An experiment was conducted to find the variability of driver eye movement according to different driving experience. An eye tracking system was used to study the regularity of driver eye movements, such as fixation d...An experiment was conducted to find the variability of driver eye movement according to different driving experience. An eye tracking system was used to study the regularity of driver eye movements, such as fixation duration, variations of fixation points, and the distribution of glance zone. It was found that driving experience had a significant effect on driver eye movement behavior. The percentage of fixation duration to total glance time for inexperienced drivers was 61.5%, while the percentage for experienced drivers was 50.2%. Moreover, the majority of drivers paid attention to the left region of the field of view more frequently than the central and the right regions. This study indicates that it takes inexperienced drivers more time to recognize traffic signs. The findings from this study will assist traffic engineers in designing and installing the traffic signs in an optimal way.展开更多
This paper presents a fusion control strategy of adaptive cruise control(ACC) and collision avoidance(CA),which takes into account a driver’s behavioral style. First, a questionnaire survey was performed to identify ...This paper presents a fusion control strategy of adaptive cruise control(ACC) and collision avoidance(CA),which takes into account a driver’s behavioral style. First, a questionnaire survey was performed to identify driver type, and the corresponding driving behavioral data were collected via driving simulator experiments, which served as the template data for the online identification of driver type. Then, the driveradaptive ACC/CA fusion control strategy was designed, and its effect was verified by virtual experiments. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy could achieve the fusion control of ACC and CA successfully and improve driver adaptability and comfort.展开更多
Pavement markings are essential for conveying lane boundaries,alignment,and other traffic information to drivers.Their visibility is closely tied to drivers'visual capabilities,which often decline with age.These a...Pavement markings are essential for conveying lane boundaries,alignment,and other traffic information to drivers.Their visibility is closely tied to drivers'visual capabilities,which often decline with age.These age-related impairments can hinder drivers’ability to perceive road markings at night,posing potential safety risks.To investigate age-related differences in nighttime perception of pavement markings,this study designed a real-world driving experiment using white pavement markings with nine levels of coefficient of retroreflected luminance(RL).A total of 360 preview distance observations were collected from 40 participants,including 14 young,14 middle-aged,and 12 older adults.A generalized linear mixed model(GLMM)was employed to examine how RL,age,and gender influence nighttime preview distance.In addition,an age-stratified asymptotic regression model was developed to capture the nonlinear relationship between RL and preview distance.The results showed that:(1)RL was positively associated with preview distance,while age had a significant negative effect.Gender differences were not statistically significant.(2)There was no significant difference between young and middle-aged drivers,but old drivers had preview distances 14.7%–31.0%shorter under the same RL conditions.(3)At driving speeds between 60 and 100 km/h,the RL threshold required to ensure safe visibility for elderly drivers was 1.58–1.70 times higher than that for young to middle-aged drivers.These findings provide practical insights for transportation planners and policymakers in aging societies,highlighting the need for age-sensitive standards in pavement marking design to enhance nighttime driving safety for elderly road users.展开更多
Using a driving simulator,the effects of Chinese chevrons on drivers’actual and perceived safe speeds at horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways are tested. Twelve horizontal curves with different roadway geomet...Using a driving simulator,the effects of Chinese chevrons on drivers’actual and perceived safe speeds at horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways are tested. Twelve horizontal curves with different roadway geometries are designed and used as the simulated scenarios.The results show that, regardless of the curve radius, chevrons at horizontal curves provide advance warning and speed control for vehicles on the nearside of chevrons.Besides,chevrons can be used as an addition to speed limit signs in preventing excessive speed at horizontal curves and, therefore, can contribute to a reduction in run-off-road crashes.Moreover, Chinese chevrons can also serve to provide an improved sense of safety while driving around sharp curves.These study results lay a foundation for setting Chinese chevrons more reasonably.展开更多
In this study,we used the short-distance mobility vehicles(electric wheelchair)WHILL,which is sold as a mobility support device rather than a welfare care device,and conducted test rides on campus and on public roads....In this study,we used the short-distance mobility vehicles(electric wheelchair)WHILL,which is sold as a mobility support device rather than a welfare care device,and conducted test rides on campus and on public roads.The participants in the experiment were 10 healthy men and women in their 20s to 60s who did not use electric wheelchairs in their daily lives.The results showed that about half of the experiment participants did not feel anxious about operating WHILL.On the other hand,many participants felt uneasy about the operation of moving backward diagonally.The WHILL’s steering wheel was easy to operate,and it was also very comfortable during the test drive.Before and after the test drive,the impression evaluation of WHILL changed significantly from negative to positive.An improved model of WHILL was proposed based on the results of the questionnaire survey and interview survey after the test drive.展开更多
Understanding how drivers perceive and respond to external stimuli in driving tasks is important for the development of advanced driving technologies and human-computer interaction.In this paper,we conducted a tempora...Understanding how drivers perceive and respond to external stimuli in driving tasks is important for the development of advanced driving technologies and human-computer interaction.In this paper,we conducted a temporal response analysis between driving data and cortical activation data measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS),based on a naturalistic driving experiment.Temporal response function analysis indicates that stimuli,which elicit significant responses of drivers include distance,acceleration,time headway,and the velocity of the preceding vehicle.For these stimuli,the time lags and response patterns were further discussed.The influencing factors on drivers’perception were also studied based on various driver characteristics.These conclusions can provide guidance for the construction of car-following models,the safety assessment of drivers and the improvement of advanced driving technologies.展开更多
Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation o...Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.展开更多
Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to performfine classification of road traffic visibility based on the characteristics of driving behavior under different visibility conditions.Design/methodology/approach–A driving...Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to performfine classification of road traffic visibility based on the characteristics of driving behavior under different visibility conditions.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator experiment was conducted to collect data of speed and lane position.ANOVA was used to explore the difference in driving behavior under different visibility conditions.Findings–The results show that only average speed is significantly different under different visibility conditions.With the visibility reducing,the average vehicle speed decreases.The road visibility conditions in a straight segment can be divided intofive levels:less than 20,20-30,35-60,60-140 and more than 140 m.The road visibility conditions in a curve segment can be also divided into four levels:less than 20,20-30,35-60 and more than 60 m.Originality/value–Afine classification of road traffic visibility has been performed,and these classifications help to establish more accurate control measures to ensure road traffic safety under low-visibility conditions.展开更多
Purpose–This study aims to analyze the differences of electrocardiograph(ECG)characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving.Design/methodology/approach–The authors used various material...Purpose–This study aims to analyze the differences of electrocardiograph(ECG)characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving.Design/methodology/approach–The authors used various materials(e.g.visual materials,auditory materials and olfactory materials)to induce drivers’mood states(calm and anxious),and then conducted the real driving experiments and driving simulations to collect driver’s ECG signal dynamic data.Physiological changes in ECG during the stimulus process were recorded using PSYLAB software.The paired T-test analysis was conducted to determine if there is a significant difference in driver’s ECG characteristics between calm and anxious states during driving.Findings–The results show significant differences in the characteristic parameters of female driver’s ECG signals,including(average heart rate),(atrioventricular interval),(percentage of NN intervals>50ms),(R wave average peak),(Root mean square of successive),(Q wave average peak)and(S wave average peak),in time domain,frequency domain and waveform in emotional states of calmness and anxiety.Practical implications–Findings of this work show that ECG can be used to identify driver’s anxious and calm states during driving.It can be used for the development of personalized driver assistance system and driver warning system.Originality/value–Only a few attempts have been made on the influence of human emotions on physiological signals in the transportationfield.Hence,there is a need for transport scholars to begin to identify driver’s ECG characteristics under different emotional states.This study will analyze the differences of ECG characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving to provide a theoretical basis for developing the intelligent and connected vehicles.展开更多
文摘An experiment was conducted to find the variability of driver eye movement according to different driving experience. An eye tracking system was used to study the regularity of driver eye movements, such as fixation duration, variations of fixation points, and the distribution of glance zone. It was found that driving experience had a significant effect on driver eye movement behavior. The percentage of fixation duration to total glance time for inexperienced drivers was 61.5%, while the percentage for experienced drivers was 50.2%. Moreover, the majority of drivers paid attention to the left region of the field of view more frequently than the central and the right regions. This study indicates that it takes inexperienced drivers more time to recognize traffic signs. The findings from this study will assist traffic engineers in designing and installing the traffic signs in an optimal way.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51775178,51875049)Hunan Province Natural Science Outstanding Youth Fund(2019JJ20017)。
文摘This paper presents a fusion control strategy of adaptive cruise control(ACC) and collision avoidance(CA),which takes into account a driver’s behavioral style. First, a questionnaire survey was performed to identify driver type, and the corresponding driving behavioral data were collected via driving simulator experiments, which served as the template data for the online identification of driver type. Then, the driveradaptive ACC/CA fusion control strategy was designed, and its effect was verified by virtual experiments. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy could achieve the fusion control of ACC and CA successfully and improve driver adaptability and comfort.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Development(grant number:202503AA080030).
文摘Pavement markings are essential for conveying lane boundaries,alignment,and other traffic information to drivers.Their visibility is closely tied to drivers'visual capabilities,which often decline with age.These age-related impairments can hinder drivers’ability to perceive road markings at night,posing potential safety risks.To investigate age-related differences in nighttime perception of pavement markings,this study designed a real-world driving experiment using white pavement markings with nine levels of coefficient of retroreflected luminance(RL).A total of 360 preview distance observations were collected from 40 participants,including 14 young,14 middle-aged,and 12 older adults.A generalized linear mixed model(GLMM)was employed to examine how RL,age,and gender influence nighttime preview distance.In addition,an age-stratified asymptotic regression model was developed to capture the nonlinear relationship between RL and preview distance.The results showed that:(1)RL was positively associated with preview distance,while age had a significant negative effect.Gender differences were not statistically significant.(2)There was no significant difference between young and middle-aged drivers,but old drivers had preview distances 14.7%–31.0%shorter under the same RL conditions.(3)At driving speeds between 60 and 100 km/h,the RL threshold required to ensure safe visibility for elderly drivers was 1.58–1.70 times higher than that for young to middle-aged drivers.These findings provide practical insights for transportation planners and policymakers in aging societies,highlighting the need for age-sensitive standards in pavement marking design to enhance nighttime driving safety for elderly road users.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51108011)
文摘Using a driving simulator,the effects of Chinese chevrons on drivers’actual and perceived safe speeds at horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways are tested. Twelve horizontal curves with different roadway geometries are designed and used as the simulated scenarios.The results show that, regardless of the curve radius, chevrons at horizontal curves provide advance warning and speed control for vehicles on the nearside of chevrons.Besides,chevrons can be used as an addition to speed limit signs in preventing excessive speed at horizontal curves and, therefore, can contribute to a reduction in run-off-road crashes.Moreover, Chinese chevrons can also serve to provide an improved sense of safety while driving around sharp curves.These study results lay a foundation for setting Chinese chevrons more reasonably.
文摘In this study,we used the short-distance mobility vehicles(electric wheelchair)WHILL,which is sold as a mobility support device rather than a welfare care device,and conducted test rides on campus and on public roads.The participants in the experiment were 10 healthy men and women in their 20s to 60s who did not use electric wheelchairs in their daily lives.The results showed that about half of the experiment participants did not feel anxious about operating WHILL.On the other hand,many participants felt uneasy about the operation of moving backward diagonally.The WHILL’s steering wheel was easy to operate,and it was also very comfortable during the test drive.Before and after the test drive,the impression evaluation of WHILL changed significantly from negative to positive.An improved model of WHILL was proposed based on the results of the questionnaire survey and interview survey after the test drive.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC3001500).
文摘Understanding how drivers perceive and respond to external stimuli in driving tasks is important for the development of advanced driving technologies and human-computer interaction.In this paper,we conducted a temporal response analysis between driving data and cortical activation data measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS),based on a naturalistic driving experiment.Temporal response function analysis indicates that stimuli,which elicit significant responses of drivers include distance,acceleration,time headway,and the velocity of the preceding vehicle.For these stimuli,the time lags and response patterns were further discussed.The influencing factors on drivers’perception were also studied based on various driver characteristics.These conclusions can provide guidance for the construction of car-following models,the safety assessment of drivers and the improvement of advanced driving technologies.
基金the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems(Vinnovagrant no.2018-02891).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles(AVs)compared to driving among manually driven vehicles(MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial for assessing impacts of AVs in mixed-traffic situations.Here,mixed-traffic situations refer to situations where AVs share the roads with existing nonautomated vehicles such as conventional MVs.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator study is designed to explore whether such behavioral adaptations exist.Two different driving scenarios were explored on a three-lane highway:driving on the main highway and merging from an on-ramp.For this study,18 research participants were recruited.Findings–Behavioral adaptation can be observed in terms of car-following speed,car-following time gap,number of lane change and overall driving speed.The adaptations are dependent on the driving scenario and whether the surrounding traffic was AVs or MVs.Although significant differences in behavior were found in more than 90%of the research participants,they adapted their behavior differently,and thus,magnitude of the behavioral adaptation remains unclear.Originality/value–The observed behavioral adaptations in this paper were dependent on the driving scenario rather than the time gap between surrounding vehicles.This finding differs from previous studies,which have shown that drivers tend to adapt their behaviors with respect to the surrounding vehicles.Furthermore,the surrounding vehicles in this study are more“free flow’”compared to previous studies with a fixed formation such as platoons.Nevertheless,long-term observations are required to further support this claim.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant No.51878207,51678211,51578236,71971073].
文摘Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to performfine classification of road traffic visibility based on the characteristics of driving behavior under different visibility conditions.Design/methodology/approach–A driving simulator experiment was conducted to collect data of speed and lane position.ANOVA was used to explore the difference in driving behavior under different visibility conditions.Findings–The results show that only average speed is significantly different under different visibility conditions.With the visibility reducing,the average vehicle speed decreases.The road visibility conditions in a straight segment can be divided intofive levels:less than 20,20-30,35-60,60-140 and more than 140 m.The road visibility conditions in a curve segment can be also divided into four levels:less than 20,20-30,35-60 and more than 60 m.Originality/value–Afine classification of road traffic visibility has been performed,and these classifications help to establish more accurate control measures to ensure road traffic safety under low-visibility conditions.
基金supported by the Joint Laboratory for Internet of Vehicles,Ministry of Education–China Mobile Communications Corporation under Project[Grant No.ICV-KF2018-03]Qingdao Top Talent Program of Entrepreneurship and Innovation(Grant No.19-3-2-8-zhc)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71901134,61074140,61573009,51508315)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2017LF015).
文摘Purpose–This study aims to analyze the differences of electrocardiograph(ECG)characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving.Design/methodology/approach–The authors used various materials(e.g.visual materials,auditory materials and olfactory materials)to induce drivers’mood states(calm and anxious),and then conducted the real driving experiments and driving simulations to collect driver’s ECG signal dynamic data.Physiological changes in ECG during the stimulus process were recorded using PSYLAB software.The paired T-test analysis was conducted to determine if there is a significant difference in driver’s ECG characteristics between calm and anxious states during driving.Findings–The results show significant differences in the characteristic parameters of female driver’s ECG signals,including(average heart rate),(atrioventricular interval),(percentage of NN intervals>50ms),(R wave average peak),(Root mean square of successive),(Q wave average peak)and(S wave average peak),in time domain,frequency domain and waveform in emotional states of calmness and anxiety.Practical implications–Findings of this work show that ECG can be used to identify driver’s anxious and calm states during driving.It can be used for the development of personalized driver assistance system and driver warning system.Originality/value–Only a few attempts have been made on the influence of human emotions on physiological signals in the transportationfield.Hence,there is a need for transport scholars to begin to identify driver’s ECG characteristics under different emotional states.This study will analyze the differences of ECG characteristics for female drivers in calm and anxious states during driving to provide a theoretical basis for developing the intelligent and connected vehicles.
