China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict ...China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.展开更多
Purpose–This paper focuses on studying the reliability allocation for the railway system,aiming to improve the overall reliability of the railway system and ensure safety operation.Design/methodology/approach–In vie...Purpose–This paper focuses on studying the reliability allocation for the railway system,aiming to improve the overall reliability of the railway system and ensure safety operation.Design/methodology/approach–In view of the complex structure of the railway system,involving many subsystems,this paper analyzes the close dynamic coupling effect between railway subsystems.Based on this,taking the railway system failure as the top event,a fault tree is constructed in this paper.Then,a reliability allocation method based on the fault tree is employed to allocate the reliability index.Finally,a numerical experiment is implemented to show the performance of the reliability allocation method.Findings–The results showed that each subsystem needs to improve its reliability to meet the specified railway system reliability requirements,and the traction power supply system is the most important subsystem,which is the most efficient in improving the reliability of the railway system.Originality/value–For the first time,starting from a holistic perspective of the system,reliability allocation is carried out based on the importance of each railway subsystem.展开更多
This work investigates a combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)generation system utilizing waste energy.A cascade-CCHP system is developed,consisting of a 23.65-kWe organic Rankine cycle(ORC),a 4.00-kW adsorption ch...This work investigates a combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)generation system utilizing waste energy.A cascade-CCHP system is developed,consisting of a 23.65-kWe organic Rankine cycle(ORC),a 4.00-kW adsorption chiller,a 4.11-kW absorption chiller,a 15.99-kW drying room,and an incinerator of 150 kg/h.A net energy production of 36.08 kWh is achieved from a CCHP energy efficiency of 9.98%.The levelized cost for producing a total energy output of 2,020,592 kWh over a lifespan of 20 years is approximately 0.106 USD/kWh.The life cycle assessment(LCA)yields a single score of approximately 0.000151 Pt,mainly attributed to raw materials used in the construction process of 87.16%.In addition,the combustion ash is processed into concrete blocks measuring 39 cm×19 cm×7 cm,in accordance with the Industrial Product Standard(TIS)58-2533,with a water absorption value below 5%and a compressive strength exceeding 25 kg/cm2.The CCHP system demonstrates a novel method of waste-to-energy(WtE),and the construction material from waste combustion ash can also support a new concept of waste-to-zero(WtZ).展开更多
Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapi...Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.展开更多
A system of plants configuration for landscape in Xinjiang was established by Delphi7 and Server SQL 2000,with theory and method of information system,combined with computer technology.
Environmental requirements world wide and in the P.R.of China in particular have increased and authorities are increasing the pressure on steelmakers to comply with always more stringent limits and standards. Modern c...Environmental requirements world wide and in the P.R.of China in particular have increased and authorities are increasing the pressure on steelmakers to comply with always more stringent limits and standards. Modern converter steel making goes along with the innovation and new developments not only for the primary converter process itself but even more for the dedusting technologies.This paper describes the benefits and latest development of advanced off gas cleaning and recovery systems based on dry type cleaning with electrostatic precipitation and wet type gas cleaning based on wet scrubbers.Modern converter dedusting is based on suppressed combustion systems in order to reduce off gas amounts and to be able to use the gas for gas recovery.The dry type primary off gas treatment system based on electrostatic precipitator technology is the most advanced environmental solution available for converter steel making.Dry dedusting has been introduced in China successfully with a significant contribution by Siemens VAI being the market leader for converter dry dedusting systems.Siemens VAI has introduced several design improvements over the last years such as CFD modeling of flow conditions in evaporation cooler,design of chains for dust conveyors,design of ESP inlet,design and thickness of discharge electrodes and operation in energy saving mode.Additionally the DDS process has been successfully implemented in China for the De-P process.The gas recovery system for DDS has been optimized over the years with high quality equipment and integrated automation and control systems.Wet type dedusting for converter gas is a well proven technology for many years and is still widely used due to the simplicity of the process and the lower investment costs.SVAI has continuously improved it's wet dedusting technologies to provide highly energy efficient systems which can achieve lowest levels of clean gas dust while still maintaining a moderate water and energy consumption with simplified process control and standardized process control packages.Main design and process improvements include expansion joints for connection of scrubber to cooling stack,new type of droplet separator,advanced hood pressure control package,ID fan washing system,ID fan speed control system etc.The focus for wet type gas recovery systems is still on maximum safety and reliability.SVAI has also successfully improved the technological packages for converter gas recovery for wet type dedusting systems.The comparison between the two system shows the advantages of dry dedusting mainly being the lowest clean gas dust content, lower operating costs,easier handling for recycling of residuals and no need for a water treatment plants.Wet type dedusting has it's main advantages in the simple process and operation of the system,the flexible layout solutions inside the steel shop as well as generally lower investment costs.An overview on the numerous reference installations for dry- and wet type dedusting systems in China as well as world wide is given.展开更多
Model checking is an automated formal verification method to verify whether epistemic multi-agent systems adhere to property specifications.Although there is an extensive literature on qualitative properties such as s...Model checking is an automated formal verification method to verify whether epistemic multi-agent systems adhere to property specifications.Although there is an extensive literature on qualitative properties such as safety and liveness,there is still a lack of quantitative and uncertain property verifications for these systems.In uncertain environments,agents must make judicious decisions based on subjective epistemic.To verify epistemic and measurable properties in multi-agent systems,this paper extends fuzzy computation tree logic by introducing epistemic modalities and proposing a new Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic of Knowledge(FCTLK).We represent fuzzy multi-agent systems as distributed knowledge bases with fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems.In addition,we provide a transformation algorithm from fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems to fuzzy Kripke structures,as well as transformation rules from FCTLK formulas to Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic(FCTL)formulas.Accordingly,we transform the FCTLK model checking problem into the FCTL model checking.This enables the verification of FCTLK formulas by using the fuzzy model checking algorithm of FCTL without additional computational overheads.Finally,we present correctness proofs and complexity analyses of the proposed algorithms.Additionally,we further illustrate the practical application of our approach through an example of a train control system.展开更多
A recommender system is an approach performed by e-commerce for increasing smooth users’experience.Sequential pattern mining is a technique of data mining used to identify the co-occurrence relationships by taking in...A recommender system is an approach performed by e-commerce for increasing smooth users’experience.Sequential pattern mining is a technique of data mining used to identify the co-occurrence relationships by taking into account the order of transactions.This work will present the implementation of sequence pattern mining for recommender systems within the domain of e-com-merce.This work will execute the Systolic tree algorithm for mining the frequent patterns to yield feasible rules for the recommender system.The feature selec-tion's objective is to pick a feature subset having the least feature similarity as well as highest relevancy with the target class.This will mitigate the feature vector's dimensionality by eliminating redundant,irrelevant,or noisy data.This work pre-sents a new hybrid recommender system based on optimized feature selection and systolic tree.The features were extracted using Term Frequency-Inverse Docu-ment Frequency(TF-IDF),feature selection with the utilization of River Forma-tion Dynamics(RFD),and the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm.The systolic tree is used for pattern mining,and based on this,the recommendations are given.The proposed methods were evaluated using the MovieLens dataset,and the experimental outcomes confirmed the efficiency of the techniques.It was observed that the RFD feature selection with systolic tree frequent pattern mining with collaborativefiltering,the precision of 0.89 was achieved.展开更多
Dry tree semi is a fast developing technology and becomes more and more appealing to the operators as a solution for producing deepwater reserves. Utilizing a dry tree semi means spending less cost on well mainte-nanc...Dry tree semi is a fast developing technology and becomes more and more appealing to the operators as a solution for producing deepwater reserves. Utilizing a dry tree semi means spending less cost on well mainte-nance and interventions,while the production platform can be integrated and commissioned at quayside. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various technologies for dry tree semi,such as E-semi,T-semi,paired-column semi and long stroke tensioners. Each dry tree semi concept is briefed in terms of global performance,top tension riser (TTR) tensioner system,quayside integration and feasibility to environment.展开更多
Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep...Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other f...[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows： under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows： jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.展开更多
The historical records of mechanical fault contain great amount of important information which is useful to identify the similar fault.The current fault diagnosis methods using historical records are inefficient to de...The historical records of mechanical fault contain great amount of important information which is useful to identify the similar fault.The current fault diagnosis methods using historical records are inefficient to deal with intuitive application and multicomponent multiphase fault diagnosis.Towards the problem,the rapid and intelligent fault diagnosis method based on system-phenomenon-fault （SPF） tree is proposed.The method begins with the physical system of the fault system,conceives the fault causes as leaves,the fault causes as leaves and the frequentness of fault as the interrelationship,and finally forms the fault tree with structural relationship of administrative subordination and flexible multi-granularity components.Firstly,the forming method of SPF tree is discussed;Secondly some basic definitions as synonymous branch,the tough degree of the branch,the dominant leaf,and the virtual branch are defined;and then,the performances including the merger of the dominant branches keeping dominant,the merger of the synonymous branches keeping dominant were proved.Furthermore,the merging,optimizing and calculating of virtual branch of SPF tree are proposed,the self-learning mechanism including the procedure and the related parameter calculation is presented,and the fault searching method and main fault statistics calculation are also presented based on SPF tree.Finally,the method is applied in the fault diagnosis of the certain type of embedded terminal to demonstrate fault information searching in the condition of the synonymous branch,the virtual branch merging and visual presentation of search results.The application shows that the proposed method is effective to narrow down the scope of searching fault and reduce the difficulty of computing.The proposed method is a new way to resolve the intelligent fault diagnosis problem of complex systems by organizing the disordering fault records and providing intuitive expression and intelligent computing capabilities.展开更多
Some ideas in the development of fault diagnosis system for spacecraft are introduced. Firstly, the architecture of spacecraft fault diagnosis is proposed hierarchically with four diagnosis frames, i.e., system level,...Some ideas in the development of fault diagnosis system for spacecraft are introduced. Firstly, the architecture of spacecraft fault diagnosis is proposed hierarchically with four diagnosis frames, i.e., system level, subsystem level, component level and element level. Secondly, a hierarchical diagnosis model is expressed with four layers, i.e., sensors layer, function layer, behavior layer and structure layer. These layers are used to work together to accomplish the fault alarm, diagnosis and localization. Thirdly, a fault-tree-oriented hybrid knowledge representation based on frame and generalized rule and its relevant reasoning strategy is put forward. Finally, a diagnosis case for spacecraft power system is exemplified combining the above with a powerful expert system development tool G2.展开更多
By using the fault tree analysis in reliability theory as the systematical analysis approach, the dust suppression mechanism in a spray system with wetting agent is shown in a logic tree and some graphical models. Fro...By using the fault tree analysis in reliability theory as the systematical analysis approach, the dust suppression mechanism in a spray system with wetting agent is shown in a logic tree and some graphical models. From these diagrams, all factors related to the spray system and their cause and effect relationship can be seen clearly. Based on the built logic tree, several mathematical models and new ideas for expressing the dust suppressing efficiency in the spray system are put forward. The significance of all factors related to the efficiency of suppressing dust is qualitatively described. Furthermore, the new concepts, such as, the effective reaction time between dust particle and droplet, the expansion phenomenon of laden dust droplet, the functions of volatile and the relative size distribution efficiency of wetting agent are presented. All this richenes the existing mechanism of dust abatement by spraying wetting agent. At last, several problems that need to be further investigated are also suggested in the paper.展开更多
[Objective]To study a diagnostic approach to diseases in pig＇s respiratory system based upon SVM binary tree. [Method] First with the help of clustering theory,the degree of separation based upon the characteristics ...[Objective]To study a diagnostic approach to diseases in pig＇s respiratory system based upon SVM binary tree. [Method] First with the help of clustering theory,the degree of separation based upon the characteristics of diseases is defined. Each time the type of highest degree of separation is isolated to get a decision tree with smaller accumulated errors and SVM binary tree is applied in the diagnostic experiment of four common respiratory diseases. [Result] The method is practicable and can be applied in the diagnosis of pig＇s respiratory diseases at the early stage. [Conclusion] It provides references to the healthy development of pig husbandry in China and increases in breeders＇ incomes.展开更多
Based on Grey System theory, tree growth prediction models are developed by using 202 temporary plots and 206 stem analysis trees of Dahurian larch (Larix gemlinii Rupr) in 10 forestry bureaus of Yakeshi Forestry Admi...Based on Grey System theory, tree growth prediction models are developed by using 202 temporary plots and 206 stem analysis trees of Dahurian larch (Larix gemlinii Rupr) in 10 forestry bureaus of Yakeshi Forestry Administrative Bureau in Daxing’an Mountains of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By residual and posterior tests, their precisions are qualified. With several data, tree growth can be predicted using Grey System models. For DBH and volume, the fitting results of Grey System models are better than that of statistical models.展开更多
Based on our previous work, a mathematical model of piecewise-smooth systems is established by means of phase-plane orbit analysis, and it is then used to study the intersting phenomena of Chinese cultural relic Drago...Based on our previous work, a mathematical model of piecewise-smooth systems is established by means of phase-plane orbit analysis, and it is then used to study the intersting phenomena of Chinese cultural relic Dragon Washbasin. The mechanism of nonlinear damping is analyzed; the approximate analytical solution of self-excited vibration of piecewise-smooth nonlinear systems induced by dry friction is derived by means of KB Method, the results of which agree well with that of the numerical solution. Therefore, the method presented in this paper is proved to be very efficient in analyzing the self-excited vibration of piecewise-smooth systems induced by dry friction.展开更多
Using the properties of chaos synchronization, the method for estimating the largest Lyapunov exponent in a multibody system with dry friction is presented in this paper. The Lagrange equations with multipliers of the...Using the properties of chaos synchronization, the method for estimating the largest Lyapunov exponent in a multibody system with dry friction is presented in this paper. The Lagrange equations with multipliers of the systems are given in matrix form, which is adequate for numerical calculation. The approach for calculating the generalized velocity and acceleration of the slider is given to determine slipping or sticking of the slider in the systems. For slip-slip and stick-slip multibody systems, their largest Lyapunov exponents are calculated to characterize their dynamics.展开更多
To reduce the time required to complete the regeneration process of erasure codes, we propose a Tree-structured Parallel Regeneration (TPR) scheme for multiple data losses in distributed storage systems. Under the sch...To reduce the time required to complete the regeneration process of erasure codes, we propose a Tree-structured Parallel Regeneration (TPR) scheme for multiple data losses in distributed storage systems. Under the scheme, two algorithms are proposed for the construction of multiple regeneration trees, namely the edge-disjoint algorithm and edge-sharing algorithm. The edge-disjoint algorithm constructs multiple independent trees, and is simple and appropriate for environments where newcomers and their providers are distributed over a large area and have few intersections. The edge-sharing algorithm constructs multiple trees that compete to utilize the bandwidth, and make a better utilization of the bandwidth, although it needs to measure the available band-width and deal with the bandwidth changes; it is therefore difficult to implement in practical systems. The parallel regeneration for multiple data losses of TPR primarily includes two optimizations: firstly, transferring the data through the bandwidth optimized-paths in a pipe-line manner; secondly, executing data regeneration over multiple trees in parallel. To evaluate the proposal, we implement an event-based simulator and make a detailed comparison with some popular regeneration methods. The quantitative comparison results show that the use of TPR employing either the edge-disjoint algorithm or edge-sharing algorithm reduces the regeneration time significantly.展开更多
As part of the global effort to plant billion trees,an afforestation project is launched in Pakistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP)province to conserve existing forests and to increase area under forest cover.The present s...As part of the global effort to plant billion trees,an afforestation project is launched in Pakistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP)province to conserve existing forests and to increase area under forest cover.The present study is designed to build a Systems'model by incorporating major activities of the Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project(BTTAP)with special focus on afforestation activities to estimate the growth in forest area of KP.Availability of complete dataset was a challenge.To fix the model,the raw data taken from the project office has been utilized.Planning Commission Form 1-Phase I&II helped us with additional information.We relied on the data available for one and half period of the project as rest of the data is subject to the completion of the project.Our results show that the project target to enhance area under forest differs from the target to afforest area under the project.The system dynamics'model projection shows that the forest area of KP would be 23.59 million hectares at the end of the BTTA project,thus having an increase of 3.29%instead of 2%that has been initially proposed.However,the results show that the progress to meet the target in some afforestation classes is slow as compared to other categories.Farm forestry,plantation on communal lands and owners'plantation need special focus of the authority.Deforestation would affect 0.02 million hectares area of the project.The model under study may be used as a reference model that can be replicated to other areas where billion tree campaigns are going on.展开更多
基金Supported by PetroChina Prospective and Basic Technological Project(2022DJ5503).
文摘China has abundant resources of hot dry rocks.However,due to the fact that the evaluation methods for favorable areas are mainly qualitative,and the evaluation indicators and standards are inconsistent,which restrict the evaluation efficiency and exploration process of dry hot rocks.This paper is based on the understanding of the geologic features and genesis mechanisms of hot dry rocks in China and abroad.By integrating the main controlling factors of hot dry rock formation,and using index grading and quantification,the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive method is applied to establish an evaluation system and standards for favorable areas of hot dry rocks.The evaluation system is based on four indicators:heat source,thermal channel,thermal reservoir and cap rock.It includes 11 evaluation parameters,including time of magmatic/volcanic activity,depth of molten mass or magma chamber,distribution of discordogenic faults,burial depth of thermal reservoir,cap rock type and thickness,surface thermal anomaly,heat flow,geothermal gradient,Moho depth,Curie depth,Earthquake magnitude and focal depth.Each parameter is divided into 3 levels.Applying this evaluation system to assess hot dry rock in central Inner Mongolia revealed that Class I favorable zones cover approximately 494 km^(2),while Class II favorable zones span about 5.7×10^(4) km^(2).The Jirgalangtu Sag and Honghaershute Sag in the Erlian Basin,along with Reshuitang Town in Keshiketeng Banner,Reshui Town in Ningcheng County,and Reshuitang Town in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City,are identified as Class I favorable zones for hot dry rock resources.These areas are characterized by high-temperature subsurface molten bodies or magma chambers serving as high-quality heat sources,shallow thermal reservoir depths,and overlying thick sedimentary rock layers acting as caprock.The establishment and application of the evaluation system for favorable areas of hot dry rock are expected to provide new approaches and scientific basis for guiding the practice of selecting hot dry rock areas in China.
基金supported by the Research Project of China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited under Grant 2023YJ252.
文摘Purpose–This paper focuses on studying the reliability allocation for the railway system,aiming to improve the overall reliability of the railway system and ensure safety operation.Design/methodology/approach–In view of the complex structure of the railway system,involving many subsystems,this paper analyzes the close dynamic coupling effect between railway subsystems.Based on this,taking the railway system failure as the top event,a fault tree is constructed in this paper.Then,a reliability allocation method based on the fault tree is employed to allocate the reliability index.Finally,a numerical experiment is implemented to show the performance of the reliability allocation method.Findings–The results showed that each subsystem needs to improve its reliability to meet the specified railway system reliability requirements,and the traction power supply system is the most important subsystem,which is the most efficient in improving the reliability of the railway system.Originality/value–For the first time,starting from a holistic perspective of the system,reliability allocation is carried out based on the importance of each railway subsystem.
基金National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)and the School of Renewable Energy and Maejo University for the project to produce and develop graduates in renewable energy for ASEAN countries for graduate students(2021).
文摘This work investigates a combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)generation system utilizing waste energy.A cascade-CCHP system is developed,consisting of a 23.65-kWe organic Rankine cycle(ORC),a 4.00-kW adsorption chiller,a 4.11-kW absorption chiller,a 15.99-kW drying room,and an incinerator of 150 kg/h.A net energy production of 36.08 kWh is achieved from a CCHP energy efficiency of 9.98%.The levelized cost for producing a total energy output of 2,020,592 kWh over a lifespan of 20 years is approximately 0.106 USD/kWh.The life cycle assessment(LCA)yields a single score of approximately 0.000151 Pt,mainly attributed to raw materials used in the construction process of 87.16%.In addition,the combustion ash is processed into concrete blocks measuring 39 cm×19 cm×7 cm,in accordance with the Industrial Product Standard(TIS)58-2533,with a water absorption value below 5%and a compressive strength exceeding 25 kg/cm2.The CCHP system demonstrates a novel method of waste-to-energy(WtE),and the construction material from waste combustion ash can also support a new concept of waste-to-zero(WtZ).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42107476 and 42177421)the China Postdoctoral International Exchange Fellowship Program(No.PC2021099)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2020RC2058)the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202206600004,to D.Yuan).
文摘Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.
基金Shihezi University Students Scientific Research Fund Project(zkkx2006-Y25)Scientific and Technological Supporting XinJiang Projects from Corps(2008ZJ15)~~
文摘A system of plants configuration for landscape in Xinjiang was established by Delphi7 and Server SQL 2000,with theory and method of information system,combined with computer technology.
文摘Environmental requirements world wide and in the P.R.of China in particular have increased and authorities are increasing the pressure on steelmakers to comply with always more stringent limits and standards. Modern converter steel making goes along with the innovation and new developments not only for the primary converter process itself but even more for the dedusting technologies.This paper describes the benefits and latest development of advanced off gas cleaning and recovery systems based on dry type cleaning with electrostatic precipitation and wet type gas cleaning based on wet scrubbers.Modern converter dedusting is based on suppressed combustion systems in order to reduce off gas amounts and to be able to use the gas for gas recovery.The dry type primary off gas treatment system based on electrostatic precipitator technology is the most advanced environmental solution available for converter steel making.Dry dedusting has been introduced in China successfully with a significant contribution by Siemens VAI being the market leader for converter dry dedusting systems.Siemens VAI has introduced several design improvements over the last years such as CFD modeling of flow conditions in evaporation cooler,design of chains for dust conveyors,design of ESP inlet,design and thickness of discharge electrodes and operation in energy saving mode.Additionally the DDS process has been successfully implemented in China for the De-P process.The gas recovery system for DDS has been optimized over the years with high quality equipment and integrated automation and control systems.Wet type dedusting for converter gas is a well proven technology for many years and is still widely used due to the simplicity of the process and the lower investment costs.SVAI has continuously improved it's wet dedusting technologies to provide highly energy efficient systems which can achieve lowest levels of clean gas dust while still maintaining a moderate water and energy consumption with simplified process control and standardized process control packages.Main design and process improvements include expansion joints for connection of scrubber to cooling stack,new type of droplet separator,advanced hood pressure control package,ID fan washing system,ID fan speed control system etc.The focus for wet type gas recovery systems is still on maximum safety and reliability.SVAI has also successfully improved the technological packages for converter gas recovery for wet type dedusting systems.The comparison between the two system shows the advantages of dry dedusting mainly being the lowest clean gas dust content, lower operating costs,easier handling for recycling of residuals and no need for a water treatment plants.Wet type dedusting has it's main advantages in the simple process and operation of the system,the flexible layout solutions inside the steel shop as well as generally lower investment costs.An overview on the numerous reference installations for dry- and wet type dedusting systems in China as well as world wide is given.
基金The work is partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(Grant No.AAC03300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61962001)Graduate Innovation Project of North Minzu University(Grant No.YCX23152).
文摘Model checking is an automated formal verification method to verify whether epistemic multi-agent systems adhere to property specifications.Although there is an extensive literature on qualitative properties such as safety and liveness,there is still a lack of quantitative and uncertain property verifications for these systems.In uncertain environments,agents must make judicious decisions based on subjective epistemic.To verify epistemic and measurable properties in multi-agent systems,this paper extends fuzzy computation tree logic by introducing epistemic modalities and proposing a new Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic of Knowledge(FCTLK).We represent fuzzy multi-agent systems as distributed knowledge bases with fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems.In addition,we provide a transformation algorithm from fuzzy epistemic interpreted systems to fuzzy Kripke structures,as well as transformation rules from FCTLK formulas to Fuzzy Computation Tree Logic(FCTL)formulas.Accordingly,we transform the FCTLK model checking problem into the FCTL model checking.This enables the verification of FCTLK formulas by using the fuzzy model checking algorithm of FCTL without additional computational overheads.Finally,we present correctness proofs and complexity analyses of the proposed algorithms.Additionally,we further illustrate the practical application of our approach through an example of a train control system.
文摘A recommender system is an approach performed by e-commerce for increasing smooth users’experience.Sequential pattern mining is a technique of data mining used to identify the co-occurrence relationships by taking into account the order of transactions.This work will present the implementation of sequence pattern mining for recommender systems within the domain of e-com-merce.This work will execute the Systolic tree algorithm for mining the frequent patterns to yield feasible rules for the recommender system.The feature selec-tion's objective is to pick a feature subset having the least feature similarity as well as highest relevancy with the target class.This will mitigate the feature vector's dimensionality by eliminating redundant,irrelevant,or noisy data.This work pre-sents a new hybrid recommender system based on optimized feature selection and systolic tree.The features were extracted using Term Frequency-Inverse Docu-ment Frequency(TF-IDF),feature selection with the utilization of River Forma-tion Dynamics(RFD),and the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm.The systolic tree is used for pattern mining,and based on this,the recommendations are given.The proposed methods were evaluated using the MovieLens dataset,and the experimental outcomes confirmed the efficiency of the techniques.It was observed that the RFD feature selection with systolic tree frequent pattern mining with collaborativefiltering,the precision of 0.89 was achieved.
文摘Dry tree semi is a fast developing technology and becomes more and more appealing to the operators as a solution for producing deepwater reserves. Utilizing a dry tree semi means spending less cost on well mainte-nance and interventions,while the production platform can be integrated and commissioned at quayside. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various technologies for dry tree semi,such as E-semi,T-semi,paired-column semi and long stroke tensioners. Each dry tree semi concept is briefed in terms of global performance,top tension riser (TTR) tensioner system,quayside integration and feasibility to environment.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171033,51179161 and 41101025)
文摘Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.
基金Supported by Special Foundation for Young Scientific and Technological Talents,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(xjnky-2012-009)Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest(201003043-07)+1 种基金Scientific Research Programof the Higher Education Institution of XinJiang(XJEDU2012S14)National-level College Students’Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program(201210758002)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows： under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows： jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.
基金supported by National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 key Program,Grant No.2007AA040701)Chongqing Municipal Natural Science Foundation Project of China (Grant No. CSTC2010BB4295)+2 种基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No.20100191120004)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. CDJXS11111136)Research Foundation of Chongqing University of Science and Technology,China(Grant No. CK2010Z10)
文摘The historical records of mechanical fault contain great amount of important information which is useful to identify the similar fault.The current fault diagnosis methods using historical records are inefficient to deal with intuitive application and multicomponent multiphase fault diagnosis.Towards the problem,the rapid and intelligent fault diagnosis method based on system-phenomenon-fault （SPF） tree is proposed.The method begins with the physical system of the fault system,conceives the fault causes as leaves,the fault causes as leaves and the frequentness of fault as the interrelationship,and finally forms the fault tree with structural relationship of administrative subordination and flexible multi-granularity components.Firstly,the forming method of SPF tree is discussed;Secondly some basic definitions as synonymous branch,the tough degree of the branch,the dominant leaf,and the virtual branch are defined;and then,the performances including the merger of the dominant branches keeping dominant,the merger of the synonymous branches keeping dominant were proved.Furthermore,the merging,optimizing and calculating of virtual branch of SPF tree are proposed,the self-learning mechanism including the procedure and the related parameter calculation is presented,and the fault searching method and main fault statistics calculation are also presented based on SPF tree.Finally,the method is applied in the fault diagnosis of the certain type of embedded terminal to demonstrate fault information searching in the condition of the synonymous branch,the virtual branch merging and visual presentation of search results.The application shows that the proposed method is effective to narrow down the scope of searching fault and reduce the difficulty of computing.The proposed method is a new way to resolve the intelligent fault diagnosis problem of complex systems by organizing the disordering fault records and providing intuitive expression and intelligent computing capabilities.
文摘Some ideas in the development of fault diagnosis system for spacecraft are introduced. Firstly, the architecture of spacecraft fault diagnosis is proposed hierarchically with four diagnosis frames, i.e., system level, subsystem level, component level and element level. Secondly, a hierarchical diagnosis model is expressed with four layers, i.e., sensors layer, function layer, behavior layer and structure layer. These layers are used to work together to accomplish the fault alarm, diagnosis and localization. Thirdly, a fault-tree-oriented hybrid knowledge representation based on frame and generalized rule and its relevant reasoning strategy is put forward. Finally, a diagnosis case for spacecraft power system is exemplified combining the above with a powerful expert system development tool G2.
文摘By using the fault tree analysis in reliability theory as the systematical analysis approach, the dust suppression mechanism in a spray system with wetting agent is shown in a logic tree and some graphical models. From these diagrams, all factors related to the spray system and their cause and effect relationship can be seen clearly. Based on the built logic tree, several mathematical models and new ideas for expressing the dust suppressing efficiency in the spray system are put forward. The significance of all factors related to the efficiency of suppressing dust is qualitatively described. Furthermore, the new concepts, such as, the effective reaction time between dust particle and droplet, the expansion phenomenon of laden dust droplet, the functions of volatile and the relative size distribution efficiency of wetting agent are presented. All this richenes the existing mechanism of dust abatement by spraying wetting agent. At last, several problems that need to be further investigated are also suggested in the paper.
基金Supported by Chongqing Key Applied and Basic Research Programs~~
文摘[Objective]To study a diagnostic approach to diseases in pig＇s respiratory system based upon SVM binary tree. [Method] First with the help of clustering theory,the degree of separation based upon the characteristics of diseases is defined. Each time the type of highest degree of separation is isolated to get a decision tree with smaller accumulated errors and SVM binary tree is applied in the diagnostic experiment of four common respiratory diseases. [Result] The method is practicable and can be applied in the diagnosis of pig＇s respiratory diseases at the early stage. [Conclusion] It provides references to the healthy development of pig husbandry in China and increases in breeders＇ incomes.
文摘Based on Grey System theory, tree growth prediction models are developed by using 202 temporary plots and 206 stem analysis trees of Dahurian larch (Larix gemlinii Rupr) in 10 forestry bureaus of Yakeshi Forestry Administrative Bureau in Daxing’an Mountains of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By residual and posterior tests, their precisions are qualified. With several data, tree growth can be predicted using Grey System models. For DBH and volume, the fitting results of Grey System models are better than that of statistical models.
文摘Based on our previous work, a mathematical model of piecewise-smooth systems is established by means of phase-plane orbit analysis, and it is then used to study the intersting phenomena of Chinese cultural relic Dragon Washbasin. The mechanism of nonlinear damping is analyzed; the approximate analytical solution of self-excited vibration of piecewise-smooth nonlinear systems induced by dry friction is derived by means of KB Method, the results of which agree well with that of the numerical solution. Therefore, the method presented in this paper is proved to be very efficient in analyzing the self-excited vibration of piecewise-smooth systems induced by dry friction.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10272008 and 10371030)The English text was polished by Yunming Chen
文摘Using the properties of chaos synchronization, the method for estimating the largest Lyapunov exponent in a multibody system with dry friction is presented in this paper. The Lagrange equations with multipliers of the systems are given in matrix form, which is adequate for numerical calculation. The approach for calculating the generalized velocity and acceleration of the slider is given to determine slipping or sticking of the slider in the systems. For slip-slip and stick-slip multibody systems, their largest Lyapunov exponents are calculated to characterize their dynamics.
基金supported by the National Grand Fundamental Research of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2011CB302601the National High Technology Research and Development of China (863 Program) under GrantNo. 2013AA01A213+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60873215the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province under Grant No. S2010J5050Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No. 20124307110015
文摘To reduce the time required to complete the regeneration process of erasure codes, we propose a Tree-structured Parallel Regeneration (TPR) scheme for multiple data losses in distributed storage systems. Under the scheme, two algorithms are proposed for the construction of multiple regeneration trees, namely the edge-disjoint algorithm and edge-sharing algorithm. The edge-disjoint algorithm constructs multiple independent trees, and is simple and appropriate for environments where newcomers and their providers are distributed over a large area and have few intersections. The edge-sharing algorithm constructs multiple trees that compete to utilize the bandwidth, and make a better utilization of the bandwidth, although it needs to measure the available band-width and deal with the bandwidth changes; it is therefore difficult to implement in practical systems. The parallel regeneration for multiple data losses of TPR primarily includes two optimizations: firstly, transferring the data through the bandwidth optimized-paths in a pipe-line manner; secondly, executing data regeneration over multiple trees in parallel. To evaluate the proposal, we implement an event-based simulator and make a detailed comparison with some popular regeneration methods. The quantitative comparison results show that the use of TPR employing either the edge-disjoint algorithm or edge-sharing algorithm reduces the regeneration time significantly.
文摘As part of the global effort to plant billion trees,an afforestation project is launched in Pakistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP)province to conserve existing forests and to increase area under forest cover.The present study is designed to build a Systems'model by incorporating major activities of the Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project(BTTAP)with special focus on afforestation activities to estimate the growth in forest area of KP.Availability of complete dataset was a challenge.To fix the model,the raw data taken from the project office has been utilized.Planning Commission Form 1-Phase I&II helped us with additional information.We relied on the data available for one and half period of the project as rest of the data is subject to the completion of the project.Our results show that the project target to enhance area under forest differs from the target to afforest area under the project.The system dynamics'model projection shows that the forest area of KP would be 23.59 million hectares at the end of the BTTA project,thus having an increase of 3.29%instead of 2%that has been initially proposed.However,the results show that the progress to meet the target in some afforestation classes is slow as compared to other categories.Farm forestry,plantation on communal lands and owners'plantation need special focus of the authority.Deforestation would affect 0.02 million hectares area of the project.The model under study may be used as a reference model that can be replicated to other areas where billion tree campaigns are going on.
