Vocal individuality is essential for social discrimination but has been poorly studied in animals that produce communal signals(duets or choruses).Song overlapping and temporal coordination make the assessment of indi...Vocal individuality is essential for social discrimination but has been poorly studied in animals that produce communal signals(duets or choruses).Song overlapping and temporal coordination make the assessment of individuality in communal signals more complex.In addition,selection may favor the accurate identifcation of pairs over individuals by receivers in year-round territorial species with duetting and long-term pair bonding.Here,we studied pair and individual vocal signatures in the polyphonal duets of rufous horneros Furnarius rufus,a Neotropical bird known for its long-term pair bonds.Hornero partners engage in duets to deter territorial intruders and protect their partnership year-round and can discern duets from neighbors versus strangers.Using a dataset of 471 duets from 43 pairs in 2 populations,we measured fne-scale acoustic features across different duet levels(e.g.,complete duets to non-overlapping syllable parts)and analysis levels(pair or individual).Permuted linear discriminant function analyses classifed pairs and individuals more accurately than expected by chance(means:45%and 47%vs.4 and 2%).Pair identity explained more variance in the multivariate acoustic features of duets than individual or population identities.The initial frequency of the duet showed strong potential for encoding pair identity.The acoustic traits contributing most to individual vocal signatures varied between sexes,which might facilitate the simultaneous assessment of duetters’identities by receivers.Our study indicates that vocal individuality may exist even in species with intricate and innate communal signals and elucidates the mechanisms employed by horneros in their social discrimination ability.展开更多
Acoustic signals in birds are often influenced by body and beak size(the morphological constraint hypothesis)and may also reflect the sender's condition(the condition dependence hypothesis).However,these ideas hav...Acoustic signals in birds are often influenced by body and beak size(the morphological constraint hypothesis)and may also reflect the sender's condition(the condition dependence hypothesis).However,these ideas have seldom been tested in duetting species,where the acoustics of the combined signal could relate to the morphology of both vocalizing individuals.In this study,we investigated whether specific morphological traits—scaled mass index,wing length,and bill surface area—could predict individual and pair-level characteristics of Rufous Hornero(Furnarius rufus) duets.In this species,partners partially overlap their songs,with males producing faster-paced,lower-pitched songs compared to females.Morphology was most closely associated with the timing of syllables within duets,though different traits were linked to timing in each sex.Females in better condition(indicated by a higher scaled mass index) and with longer wings produced duet phrases with greater variation in syllable duration.In contrast,males with larger bills showed greater variation in both syllable duration and gaps between syllables.The degree of temporal overlap in syllables increased with female condition,but not male condition,suggesting that overlap may signal female quality.Additionally,minimum duet frequency was negatively associated with male condition,indicating that lower-frequency duets may serve as an honest signal of male quality.These findings indicate that the timing of syllables and minimum duet frequency are both condition-dependent and constrained by morphology,allowing receivers to gain multiple insights into the morphology of duetting partners in Rufous Horneros.展开更多
遵循导师利盖蒂(GyrgyLigeti,1923～2006)的教导,陈晓勇(1955～)始终避免进入一般概念的中国音乐或西方先锋派阵营。其音乐致力于探究单个声音的无限可能性。在作品《为小提琴和筝而作的二重奏》(Duet for Violinand Zheng,1989年)中,...遵循导师利盖蒂(GyrgyLigeti,1923～2006)的教导,陈晓勇(1955～)始终避免进入一般概念的中国音乐或西方先锋派阵营。其音乐致力于探究单个声音的无限可能性。在作品《为小提琴和筝而作的二重奏》(Duet for Violinand Zheng,1989年)中,作曲家使用了微分音调音,并着眼于碰撞性音响和特殊调音体系的内在回响。《逸》(Evapora,为小型室内乐队而作,1996年),体现了他对和谐及非和谐融合(harmonic/non-harmonic fusion)的并置的兴趣。他以极为简洁的方式和高度个性化的音乐语汇,揭示出一个包含有不同调音体系、调式、音响相互碰撞的多元世界,同时抓住了不同文化要素相互作用产生的张力与整合。展开更多
Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs ...Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.展开更多
In animal vocal communication,the development of adult-like vocalization is fundamental to interact appropriately with conspecifics.However,the factors that guide ontogenetic changes in the acoustic features remain po...In animal vocal communication,the development of adult-like vocalization is fundamental to interact appropriately with conspecifics.However,the factors that guide ontogenetic changes in the acoustic features remain poorly understood.In contrast with a historical view of nonhuman primate vocal production as substantially innate,recent research suggests that inheritance and physiological modification can only explain some of the developmental changes in call structure during growth.A particular case of acoustic communication is the indris’singing behavior,a peculiar case among Strepsirrhine primates.Thanks to a decade of intense data collection,this work provides the first long-term quantitative analysis on song development in a singing primate.To understand the ontogeny of such a complex vocal output,we investigated juvenile and sub-adult indris’vocal behavior,and we found that young individuals started participating in the chorus years earlier than previously reported.Our results indicated that spectro-temporal song parameters underwent essential changes during growth.In particular,the age and sex of the emitter influenced the indris’vocal activity.We found that frequency parameters showed consistent changes across the sexes,but the temporal features showed different developmental trajectories for males and females.Given the low level of morphological sexual dimorphism and the marked differences in vocal behavior,we hypothesize that factors like social influences and auditory feedback may affect songs’features,resulting in high vocal flexibility in juvenile indris.This trait may be pivotal in a species that engages in choruses with rapid vocal turn-taking.展开更多
The prevalence of cholelithiasis in adultChinese is about 10%,and the incidenceof the disease is only second toappendicitis which is the commonestamong acute abdominal emergencies.Thetreatment of cholelithiasis by mod...The prevalence of cholelithiasis in adultChinese is about 10%,and the incidenceof the disease is only second toappendicitis which is the commonestamong acute abdominal emergencies.Thetreatment of cholelithiasis by modern medi-展开更多
Sjgren syndrome is a systematic inflama-tory,auto-immune chronic disease.Since 1981,60 cases have been treated by means of TCMwith certain effect as following.
To avoid unnecessary energy expenditures in territorial defense,many species(e.g.,insects,amphibians,birds,and mammals)have developed the capability to distinguish between different intruder types using visual,acousti...To avoid unnecessary energy expenditures in territorial defense,many species(e.g.,insects,amphibians,birds,and mammals)have developed the capability to distinguish between different intruder types using visual,acoustic,and/or chemical signals.Determining the mechanism used for intruder recognition is key to understanding the dynamics of territorial behaviors.In birds that use vocalizations for territorial defense,the frequency and duration of vocalizations or the familiarity with the intruder may be the main mechanism used for intruder recognition.Here,we conducted a playback experiment with territorial White-eared Ground-sparrows(Melozone leucotis),to analyze if territorial pairs recognize intruders using frequency and duration characteristics(a bird’s response is based on how structurally similar the intruders’duets are to their own)or by familiarity with the intruders(neighbors vs.non-neighbors).We focused on duets because this species uses duets exclusively for territorial defense.We broadcasted a duet from a territorial neighbor,two duets from non-neighbors(with different frequency and duration characteristics),and a duet from a control species in 39 territorial pair from three populations.During playback we measured five behavioral responses:latency of the first vocalization,latency of the approach to the speaker,time spent close the speaker(within 5 m),number of individuals that approached the speaker,and the number of vocalizations.We found that territorial White-eared Ground-sparrow pairs responded stronger to neighbors than non-neighbors,and this response is not influenced by duet duration or frequency characteristics.This result suggests that neighbors represent a greater territorial threat for White-eared Ground-sparrows than non-neighbors.Further work is necessary to understand how common this observation is for tropical species that defend small territories year-round.展开更多
The major aims combustion engineers all over the worldare striving at are conservation of energy and allevia-tion of environmental pollution,for which the monitoring and controlof the furnace process are of prime impo...The major aims combustion engineers all over the worldare striving at are conservation of energy and allevia-tion of environmental pollution,for which the monitoring and controlof the furnace process are of prime importance to attain an optimizedcondition of combustion.Oxygen content in flue gas is generallyused as an indicator of whether the right amount of combustion air issupplied.However,it cannot directly reflect the degree of perfectionof the combustion process taking place in the furnace.On the otherhand CO is a product of chemical reaction which directly reflects展开更多
Rroduction,consumption and export vol-ume of RE products have been on the in-crease in a row for five years beginningfrom 1984.The annual output of rare earth min-eral products in 1988 was 29640 tons(REO),an increase ...Rroduction,consumption and export vol-ume of RE products have been on the in-crease in a row for five years beginningfrom 1984.The annual output of rare earth min-eral products in 1988 was 29640 tons(REO),an increase of 38% over the pre-vious year,mainly because of the greatrise in the production of the ion-ad-展开更多
950391 Lymphatic interventional radiology in thetreatment of lymhatic neoplasms.XU Tongzhu(徐同株),et al.Dept Intervention Radiol.4th MunicipalHosp,Wuxi,214062.Natl Med J China 1995;75(1):29-30.We treated 22 caseds of...950391 Lymphatic interventional radiology in thetreatment of lymhatic neoplasms.XU Tongzhu(徐同株),et al.Dept Intervention Radiol.4th MunicipalHosp,Wuxi,214062.Natl Med J China 1995;75(1):29-30.We treated 22 caseds of lymphatic neoplasm withchemontherapy via lymphatic ducts under the controlof X-ray monitor,a method we called interventionaltranslymphatic chemotherapy.The method includes:(1)lymphography.(2)trans-lymphatic infusion withanticancer agents,(3)lavage of lymphatic vessel,(4)treatemnt of complications.Six cases of primary lym-展开更多
基金P.D.and P.S.A.received Ph.D.scholarships from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)(Finance Code 001)P.D.received a Postdoctoral fellowship from CAPES(grant number:88887.469218/2019-00)+4 种基金R.H.M.received a fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científco e Tecnológico(CNPq)for the duration of the study.Funding was also provided by Animal Behavior Society[ABS Student Research Grant to P.S.A.]Association of Field Ornithologists[E.Alexander Bergstrom Memorial Research Award to P.S.A.]American Ornithological Society[Postdoctoral Research Award to P.D.]the logistic and fnancial support provided by Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia from Universidade de Brasília in association with Programa de Excelência Acadêmica PROEX/CAPES(1789/2015)the fnancial support provided by CNPq(471945/2013-7).
文摘Vocal individuality is essential for social discrimination but has been poorly studied in animals that produce communal signals(duets or choruses).Song overlapping and temporal coordination make the assessment of individuality in communal signals more complex.In addition,selection may favor the accurate identifcation of pairs over individuals by receivers in year-round territorial species with duetting and long-term pair bonding.Here,we studied pair and individual vocal signatures in the polyphonal duets of rufous horneros Furnarius rufus,a Neotropical bird known for its long-term pair bonds.Hornero partners engage in duets to deter territorial intruders and protect their partnership year-round and can discern duets from neighbors versus strangers.Using a dataset of 471 duets from 43 pairs in 2 populations,we measured fne-scale acoustic features across different duet levels(e.g.,complete duets to non-overlapping syllable parts)and analysis levels(pair or individual).Permuted linear discriminant function analyses classifed pairs and individuals more accurately than expected by chance(means:45%and 47%vs.4 and 2%).Pair identity explained more variance in the multivariate acoustic features of duets than individual or population identities.The initial frequency of the duet showed strong potential for encoding pair identity.The acoustic traits contributing most to individual vocal signatures varied between sexes,which might facilitate the simultaneous assessment of duetters’identities by receivers.Our study indicates that vocal individuality may exist even in species with intricate and innate communal signals and elucidates the mechanisms employed by horneros in their social discrimination ability.
基金Ph.D.scholarships by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education(CAPES)(Finance Code 001)a CAPES postdoctoral fellowship (grant 88887.469218/2019-00)+4 种基金in part,by the So Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP),Brazil.Process Number#2024/13237-3funding was provided by the Animal Behavior Society (ABS Student Research Grant to P.S.A.)the Association of Field Ornithologists (E.Alexander Bergstrom Memorial Research Award to P.S.A.)the American Ornithological Society(Postdoctoral Research Award to P.D.)logistical and financial support from the Universidade de Brasília's Graduate Program in Ecology,in collaboration with the Programa de Excelência Academica (PROEX/CAPES 1789/2015)。
文摘Acoustic signals in birds are often influenced by body and beak size(the morphological constraint hypothesis)and may also reflect the sender's condition(the condition dependence hypothesis).However,these ideas have seldom been tested in duetting species,where the acoustics of the combined signal could relate to the morphology of both vocalizing individuals.In this study,we investigated whether specific morphological traits—scaled mass index,wing length,and bill surface area—could predict individual and pair-level characteristics of Rufous Hornero(Furnarius rufus) duets.In this species,partners partially overlap their songs,with males producing faster-paced,lower-pitched songs compared to females.Morphology was most closely associated with the timing of syllables within duets,though different traits were linked to timing in each sex.Females in better condition(indicated by a higher scaled mass index) and with longer wings produced duet phrases with greater variation in syllable duration.In contrast,males with larger bills showed greater variation in both syllable duration and gaps between syllables.The degree of temporal overlap in syllables increased with female condition,but not male condition,suggesting that overlap may signal female quality.Additionally,minimum duet frequency was negatively associated with male condition,indicating that lower-frequency duets may serve as an honest signal of male quality.These findings indicate that the timing of syllables and minimum duet frequency are both condition-dependent and constrained by morphology,allowing receivers to gain multiple insights into the morphology of duetting partners in Rufous Horneros.
文摘遵循导师利盖蒂(GyrgyLigeti,1923～2006)的教导,陈晓勇(1955～)始终避免进入一般概念的中国音乐或西方先锋派阵营。其音乐致力于探究单个声音的无限可能性。在作品《为小提琴和筝而作的二重奏》(Duet for Violinand Zheng,1989年)中,作曲家使用了微分音调音,并着眼于碰撞性音响和特殊调音体系的内在回响。《逸》(Evapora,为小型室内乐队而作,1996年),体现了他对和谐及非和谐融合(harmonic/non-harmonic fusion)的并置的兴趣。他以极为简洁的方式和高度个性化的音乐语汇,揭示出一个包含有不同调音体系、调式、音响相互碰撞的多元世界,同时抓住了不同文化要素相互作用产生的张力与整合。
文摘Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.
基金supported by the University of Torino and the Parco Natura Viva—Centro Tutela Specie Minacciate,with the financial assistance of the European Union,through the Project BIRD(ACP SandT Program,Contract FED/2009/217077)。
文摘In animal vocal communication,the development of adult-like vocalization is fundamental to interact appropriately with conspecifics.However,the factors that guide ontogenetic changes in the acoustic features remain poorly understood.In contrast with a historical view of nonhuman primate vocal production as substantially innate,recent research suggests that inheritance and physiological modification can only explain some of the developmental changes in call structure during growth.A particular case of acoustic communication is the indris’singing behavior,a peculiar case among Strepsirrhine primates.Thanks to a decade of intense data collection,this work provides the first long-term quantitative analysis on song development in a singing primate.To understand the ontogeny of such a complex vocal output,we investigated juvenile and sub-adult indris’vocal behavior,and we found that young individuals started participating in the chorus years earlier than previously reported.Our results indicated that spectro-temporal song parameters underwent essential changes during growth.In particular,the age and sex of the emitter influenced the indris’vocal activity.We found that frequency parameters showed consistent changes across the sexes,but the temporal features showed different developmental trajectories for males and females.Given the low level of morphological sexual dimorphism and the marked differences in vocal behavior,we hypothesize that factors like social influences and auditory feedback may affect songs’features,resulting in high vocal flexibility in juvenile indris.This trait may be pivotal in a species that engages in choruses with rapid vocal turn-taking.
文摘The prevalence of cholelithiasis in adultChinese is about 10%,and the incidenceof the disease is only second toappendicitis which is the commonestamong acute abdominal emergencies.Thetreatment of cholelithiasis by modern medi-
文摘Sjgren syndrome is a systematic inflama-tory,auto-immune chronic disease.Since 1981,60 cases have been treated by means of TCMwith certain effect as following.
基金provided by the Vicerrectoria de Investigacion Universidad de Costa Rica through the project numbers B9123,B9469,and C1085。
文摘To avoid unnecessary energy expenditures in territorial defense,many species(e.g.,insects,amphibians,birds,and mammals)have developed the capability to distinguish between different intruder types using visual,acoustic,and/or chemical signals.Determining the mechanism used for intruder recognition is key to understanding the dynamics of territorial behaviors.In birds that use vocalizations for territorial defense,the frequency and duration of vocalizations or the familiarity with the intruder may be the main mechanism used for intruder recognition.Here,we conducted a playback experiment with territorial White-eared Ground-sparrows(Melozone leucotis),to analyze if territorial pairs recognize intruders using frequency and duration characteristics(a bird’s response is based on how structurally similar the intruders’duets are to their own)or by familiarity with the intruders(neighbors vs.non-neighbors).We focused on duets because this species uses duets exclusively for territorial defense.We broadcasted a duet from a territorial neighbor,two duets from non-neighbors(with different frequency and duration characteristics),and a duet from a control species in 39 territorial pair from three populations.During playback we measured five behavioral responses:latency of the first vocalization,latency of the approach to the speaker,time spent close the speaker(within 5 m),number of individuals that approached the speaker,and the number of vocalizations.We found that territorial White-eared Ground-sparrow pairs responded stronger to neighbors than non-neighbors,and this response is not influenced by duet duration or frequency characteristics.This result suggests that neighbors represent a greater territorial threat for White-eared Ground-sparrows than non-neighbors.Further work is necessary to understand how common this observation is for tropical species that defend small territories year-round.
文摘The major aims combustion engineers all over the worldare striving at are conservation of energy and allevia-tion of environmental pollution,for which the monitoring and controlof the furnace process are of prime importance to attain an optimizedcondition of combustion.Oxygen content in flue gas is generallyused as an indicator of whether the right amount of combustion air issupplied.However,it cannot directly reflect the degree of perfectionof the combustion process taking place in the furnace.On the otherhand CO is a product of chemical reaction which directly reflects
文摘Rroduction,consumption and export vol-ume of RE products have been on the in-crease in a row for five years beginningfrom 1984.The annual output of rare earth min-eral products in 1988 was 29640 tons(REO),an increase of 38% over the pre-vious year,mainly because of the greatrise in the production of the ion-ad-
文摘950391 Lymphatic interventional radiology in thetreatment of lymhatic neoplasms.XU Tongzhu(徐同株),et al.Dept Intervention Radiol.4th MunicipalHosp,Wuxi,214062.Natl Med J China 1995;75(1):29-30.We treated 22 caseds of lymphatic neoplasm withchemontherapy via lymphatic ducts under the controlof X-ray monitor,a method we called interventionaltranslymphatic chemotherapy.The method includes:(1)lymphography.(2)trans-lymphatic infusion withanticancer agents,(3)lavage of lymphatic vessel,(4)treatemnt of complications.Six cases of primary lym-
