The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be...The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be conventient to solve the heat load , degree of drying and other drying parameters of each effect. And it realizes the mathematical simulation an analysis of multi-effect drying process. Such process not only reuses the secondary steam but also utilizes the high energy grade. Drying silica sand using 1-effect drying to 5-effect drying is presented as an example. The energy consumption and energy saving rate are compared by using co-current multi-effect drying and countercurrent multi-effect drying. As a summary, the countercurrent multi-effect drying is better than co-current drying. Considered the equipment investment and energy conservation, the study also concluded that the countercurrent 4-effect drying is the optimum selection, and it can save 57.6% energy compared to countercurrent 1-effect drying.展开更多
Artificial neural network has unique advantages for massively parallel processing, distributed storage capacity and self-learning ability. The paper mainly constructs neural network identifier and neural network contr...Artificial neural network has unique advantages for massively parallel processing, distributed storage capacity and self-learning ability. The paper mainly constructs neural network identifier and neural network controller for system identification and control on temperature and hmnidity of heating and drying system of materials. And the paper introduces the structure and principles of neural network, and focuses on analyzing learning algorithm, training algorithm and limitation of the most widely applied multi-layer feed-forward neural network （ BP network） , based on which the paper proposes introducing momentum to improve BP network.展开更多
Solar drying systems are becoming a popular alternative to traditional energy-based drying systems for agricultural products due to their effectiveness and reduced fuel consumption.Although the efficiency of solar dry...Solar drying systems are becoming a popular alternative to traditional energy-based drying systems for agricultural products due to their effectiveness and reduced fuel consumption.Although the efficiency of solar drying systems has been thoroughly investigated,their sustainability has not been studied enough.This study aims to fill that gap by conducting a life-cycle assessment of two new solar drying systems built in Udaipur,Rajasthan,India.The environmental implications of an innovative cylindrical solar-assisted drying system and a phase-change material-based solar drying system were evaluated using cradle-to-gate life-cycle analysis.The study uses the ReCiPe 2016 endpoints(H)technique to calculate various aspects such as midpoint,endpoint,single score,normalization result,and network diagram for phase-change material-based solar drying and cylindrical solar-assisted drying.Results show that phase-change material-based solar drying has an average of 40%more impact on the environment than cylindrical solar-assisted drying,with a high impact found in human non-carcinogenic toxicity,mainly due to the production of phase-change materials.However,cylindrical solar-assisted drying system crossover phase-change material based solar drying in terms of its impact on human carcinogenic toxicity and fossil resource scarcity.The contribution to global warming of phase-change material-based solar drying is 13.7%more than that of cylindrical solar-assisted drying.The endpoint characterization indicates that phase-change material-based solar drying exceeds in terms of human health(40%)and ecosystem(37.04%),whereas cylindrical solar-assisted drying surpasses phase-change material-based solar drying in terms of impacts on resources,at 14%.The early drying in phase-change material-based solar drying makes up for its higher impact than that in cylindrical solar-assisted drying,which takes 3 hours longer to dry.This study offers guidance and methods for making the best choice of solar-powered dryers.展开更多
China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict ...China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.展开更多
The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused ...The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.展开更多
The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of po...The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.展开更多
Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(M...Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(MS)offers a substitute for RS in railway applications,its widespread adoption in high-strength railway prestressed structures is challenged by lack of drying shrinkage and creep research data on concrete.Design/methodology/approach–High-strength manufactured sand concrete(MSC)was prepared using MS with varying lithologies and stone powder contents.Its drying shrinkage and creep behaviors were evaluated in accordance with the Chinese standard GB/T 50082.The deformation mechanism was analyzed by combining nano-scratch testing.Findings–Compared to RS concrete,MSC from all tested lithologies showed higher drying shrinkage but lower creep deformation.The drying shrinkage rose steadily with increased stone powder content,while the creep strain displayed a distinct non-linear trend,decreasing first before rising.To prepare low-deformation MSC,select high-strength MS and limit stone powder content not greater 10%.Nano-scratch tests indicated that harder MS particles suppress microcracking at the interfacial transition zone(ITZ),improving the creep resistance.The predictive models for drying shrinkage and creep were also developed by incorporating coefficients for stone powder and lithology effects.Originality/value–These findings serve as a foundation for the application of MSC in railway prestressed structures,offering both theoretical and practical guidance.展开更多
Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s leading producer of cocoa beans for several decades. Apart from this production performance, the quality of the beans, which are mainly exported to the major chocolate-making ...Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s leading producer of cocoa beans for several decades. Apart from this production performance, the quality of the beans, which are mainly exported to the major chocolate-making countries, presents a quality problem to the point of suffering a discount on the international market. One of these quality problems is the content of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin produced by fungi. Finally, to verify the level of contamination in beans produced in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was carried out. It consisted of collecting information on fermentation and drying times (The two major post-harvest operations) and collecting beans, which were analyzed by electrophoresis using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results obtained show ochratoxin A contents of between 0.05 µg/kg and 0.17 µg/kg. The general level of contamination is therefore very low and below the tolerable limit which is 2 µg/kg. In addition, the correlative study between the fermentation and drying times of the beans revealed no significant influence (p < 0.01) of the duration of these operations on the level of ochratoxin A contamination. Major contamination can occur after post-harvest activities carried out by producers. This is certainly due to the development of fungi responsible for the production of ochratoxin A during the period of storage and marketing of cocoa beans in conditions of high humidity in storage enclosures. Producers need to be made more aware of the need to ensure that cocoa beans are properly dried and stored in dry areas to avoid moisture build-up, which is a source of mould growth and ochratoxin A production.展开更多
To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of ...To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of concrete drying shrinkage tests were designed with three strength grade(C30,C40,and C50)as variables.By observing the drying-shrinkage deformation of the specimens over 360 days,the effects of fine-aggregate properties on the drying shrinkage properties of concrete of different strength grades were analyzed and a prediction model was developed.Compared with natural sand concrete,the development of drying shrinkage of manufactured-sand concrete exhibits the phenomenon of advancement.The apparent density of the fine-aggregate and the strength grade are the two main factors affecting the limit value of the drying shrinkage of concrete.With a reduction in the water absorption or apparent density of the fine-aggregate or the strength grade of concrete prepared using the same fine-aggregate,the prediction accuracy of the existing models decreases.According to the GL 2000 model,two coefficients-and-were introduced to propose a prediction model for the drying shrinkage of fine-aggregate concrete,which is applicable to different strength grades.展开更多
The aim of this paper was to characterize through experiment the moisture and temperature kinetic behavior of Eucalyptus gomphocephala wood samples using microwave heating(MWH)in two scenarios:intermittently and conti...The aim of this paper was to characterize through experiment the moisture and temperature kinetic behavior of Eucalyptus gomphocephala wood samples using microwave heating(MWH)in two scenarios:intermittently and continuously.The mechanical properties and surface appearance of the heated samples were also investigated.Continuous and intermittent microwave drying kinetic experiments were conducted at a frequency of 2.45 GHz using a microwave laboratory oven at 300,500,and 1000 watts.Drying rate curves indicated three distinct phases of MWH.Increasing the microwave power with a shorter drying time led to rapid increases in internal temperature and water evaporation rates of the heated samples.Mechanical results indicated that samples heated under continuous MW(Microwave)power at 300 watts had a modulus of rupture(MOR)and modulus of elasticity(MOE)in three static bending tests higher than 29%and 36%,respectively,than samples heated at 1000 watts.Intermittent microwave heating(IMWH)of samples at 300 and 1000 watts produced the highest MOR and MOE values of 31%and 51%,respectively,unlike those heated under continuous microwave heating(CMWH).External qualitative observation showed that samples heated at high microwave power had severe surface checks.These defects were missing when using IMWH.An analysis of variance(ANOVA)showed that mechanical properties were linked to both microwave power level and the heating scenario,except for MOR in axial compression under CMWH.展开更多
Drying operations are of grave importance to realize the reduction and utilization of sewage sludge resources,but the conventional thermal evaporation drying(TED)technology presents challenges due to the need for a la...Drying operations are of grave importance to realize the reduction and utilization of sewage sludge resources,but the conventional thermal evaporation drying(TED)technology presents challenges due to the need for a large amount of thermal energy to conquer the phase-change latent heat of moisture.Herein,we report a non-phase change technology based on particle high-speed self-rotation in a cyclone for fast,low-temperature drying of viscous sludge with high-moisture contents.Dispersed phase medium(DPM)is introduced into the cyclone self-rotation drying(CSRD)reactor to enhance the dispersion of the viscous sludge.The effects of carrier gas temperature,feeding rate,size,and proportion of DPM particles in the drying process are systematically examined.Under optimal operating conditions,the weighted content of moisture in the viscous sludge could be reduced from 80%to 15.01%in less than 5 s,achieving a high drying efficiency of 95.79%.Theoretical calculations also reveal that 89.26%of the moisture is removed through non-phase change pathway,contributing to a 522-fold increase in the drying rate of CSRD compared to TED technology.This investigation presents a sustainable effective approach for high moisture viscous sludge treatment with low energy consumption and carbon emissions.展开更多
The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat sto...The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.展开更多
As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD ...As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.展开更多
Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emiss...Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.展开更多
In order to address the synergistic optimization of energy efficiency improvement in the waste incineration power plant(WIPP)and renewable energy accommodation,an electricity-hydrogen-waste multi-energy system integra...In order to address the synergistic optimization of energy efficiency improvement in the waste incineration power plant(WIPP)and renewable energy accommodation,an electricity-hydrogen-waste multi-energy system integrated with phase change material(PCM)thermal storage is proposed.First,a thermal energy management framework is constructed,combining PCM thermal storage with the alkaline electrolyzer(AE)waste heat recovery and the heat pump(HP),while establishing a PCM-driven waste drying system to enhance the efficiency of waste incineration power generation.Next,a flue gas treatment method based on purification-separation-storage coordination is adopted,achieving spatiotemporal decoupling between waste incineration and flue gas treatment.Subsequently,a two-stage optimal dispatching strategy for the multi-energy system is developed:the first stage establishes a dayahead economic dispatch model with the objective of minimizing net system costs,while the second stage introduces model predictive control(MPC)to realize intraday rolling optimization.Finally,The optimal dispatching strategies under different scenarios are obtained using the Gurobi solver,followed by a comparative analysis of the optimized operational outcomes.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system optimizes the output and operational states of each unit,simultaneously reducing carbon trading costs while increasing electricity sales revenue.The proposed scheduling strategy demonstrates effective grid peak-shaving functionality,thereby simultaneously improving the system’s economic performance and operational flexibility while providing an innovative technical pathway for municipal solid waste(MSW)resource utilization and low-carbon transformation of energy systems.展开更多
Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,s...Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,solar thermal drying holds significant promise to reduce sludge moisture content and enhance handling.Despite this potential,its application remains limited,with important knowledge gaps,particularly concerning the drying kinetics under different environmental and operational conditions.This study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the solar thermal drying behaviour of faecal sludge from ventilated improved pit latrines(VIPs)and urine-diverting dry toilets(UDs),with a specific focus on how air temperature and velocity influence drying performance.A bench-scale solar drying apparatus was used to investigate thin-layer sludge drying kinetics under controlled airflow conditions.The drying experiments were conducted at varying air temperatures(ambient,40℃,and 80℃)and velocities(0,0.5,and 1 m/s),where heated air was supplied via an electric resistance heater.Key drying parameters-including drying rate,critical moisture content,effective moisture diffusivity,and activation energy-were determined.Results showed that drying proceeded through a constant-rate period followed by a falling-rate period,with the critical moisture content ranging from 1.41 to 1.78 g/g db.Higher temperatures and airflow reduced the duration of the constant-rate phase,increased drying rates(0.31–0.99 g/g·min·m^(2)),and enhanced moisture diffusivity(4.56×10^(−9) to 1.52×10^(−8) m^(2)/s).Activation energy decreased with increased airflow,suggesting reduced temperature sensitivity.Thermal efficiency ranged from 14.6%to 35.1%,with solar energy contributing 73%–95% of total input.VIP sludge dried faster than UD sludge,which showed signs of surface crusting that limited moisture transfer.This research offers valuable insights into solar drying design and operation,providing scientific evidence to improve faecal sludge treatment strategies in decentralized sanitation systems.展开更多
Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and a...Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and are closely related to grain quality.However,it remains unclear about the changes in lipids profling under different AWD regimes.This study set up three irrigation regimes including conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe soil drying irrigation(AWSD).It explored lipidome changes in milled rice of Yangdao 6(YD6)using the untargeted lipidomics approach and analyzed rice cooking and eating quality.The results identifed seven lipid classes,55 lipid subclasses,and 1,086 lipid molecular species.Compared with the CI regime,the AWMD regime mainly altered lipid subclasses consisting of triglyceride(TG),ceramide(Cer),diglyceride(DG),bis-methyl lysophosphatidic acid(BisMePA),phosphocholine(PC),phosphoethanolamine(PE),monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG),and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)in milled rice and improved cooking and eating quality of rice;in contrast,the AWSD regime distinctly changed lipid subclasses like TG,Cer,DG,PC,PE,hexosylceramide(Hex1Cer),DGDG,and BisMePA and degraded cooking and eating quality of rice.Specifcally,AWMD most signifcantly altered the expressions of lipid molecules,including DGDG(18:0_18:2),DGDG(16:0_14:0),PC(33:1),Cer(t17:0_26:0),and Cer(t17:0_16:0);AWSD most obviously influenced the expressions of TG(6:0_14:0_18:3),PC(41:1),TG(19:1_18:4_18:4),Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:0+O),and Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:1).These 10 altered lipid molecules in milled rice can be preferentially used for investigating their relationships with grain quality in rice.展开更多
Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize un...Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize under ST compared to conventional tillage(CT)remains unstable,and the strategies to increase maize yield under ST are unclear.This study aims to understand the physiological mechanism underlining maize yield formation under ST by comparing two maize cultivars,DKM753 and DK517,with contrasting yield performance in ST versus CT systems.Compared to CT,ST resulted in a 4.5%yield increase for DKM753 but a 5.6%decrease for DK517.These yield differences were primarily attributed to variations in grain number per ear(GN).During the rapid growth stage(V14-R3),i.e.,two weeks before and after silking,DKM753 showed a 6.7%increase in maximum growth rate(V_(max))and a 6.3%increase in average growth rate(V)under ST,whereas DK517 exhibited decline of 8.5%in V_(max) and 12.3%in V.Significant positive correlations are observed between V_(max) and V with GN under ST(R^(2)=0.79 and R^(2)=0.90,respectively).Enhanced dry matter accumulation in DKM753 under ST was attributed to increased leaf expansion rates,contributing to a larger photosynthate source.The straw mulching and localized nitrogen fertilization increased root-zone nitrogen availability at silking in ST compared to CT.DKM753 had a greater root system which made better use of the soil N and lead to an increased leaf nitrogen accumulation by 14.9%under ST.It is concluded that maize yield under the strip-till system is determined by grain number per ear,which can be increased by increasing nitrogen accumulation,plant growth,and ear development around silking stage.A sound root system can efficiently utilize soil nitrogen resources under the strip-till system,increasing plant nitrogen accumulation and thereby promoting plant growth.展开更多
Alternate wetting and drying(AWD)system,in which water has been reduced by approximately 35%with an increased occurrence of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis and no negative impact on rice yield,was propo...Alternate wetting and drying(AWD)system,in which water has been reduced by approximately 35%with an increased occurrence of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis and no negative impact on rice yield,was proposed to utilize water and nutrients more sustainable.In this study,we selected six rice cultivars(Centauro,Loto,Selenio,Vialone nano,JSendra and Puntal)grown under AWD conditions,and investigated their responsiveness to AM colonization and how they select diverse AM taxa.In order to investigate root-associated AM fungus communities,molecular cloning-Sanger sequencing on small subunit rDNA data were obtained from five out of the six rice cultivars and compared with Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)data,which were previously obtained in Vialone nano.The results showed that all the cultivars were responsive to AM colonization with the development of AM symbiotic structures,even if with differences in the colonization and arbuscule abundance in the root systems.We identified 16 virtual taxa(VT)in the soil compartment and 7 VT in the root apparatus.We emphasized that the NGS analysis gives additional value to the results thanks to a more in-depth reading of the less represented AM fungus taxa.展开更多
Yield loss(Y_(Loss)) in the ratoon crop due to crushing damage to left stubble from mechanical harvesting of the main crop is a constraint for wide adoption of mechanized rice ratooning technology.Soil drying before t...Yield loss(Y_(Loss)) in the ratoon crop due to crushing damage to left stubble from mechanical harvesting of the main crop is a constraint for wide adoption of mechanized rice ratooning technology.Soil drying before the harvest of the main crop has been proposed to overcome this problem.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil drying during the mid-to-late grain filling stage of the main crop on grain yield of the ratoon crop in a mechanized rice ratooning system.Field experiments were conducted to compare Y_(Loss) between light(LD) and heavy(HD) soil drying treatments in Hubei province,central China in 2017 and 2018.Y_(Loss) was calculated as the percentage of yield reduction in the ratoon crop with the main crop harvested mechanically,relative to the grain yield of the ratoon crop with the main crop harvested manually.In comparison with LD,soil hardness was increased by 42.8%-84.7% in HD at the 5-20 cm soil depth at maturity of the main crop.Soil hardness at 5 and 10 cm depths reached respectively 4.05 and 7.07 kg cm^(-2) in HD.Soil drying treatment did not significantly affect the grain yield of the main crop.Under mechanical harvesting of the main crop,HD increased the grain yield of the ratoon crop by 9.4% relative to LD.Consequently,Y_(Loss) was only 3.4% in HD,in contrast to 16.3% in LD.The differences in grain yield and Y_(Loos) between the two soil drying treatments were explained mainly by panicles m^(-2),which was increased significantly by HD in the track zone of the ratoon crop compared with LD.These results suggest that heavy soil drying practice during the mid-to-late grain filling stage of the main crop is effective for reducing Y_(Loss) of the ratoon crop in a mechanized rice ratooning system.展开更多
文摘The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be conventient to solve the heat load , degree of drying and other drying parameters of each effect. And it realizes the mathematical simulation an analysis of multi-effect drying process. Such process not only reuses the secondary steam but also utilizes the high energy grade. Drying silica sand using 1-effect drying to 5-effect drying is presented as an example. The energy consumption and energy saving rate are compared by using co-current multi-effect drying and countercurrent multi-effect drying. As a summary, the countercurrent multi-effect drying is better than co-current drying. Considered the equipment investment and energy conservation, the study also concluded that the countercurrent 4-effect drying is the optimum selection, and it can save 57.6% energy compared to countercurrent 1-effect drying.
文摘Artificial neural network has unique advantages for massively parallel processing, distributed storage capacity and self-learning ability. The paper mainly constructs neural network identifier and neural network controller for system identification and control on temperature and hmnidity of heating and drying system of materials. And the paper introduces the structure and principles of neural network, and focuses on analyzing learning algorithm, training algorithm and limitation of the most widely applied multi-layer feed-forward neural network （ BP network） , based on which the paper proposes introducing momentum to improve BP network.
文摘Solar drying systems are becoming a popular alternative to traditional energy-based drying systems for agricultural products due to their effectiveness and reduced fuel consumption.Although the efficiency of solar drying systems has been thoroughly investigated,their sustainability has not been studied enough.This study aims to fill that gap by conducting a life-cycle assessment of two new solar drying systems built in Udaipur,Rajasthan,India.The environmental implications of an innovative cylindrical solar-assisted drying system and a phase-change material-based solar drying system were evaluated using cradle-to-gate life-cycle analysis.The study uses the ReCiPe 2016 endpoints(H)technique to calculate various aspects such as midpoint,endpoint,single score,normalization result,and network diagram for phase-change material-based solar drying and cylindrical solar-assisted drying.Results show that phase-change material-based solar drying has an average of 40%more impact on the environment than cylindrical solar-assisted drying,with a high impact found in human non-carcinogenic toxicity,mainly due to the production of phase-change materials.However,cylindrical solar-assisted drying system crossover phase-change material based solar drying in terms of its impact on human carcinogenic toxicity and fossil resource scarcity.The contribution to global warming of phase-change material-based solar drying is 13.7%more than that of cylindrical solar-assisted drying.The endpoint characterization indicates that phase-change material-based solar drying exceeds in terms of human health(40%)and ecosystem(37.04%),whereas cylindrical solar-assisted drying surpasses phase-change material-based solar drying in terms of impacts on resources,at 14%.The early drying in phase-change material-based solar drying makes up for its higher impact than that in cylindrical solar-assisted drying,which takes 3 hours longer to dry.This study offers guidance and methods for making the best choice of solar-powered dryers.
基金Supported by PetroChina Prospective and Basic Technological Project(2022DJ5503).
文摘China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.
文摘The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2023B0101200006)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515011926)+1 种基金Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates,Guangzhou 510640,China(South China University of Technology)(No.2023B1212060003)State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China(No.SKLAM008-2022)。
文摘The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(award no.52408309)National Natural Science Foundation of China(award no.52438002).
文摘Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(MS)offers a substitute for RS in railway applications,its widespread adoption in high-strength railway prestressed structures is challenged by lack of drying shrinkage and creep research data on concrete.Design/methodology/approach–High-strength manufactured sand concrete(MSC)was prepared using MS with varying lithologies and stone powder contents.Its drying shrinkage and creep behaviors were evaluated in accordance with the Chinese standard GB/T 50082.The deformation mechanism was analyzed by combining nano-scratch testing.Findings–Compared to RS concrete,MSC from all tested lithologies showed higher drying shrinkage but lower creep deformation.The drying shrinkage rose steadily with increased stone powder content,while the creep strain displayed a distinct non-linear trend,decreasing first before rising.To prepare low-deformation MSC,select high-strength MS and limit stone powder content not greater 10%.Nano-scratch tests indicated that harder MS particles suppress microcracking at the interfacial transition zone(ITZ),improving the creep resistance.The predictive models for drying shrinkage and creep were also developed by incorporating coefficients for stone powder and lithology effects.Originality/value–These findings serve as a foundation for the application of MSC in railway prestressed structures,offering both theoretical and practical guidance.
文摘Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s leading producer of cocoa beans for several decades. Apart from this production performance, the quality of the beans, which are mainly exported to the major chocolate-making countries, presents a quality problem to the point of suffering a discount on the international market. One of these quality problems is the content of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin produced by fungi. Finally, to verify the level of contamination in beans produced in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was carried out. It consisted of collecting information on fermentation and drying times (The two major post-harvest operations) and collecting beans, which were analyzed by electrophoresis using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The results obtained show ochratoxin A contents of between 0.05 µg/kg and 0.17 µg/kg. The general level of contamination is therefore very low and below the tolerable limit which is 2 µg/kg. In addition, the correlative study between the fermentation and drying times of the beans revealed no significant influence (p < 0.01) of the duration of these operations on the level of ochratoxin A contamination. Major contamination can occur after post-harvest activities carried out by producers. This is certainly due to the development of fungi responsible for the production of ochratoxin A during the period of storage and marketing of cocoa beans in conditions of high humidity in storage enclosures. Producers need to be made more aware of the need to ensure that cocoa beans are properly dried and stored in dry areas to avoid moisture build-up, which is a source of mould growth and ochratoxin A production.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(Nos.52108219 and U21A20150)the Lanzhou University of Technology Hongliu Outstanding Young Talent Program,China(No.04-062407)the Research on Quality Control Technology of High-performance Concrete Prepared by Manufactured Sand(No.2020Y21)。
文摘To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of concrete drying shrinkage tests were designed with three strength grade(C30,C40,and C50)as variables.By observing the drying-shrinkage deformation of the specimens over 360 days,the effects of fine-aggregate properties on the drying shrinkage properties of concrete of different strength grades were analyzed and a prediction model was developed.Compared with natural sand concrete,the development of drying shrinkage of manufactured-sand concrete exhibits the phenomenon of advancement.The apparent density of the fine-aggregate and the strength grade are the two main factors affecting the limit value of the drying shrinkage of concrete.With a reduction in the water absorption or apparent density of the fine-aggregate or the strength grade of concrete prepared using the same fine-aggregate,the prediction accuracy of the existing models decreases.According to the GL 2000 model,two coefficients-and-were introduced to propose a prediction model for the drying shrinkage of fine-aggregate concrete,which is applicable to different strength grades.
文摘The aim of this paper was to characterize through experiment the moisture and temperature kinetic behavior of Eucalyptus gomphocephala wood samples using microwave heating(MWH)in two scenarios:intermittently and continuously.The mechanical properties and surface appearance of the heated samples were also investigated.Continuous and intermittent microwave drying kinetic experiments were conducted at a frequency of 2.45 GHz using a microwave laboratory oven at 300,500,and 1000 watts.Drying rate curves indicated three distinct phases of MWH.Increasing the microwave power with a shorter drying time led to rapid increases in internal temperature and water evaporation rates of the heated samples.Mechanical results indicated that samples heated under continuous MW(Microwave)power at 300 watts had a modulus of rupture(MOR)and modulus of elasticity(MOE)in three static bending tests higher than 29%and 36%,respectively,than samples heated at 1000 watts.Intermittent microwave heating(IMWH)of samples at 300 and 1000 watts produced the highest MOR and MOE values of 31%and 51%,respectively,unlike those heated under continuous microwave heating(CMWH).External qualitative observation showed that samples heated at high microwave power had severe surface checks.These defects were missing when using IMWH.An analysis of variance(ANOVA)showed that mechanical properties were linked to both microwave power level and the heating scenario,except for MOR in axial compression under CMWH.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0705800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52030001)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20dz1207600).
文摘Drying operations are of grave importance to realize the reduction and utilization of sewage sludge resources,but the conventional thermal evaporation drying(TED)technology presents challenges due to the need for a large amount of thermal energy to conquer the phase-change latent heat of moisture.Herein,we report a non-phase change technology based on particle high-speed self-rotation in a cyclone for fast,low-temperature drying of viscous sludge with high-moisture contents.Dispersed phase medium(DPM)is introduced into the cyclone self-rotation drying(CSRD)reactor to enhance the dispersion of the viscous sludge.The effects of carrier gas temperature,feeding rate,size,and proportion of DPM particles in the drying process are systematically examined.Under optimal operating conditions,the weighted content of moisture in the viscous sludge could be reduced from 80%to 15.01%in less than 5 s,achieving a high drying efficiency of 95.79%.Theoretical calculations also reveal that 89.26%of the moisture is removed through non-phase change pathway,contributing to a 522-fold increase in the drying rate of CSRD compared to TED technology.This investigation presents a sustainable effective approach for high moisture viscous sludge treatment with low energy consumption and carbon emissions.
文摘The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.
基金Project(41877240)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘As a typical sedimentary soft rock,mudstone has the characteristics of being easily softened and disintegrated under the effect of wetting and drying(WD).The first cycle of WD plays an important role in the entire WD cycles.X-ray micro-computed tomography(micro-CT)was used as a non-destructive tool to quantitatively analyze microstructural changes of the mudstone due to the first cycle of WD.The test results show that WD leads to an increase of pore volume and pore connectivity in the mudstone.The porosity and fractal dimension of each slice of mudstone not only increase in value,but also in fluctuation amplitude.The pattern of variation in the frequency distribution of the equivalent radii of connected,isolated pores and pore throats in mudstone under WD effect satisfies the Gaussian distribution.Under the effect of WD,pores and pore throats with relatively small sizes increase the most.The sphericity of the pores in mudstones is positively correlated with the pore radius.The WD effect transforms the originally angular and flat pores into round and regular pores.This paper can provide a reference for the study of the deterioration and catastrophic mechanisms of mudstone under wetting and drying cycles.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42107247)the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2022YFD1901605)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Nos.2025YFHZ0142 and 2024NSFSC0800)the Tobacco Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.SCYC202407)。
文摘Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.
文摘In order to address the synergistic optimization of energy efficiency improvement in the waste incineration power plant(WIPP)and renewable energy accommodation,an electricity-hydrogen-waste multi-energy system integrated with phase change material(PCM)thermal storage is proposed.First,a thermal energy management framework is constructed,combining PCM thermal storage with the alkaline electrolyzer(AE)waste heat recovery and the heat pump(HP),while establishing a PCM-driven waste drying system to enhance the efficiency of waste incineration power generation.Next,a flue gas treatment method based on purification-separation-storage coordination is adopted,achieving spatiotemporal decoupling between waste incineration and flue gas treatment.Subsequently,a two-stage optimal dispatching strategy for the multi-energy system is developed:the first stage establishes a dayahead economic dispatch model with the objective of minimizing net system costs,while the second stage introduces model predictive control(MPC)to realize intraday rolling optimization.Finally,The optimal dispatching strategies under different scenarios are obtained using the Gurobi solver,followed by a comparative analysis of the optimized operational outcomes.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system optimizes the output and operational states of each unit,simultaneously reducing carbon trading costs while increasing electricity sales revenue.The proposed scheduling strategy demonstrates effective grid peak-shaving functionality,thereby simultaneously improving the system’s economic performance and operational flexibility while providing an innovative technical pathway for municipal solid waste(MSW)resource utilization and low-carbon transformation of energy systems.
基金funded by the Water Research Commission through the grant K5/2582 and the Gates Foundation through the grant OPP1170678.
文摘Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,solar thermal drying holds significant promise to reduce sludge moisture content and enhance handling.Despite this potential,its application remains limited,with important knowledge gaps,particularly concerning the drying kinetics under different environmental and operational conditions.This study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the solar thermal drying behaviour of faecal sludge from ventilated improved pit latrines(VIPs)and urine-diverting dry toilets(UDs),with a specific focus on how air temperature and velocity influence drying performance.A bench-scale solar drying apparatus was used to investigate thin-layer sludge drying kinetics under controlled airflow conditions.The drying experiments were conducted at varying air temperatures(ambient,40℃,and 80℃)and velocities(0,0.5,and 1 m/s),where heated air was supplied via an electric resistance heater.Key drying parameters-including drying rate,critical moisture content,effective moisture diffusivity,and activation energy-were determined.Results showed that drying proceeded through a constant-rate period followed by a falling-rate period,with the critical moisture content ranging from 1.41 to 1.78 g/g db.Higher temperatures and airflow reduced the duration of the constant-rate phase,increased drying rates(0.31–0.99 g/g·min·m^(2)),and enhanced moisture diffusivity(4.56×10^(−9) to 1.52×10^(−8) m^(2)/s).Activation energy decreased with increased airflow,suggesting reduced temperature sensitivity.Thermal efficiency ranged from 14.6%to 35.1%,with solar energy contributing 73%–95% of total input.VIP sludge dried faster than UD sludge,which showed signs of surface crusting that limited moisture transfer.This research offers valuable insights into solar drying design and operation,providing scientific evidence to improve faecal sludge treatment strategies in decentralized sanitation systems.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20241931 and BK20221371)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071943 and 32372214)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)。
文摘Alternate wetting and soil drying irrigation(AWD)technique is crucial in infuencing grain quality in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Lipids are the third most abundant constituents in rice grains,after starch and proteins,and are closely related to grain quality.However,it remains unclear about the changes in lipids profling under different AWD regimes.This study set up three irrigation regimes including conventional irrigation(CI),alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation(AWMD),and alternate wetting and severe soil drying irrigation(AWSD).It explored lipidome changes in milled rice of Yangdao 6(YD6)using the untargeted lipidomics approach and analyzed rice cooking and eating quality.The results identifed seven lipid classes,55 lipid subclasses,and 1,086 lipid molecular species.Compared with the CI regime,the AWMD regime mainly altered lipid subclasses consisting of triglyceride(TG),ceramide(Cer),diglyceride(DG),bis-methyl lysophosphatidic acid(BisMePA),phosphocholine(PC),phosphoethanolamine(PE),monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG),and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)in milled rice and improved cooking and eating quality of rice;in contrast,the AWSD regime distinctly changed lipid subclasses like TG,Cer,DG,PC,PE,hexosylceramide(Hex1Cer),DGDG,and BisMePA and degraded cooking and eating quality of rice.Specifcally,AWMD most signifcantly altered the expressions of lipid molecules,including DGDG(18:0_18:2),DGDG(16:0_14:0),PC(33:1),Cer(t17:0_26:0),and Cer(t17:0_16:0);AWSD most obviously influenced the expressions of TG(6:0_14:0_18:3),PC(41:1),TG(19:1_18:4_18:4),Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:0+O),and Hex1Cer(d18:2_24:1).These 10 altered lipid molecules in milled rice can be preferentially used for investigating their relationships with grain quality in rice.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500705)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2035)for financial support。
文摘Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize under ST compared to conventional tillage(CT)remains unstable,and the strategies to increase maize yield under ST are unclear.This study aims to understand the physiological mechanism underlining maize yield formation under ST by comparing two maize cultivars,DKM753 and DK517,with contrasting yield performance in ST versus CT systems.Compared to CT,ST resulted in a 4.5%yield increase for DKM753 but a 5.6%decrease for DK517.These yield differences were primarily attributed to variations in grain number per ear(GN).During the rapid growth stage(V14-R3),i.e.,two weeks before and after silking,DKM753 showed a 6.7%increase in maximum growth rate(V_(max))and a 6.3%increase in average growth rate(V)under ST,whereas DK517 exhibited decline of 8.5%in V_(max) and 12.3%in V.Significant positive correlations are observed between V_(max) and V with GN under ST(R^(2)=0.79 and R^(2)=0.90,respectively).Enhanced dry matter accumulation in DKM753 under ST was attributed to increased leaf expansion rates,contributing to a larger photosynthate source.The straw mulching and localized nitrogen fertilization increased root-zone nitrogen availability at silking in ST compared to CT.DKM753 had a greater root system which made better use of the soil N and lead to an increased leaf nitrogen accumulation by 14.9%under ST.It is concluded that maize yield under the strip-till system is determined by grain number per ear,which can be increased by increasing nitrogen accumulation,plant growth,and ear development around silking stage.A sound root system can efficiently utilize soil nitrogen resources under the strip-till system,increasing plant nitrogen accumulation and thereby promoting plant growth.
基金AGER-Fondazioni in rete per la ricerca agroalimentare(https://www.progettoager.it/)(Grant No.2010-2369)by Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture,Food Security and Climate Change(FACCE-JPI)project Green Rice(Sustainable and environmental friendly rice cultivation systems in Europe).
文摘Alternate wetting and drying(AWD)system,in which water has been reduced by approximately 35%with an increased occurrence of beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)symbiosis and no negative impact on rice yield,was proposed to utilize water and nutrients more sustainable.In this study,we selected six rice cultivars(Centauro,Loto,Selenio,Vialone nano,JSendra and Puntal)grown under AWD conditions,and investigated their responsiveness to AM colonization and how they select diverse AM taxa.In order to investigate root-associated AM fungus communities,molecular cloning-Sanger sequencing on small subunit rDNA data were obtained from five out of the six rice cultivars and compared with Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)data,which were previously obtained in Vialone nano.The results showed that all the cultivars were responsive to AM colonization with the development of AM symbiotic structures,even if with differences in the colonization and arbuscule abundance in the root systems.We identified 16 virtual taxa(VT)in the soil compartment and 7 VT in the root apparatus.We emphasized that the NGS analysis gives additional value to the results thanks to a more in-depth reading of the less represented AM fungus taxa.
基金supported by the Major International (Regional)Joint Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (32061143038)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-20)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662020ZKPY015)。
文摘Yield loss(Y_(Loss)) in the ratoon crop due to crushing damage to left stubble from mechanical harvesting of the main crop is a constraint for wide adoption of mechanized rice ratooning technology.Soil drying before the harvest of the main crop has been proposed to overcome this problem.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil drying during the mid-to-late grain filling stage of the main crop on grain yield of the ratoon crop in a mechanized rice ratooning system.Field experiments were conducted to compare Y_(Loss) between light(LD) and heavy(HD) soil drying treatments in Hubei province,central China in 2017 and 2018.Y_(Loss) was calculated as the percentage of yield reduction in the ratoon crop with the main crop harvested mechanically,relative to the grain yield of the ratoon crop with the main crop harvested manually.In comparison with LD,soil hardness was increased by 42.8%-84.7% in HD at the 5-20 cm soil depth at maturity of the main crop.Soil hardness at 5 and 10 cm depths reached respectively 4.05 and 7.07 kg cm^(-2) in HD.Soil drying treatment did not significantly affect the grain yield of the main crop.Under mechanical harvesting of the main crop,HD increased the grain yield of the ratoon crop by 9.4% relative to LD.Consequently,Y_(Loss) was only 3.4% in HD,in contrast to 16.3% in LD.The differences in grain yield and Y_(Loos) between the two soil drying treatments were explained mainly by panicles m^(-2),which was increased significantly by HD in the track zone of the ratoon crop compared with LD.These results suggest that heavy soil drying practice during the mid-to-late grain filling stage of the main crop is effective for reducing Y_(Loss) of the ratoon crop in a mechanized rice ratooning system.
