU2022BS051)。
文摘The black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum;2n=2x=24)is an important medicinal plant with ecological and economic value.Its fruits have numerous beneficial pharmacological activities,especially those of anthocyanins,polysaccharides,and alkaloids,and have high nutritional value.However,the lack of available genomic resources for this species has hindered research on its medicinal and evolutionary mechanisms.In this study,we developed the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)nearly gapless genome of L.ruthenicum(2.26 Gb)by integrating PacBio HiFi,Nanopore Ultra-Long,and Hi-C technologies.The assembled genome comprised 12 chromosomes with 37,149 protein-coding genes functionally annotated.Approximately 80%of the repetitive sequences were identified,of which long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant,accounting for 73.01%.The abundance of LTRs might be the main reason for the larger genome of this species compared to that of other Lycium species.The species-specific genes of L.ruthenicum were related to defense mechanisms,salt tolerance,drought resistance,and oxidative stress,further demonstrating their superior adaptability to arid environments.Based on the assembled genome and fruit transcriptome data,we further constructed an anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and identified 19 candidate structural genes and seven transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit developmental stage of L.ruthenicum,most of which were highly expressed at a later stage in fruit development.Furthermore,154 potential disease resistance-related nucleotidebinding genes have been identified in the L.ruthenicum genome.The whole-genome and proximal,dispersed,and tandem duplication genes in the L.ruthenicum genome enriched the number of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and resistance-related pathways.These results provide an important genetic basis for understanding genome evolution and biosynthesis of pharmacologically active components in the Lycium genus.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100186)the Selfdetermined Project of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China(PDSC2023-5)+1 种基金the Special Research Assistant Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2291M01)a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
文摘Heteranthery,the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower,represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages.Although the ecological basis of this somatic polymorphism is understood,the developmental and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we selected Monochoria elata(Pontederiaceae)as our study system due to its typical heterantherous floral structure.We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of M.elata,conducted transcriptomic analyses and target phytohormone metabolome analysis to explore gene networks and hormones associated with heteranthery.We focused on three key stamen characteristics—colour,spatial patterning,and filament elongation—selected for their significant roles in stamen differentiation and their relevance to the functional diversity observed in heterantherous species.Our analyses suggest that gene networks involving MelLEAFY3,MADS-box,and TCP genes regulate stamen identity,with anthocyanin influencing colour,and lignin contributing to filament elongation.Additionally,variation in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid concentration between feeding and pollinating anthers appears to contribute to their morphological divergence.Our findings highlight gene networks and hormones associated with intra-floral stamen differentiation and indicate that whole genome duplications have likely facilitated the evolution of heteranthery during divergence from other Pontederiaceae without heteranthery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241044)Key project at central government level:The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources(2060302)+2 种基金China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Innovation Fund(CI2023E002)Sichuan Province Natural Science Foundation of China(2022NSFSC1688)Guizhou Province Science and Technology Support Program of China(Qiankehezhongyindi[2024]006-1 and Qiankehezhicheng[2022]Yiban 105)。
文摘The flowering time is a key trait that determines adaptation,yield and quality of crops.Adlay,a traditional cereal crop,has developed a distinctive agricultural industry in Southwest China and Southeast Asian countries.However,the currently planted varieties are all semi-domesticated landraces with delayed flowering and excessive height.These defects limit yield improvement per unit area and mechanized harvesting.In this study,a major QTL associated with flowering time and plant height in adlay has been mapped and identified as Cl CCT,a gene having a conserved function and regulatory pathway for inhibiting flowering time and increasing plant height in gramineous crops.Among the six identified haplotypes of Cl CCT,the haplotype with 38-bp insertion in promoter region of Cl CCT has earlier flowering time and wider geographical distribution than other haplotypes.The insertion variation,which arises from the segmental duplication of Cl CCT,can inhibit the expression level of reporter gene and has been used in breeding for early maturity and dwarfing.These research results not only reinforce our understanding of the importance of CCT domain protein in the tropical crops adapting to high-latitude environment,but also provide a validated breeding target for the early maturity and dwarfing of adlay.
