Supercapacitors,comprising electrical double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)and pseudocapa-citors,are widely acknowledged as high-power energy storage devices.However,their local structures and fundamental mechanisms remain p...Supercapacitors,comprising electrical double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)and pseudocapa-citors,are widely acknowledged as high-power energy storage devices.However,their local structures and fundamental mechanisms remain poorly understood,and suitable experimental techniques for investigation are also lacking.Recently,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing these fundamental issues with high local sensitivity and non-invasiveness.In this paper,we first review the limi-tations of existing characterization methods and highlight the advantages of NMR in investigating mechanisms of supercapacitors.Subsequently,we introduce the basic prin-ciple of ring current effect,NMR-active nuclei,and various NMR techniques employed in exploring energy storage mechanisms including cross polarization(CP)magic angle spinning(MAS)NMR,multiple-quantum(MQ)MAS,two-dimensional exchange spec-troscopy(2D-EXSY)NMR,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and pulsed-field gradient(PFG)NMR.Based on this,recent progress in investigating energy storage mechanisms in EDLCs and pseudocapacitors through various NMR techniques is discussed.Finally,an outlook on future directions for NMR research in supercapacitors is offered.展开更多
In this study, CrN/Cr2O3 double-layered coatings with various thickness ratios of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer were prepared by arc ion plating technology. The influences of the thickness ratio of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer on the micr...In this study, CrN/Cr2O3 double-layered coatings with various thickness ratios of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer were prepared by arc ion plating technology. The influences of the thickness ratio of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer on the microstructural characteristics as well as the mechanical and tribological properties of the CrN/Cr2O3 doublelayered coatings were investigated. The corresponding mechanisms were also discussed. The results indicated that the insertion of CrN layer between the Cr2O3 layer and substrate can effectively decrease the internal stress level of the coating. With increasing the thickness ratio of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer, the surface roughness of double-layered coatings decreased gradually, which had a certain influence on the friction coefficient. In addition, the microhardness also declined gradually, the adhesive strength almost increased linearly, whereas the wear rate declined firstly and then increased slightly. As the thickness ratio was 2：1, the double-layered coating exhibited the best wear resistance.展开更多
Pointing mechanism is widely used in aerospace field,and its pointing accuracy and stability have high requirements.The pointing mechanism will be affected by external interference when it works.In order to eliminate ...Pointing mechanism is widely used in aerospace field,and its pointing accuracy and stability have high requirements.The pointing mechanism will be affected by external interference when it works.In order to eliminate the impact of interference forces on the output accuracy of the mechanism,firstly,this paper proposes a design method for highprecision pointing mechanisms based on interference separation,aiming at the high-precision pointing requirements of pointing mechanisms.Based on the screw theory,a synthesis method for inner compensation mechanisms has been proposed.And a new type of double-layer parallel mechanism has been designed to compensate for interference forces.Then,the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanism are carried out.An evaluation index for compensating external interference forces is proposed.The interference compensation analysis is conducted for the pointing mechanism.The correctness of the proposed interference force compensation coefficient is verified.Finally,in order to find the optimal solution for the workspace and interference force compensation coefficient of the pointing mechanism,multi-objective optimization design of the structural parameters of the mechanism was carried out based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm.This provides a theoretical basis for the prototype design of the subsequent double-layer parallel mechanism.This double-layer parallel mechanism combines the advantages of large load-bearing capacity,large workspace,and high output accuracy.It can be better applied in the aerospace field where high-precision pointing and force interference compensation are integrated.展开更多
With COVID-19 continuing to rage around the world,there is a spread of epidemic-related information on social networking platforms.This phenomenon may inhibit or promote the scale of epidemic transmission.This study c...With COVID-19 continuing to rage around the world,there is a spread of epidemic-related information on social networking platforms.This phenomenon may inhibit or promote the scale of epidemic transmission.This study constructed a double-layer epidemic spreading–information dissemination network based on the movements of individuals across regions to analyze the dynamic evolution and coupling mechanism of information dissemination and epidemic transmission.We also proposed measures to control the spread of the epidemic by analyzing the factors affecting dynamic transmission.We constructed a state probability equation based on Markov chain theory and performed Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the interaction between information dissemination and epidemic transmission.The simulation results showed that the higher the information dissemination rate,the larger the scale of information dissemination and the smaller the scale of epidemic transmission.In addition,the higher the recovery rate of the epidemic or the lower the infection rate of the epidemic,the smaller the scale of information dissemination and the smaller the scale of epidemic transmission.Moreover,the greater the probability of individuals moving across regions,the larger the spread of the epidemic and information.Finally,the higher the probability of an individual taking preventive behavior,the smaller the spread of the epidemic and information.Therefore,it is possible to suppress epidemic spread by increasing the information dissemination rate,epidemic recovery rate,and probability of individuals taking preventive behavior,while also reducing the infection rate of the epidemic and appropriately implementing regional blockades.展开更多
In terms of the multi-area optimal power flow (OPF) problem, the optimized objectives are always a fuel cost function expressed by a second-order polynomial. However, the valve-point loading effect, whose cost curve i...In terms of the multi-area optimal power flow (OPF) problem, the optimized objectives are always a fuel cost function expressed by a second-order polynomial. However, the valve-point loading effect, whose cost curve is a transcendental function formed by the superposition of the sine and polynomial function, will make the objective function non-convex and non-differentiable. Conventional distributed optimization technologies can hardly make a solution directly. Therefore, it is necessary to realize a distributed solution for multi-area OPF from another point of view. In this paper, we constitute a new double-layer optimization mechanism. The proposed distributed meta-heuristic optimization (DMHO) algorithm is put on the top layer to optimize the dispatching of each area, and in each iteration a distributed power flow calculation method is embedded as the bottom layer to minimize the mismatch of power balance. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach not only implements a multi-area OPF distributed solution but also accelerates the convergence rate, improves the solution accuracy and enhances the robustness. In addition, a fully decentralized computation experiment is performed in an actual distributed environment to test its practicability and computation efficiency.展开更多
Currently,the reinforcement design of shield tunnel secondary linings mainly depends on engineering experience,with a lack of clear guidance from relevant codes and literature.Relying only on experience during constru...Currently,the reinforcement design of shield tunnel secondary linings mainly depends on engineering experience,with a lack of clear guidance from relevant codes and literature.Relying only on experience during construction can cause structural flaws and safety hazards.This study,based on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Shiziyang Tunnel project,uses model tests to study shield tunnel double-layer lining structures.It compares and analyzes the mechanical features and interaction mechanisms of reinforced and unreinforced secondary linings.Results show that in such structures,segmental linings bear the main load,and secondary linings offer extra support and adjust deformation.Reinforcement in secondary linings affects the constraint on segmental linings.Reinforcement enhances overall performance significantly.Although it has little impact on ultimate bearing capacity,it prolongs the load-bearing process.Specifically,it increases the ultimate bearing capacity of segmental and secondary linings by 21.2%and 26.1%,respectively.For 10-m-diameter shield tunnels,secondary lining reinforcement design should be adopted when the equivalent overburden thickness at the tunnel crown exceeds three times the tunnel diameter.展开更多
The self-healing microcapsules can be buried in the coating to improve the anticorrosive ability.In this paper,self-healing microcapsules of polyurea(PU)/melamine resin(MF)double shell were prepared by in-situ polymer...The self-healing microcapsules can be buried in the coating to improve the anticorrosive ability.In this paper,self-healing microcapsules of polyurea(PU)/melamine resin(MF)double shell were prepared by in-situ polymerization and interfacial polymerization with isocyanate as the core material.Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microcapsule morphology.The structures of microcapsules prepared with different chain extenders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The micromanipulation system was used to loading–holding,loading–unloading and loading to rupture individual microcapsules,so as to explore the mechanical properties of microcapsules.The Young’s modulus corresponding to microcapsules was calculated by mathematical model fitting.The self-healing properties of microcapsule coating were characterized by optical microscope.The experimental results showed that the microcapsule shell prepared under optimized conditions had a complete morphology and good mechanical properties.The microcapsule was in the elastic deformation stage under small deformation,and the plastic deformation stage under large deformation.The Young’s modulus range of microcapsules was 9.29–14.51 MPa,and the corresponding Young’s modulus could be prepared by adjusting the process.The surface crack of the coating containing microcapsule could heal itself after48 h in a humid environment.展开更多
设备到设备(device to device,D2D)通信允许邻近用户使用蜂窝网络频段直接通信,既能分流部分蜂窝数据,减轻基站负担,又能提升服务质量。但由于信息不对称,蜂窝网络不知道用户的类型参数,无法准确提供合理补偿,以激励用户参与数据分流。...设备到设备(device to device,D2D)通信允许邻近用户使用蜂窝网络频段直接通信,既能分流部分蜂窝数据,减轻基站负担,又能提升服务质量。但由于信息不对称,蜂窝网络不知道用户的类型参数,无法准确提供合理补偿,以激励用户参与数据分流。基于契约理论设计了一种分流补偿机制,首先设计蜂窝网络收益函数和分流用户代价函数及其二者的效用;然后基于用户类型参数服从均匀分布设计补偿机制,验证了该机制能满足个人理性和激励相容条件,分析了该机制的最优性能;最后与正比例补偿机制和完全信息补偿机制进行对比仿真,结果表明,本文设计的分流补偿机制既能保证用户愿意参与数据分流,也鼓励用户报告自身真实的类型参数,还能获得接近于完全信息补偿机制下的效用和性能。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22075064)National Key Laboratory Projects(No.SYSKT20230056).
文摘Supercapacitors,comprising electrical double-layer capacitors(EDLCs)and pseudocapa-citors,are widely acknowledged as high-power energy storage devices.However,their local structures and fundamental mechanisms remain poorly understood,and suitable experimental techniques for investigation are also lacking.Recently,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing these fundamental issues with high local sensitivity and non-invasiveness.In this paper,we first review the limi-tations of existing characterization methods and highlight the advantages of NMR in investigating mechanisms of supercapacitors.Subsequently,we introduce the basic prin-ciple of ring current effect,NMR-active nuclei,and various NMR techniques employed in exploring energy storage mechanisms including cross polarization(CP)magic angle spinning(MAS)NMR,multiple-quantum(MQ)MAS,two-dimensional exchange spec-troscopy(2D-EXSY)NMR,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and pulsed-field gradient(PFG)NMR.Based on this,recent progress in investigating energy storage mechanisms in EDLCs and pseudocapacitors through various NMR techniques is discussed.Finally,an outlook on future directions for NMR research in supercapacitors is offered.
基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China("973 Program",No.2012CB625100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51001106&No.51301181)the Doctoral Starting up Foundation of Liaoning Province Science and Technology Agency,China(No.20131118)
文摘In this study, CrN/Cr2O3 double-layered coatings with various thickness ratios of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer were prepared by arc ion plating technology. The influences of the thickness ratio of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer on the microstructural characteristics as well as the mechanical and tribological properties of the CrN/Cr2O3 doublelayered coatings were investigated. The corresponding mechanisms were also discussed. The results indicated that the insertion of CrN layer between the Cr2O3 layer and substrate can effectively decrease the internal stress level of the coating. With increasing the thickness ratio of CrN vs Cr2O3 layer, the surface roughness of double-layered coatings decreased gradually, which had a certain influence on the friction coefficient. In addition, the microhardness also declined gradually, the adhesive strength almost increased linearly, whereas the wear rate declined firstly and then increased slightly. As the thickness ratio was 2：1, the double-layered coating exhibited the best wear resistance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52275032)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2022203077)+1 种基金the Hebei Provincial Science and Technology Plan(22371801D)the Hebei Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Program-Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund(246Z1818G).
文摘Pointing mechanism is widely used in aerospace field,and its pointing accuracy and stability have high requirements.The pointing mechanism will be affected by external interference when it works.In order to eliminate the impact of interference forces on the output accuracy of the mechanism,firstly,this paper proposes a design method for highprecision pointing mechanisms based on interference separation,aiming at the high-precision pointing requirements of pointing mechanisms.Based on the screw theory,a synthesis method for inner compensation mechanisms has been proposed.And a new type of double-layer parallel mechanism has been designed to compensate for interference forces.Then,the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanism are carried out.An evaluation index for compensating external interference forces is proposed.The interference compensation analysis is conducted for the pointing mechanism.The correctness of the proposed interference force compensation coefficient is verified.Finally,in order to find the optimal solution for the workspace and interference force compensation coefficient of the pointing mechanism,multi-objective optimization design of the structural parameters of the mechanism was carried out based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm.This provides a theoretical basis for the prototype design of the subsequent double-layer parallel mechanism.This double-layer parallel mechanism combines the advantages of large load-bearing capacity,large workspace,and high output accuracy.It can be better applied in the aerospace field where high-precision pointing and force interference compensation are integrated.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71673256).
文摘With COVID-19 continuing to rage around the world,there is a spread of epidemic-related information on social networking platforms.This phenomenon may inhibit or promote the scale of epidemic transmission.This study constructed a double-layer epidemic spreading–information dissemination network based on the movements of individuals across regions to analyze the dynamic evolution and coupling mechanism of information dissemination and epidemic transmission.We also proposed measures to control the spread of the epidemic by analyzing the factors affecting dynamic transmission.We constructed a state probability equation based on Markov chain theory and performed Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the interaction between information dissemination and epidemic transmission.The simulation results showed that the higher the information dissemination rate,the larger the scale of information dissemination and the smaller the scale of epidemic transmission.In addition,the higher the recovery rate of the epidemic or the lower the infection rate of the epidemic,the smaller the scale of information dissemination and the smaller the scale of epidemic transmission.Moreover,the greater the probability of individuals moving across regions,the larger the spread of the epidemic and information.Finally,the higher the probability of an individual taking preventive behavior,the smaller the spread of the epidemic and information.Therefore,it is possible to suppress epidemic spread by increasing the information dissemination rate,epidemic recovery rate,and probability of individuals taking preventive behavior,while also reducing the infection rate of the epidemic and appropriately implementing regional blockades.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52177087)High-end Foreign Experts Project(G2022163018L)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515030192).
文摘In terms of the multi-area optimal power flow (OPF) problem, the optimized objectives are always a fuel cost function expressed by a second-order polynomial. However, the valve-point loading effect, whose cost curve is a transcendental function formed by the superposition of the sine and polynomial function, will make the objective function non-convex and non-differentiable. Conventional distributed optimization technologies can hardly make a solution directly. Therefore, it is necessary to realize a distributed solution for multi-area OPF from another point of view. In this paper, we constitute a new double-layer optimization mechanism. The proposed distributed meta-heuristic optimization (DMHO) algorithm is put on the top layer to optimize the dispatching of each area, and in each iteration a distributed power flow calculation method is embedded as the bottom layer to minimize the mismatch of power balance. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach not only implements a multi-area OPF distributed solution but also accelerates the convergence rate, improves the solution accuracy and enhances the robustness. In addition, a fully decentralized computation experiment is performed in an actual distributed environment to test its practicability and computation efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52178398 and 51991394).
文摘Currently,the reinforcement design of shield tunnel secondary linings mainly depends on engineering experience,with a lack of clear guidance from relevant codes and literature.Relying only on experience during construction can cause structural flaws and safety hazards.This study,based on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Shiziyang Tunnel project,uses model tests to study shield tunnel double-layer lining structures.It compares and analyzes the mechanical features and interaction mechanisms of reinforced and unreinforced secondary linings.Results show that in such structures,segmental linings bear the main load,and secondary linings offer extra support and adjust deformation.Reinforcement in secondary linings affects the constraint on segmental linings.Reinforcement enhances overall performance significantly.Although it has little impact on ultimate bearing capacity,it prolongs the load-bearing process.Specifically,it increases the ultimate bearing capacity of segmental and secondary linings by 21.2%and 26.1%,respectively.For 10-m-diameter shield tunnels,secondary lining reinforcement design should be adopted when the equivalent overburden thickness at the tunnel crown exceeds three times the tunnel diameter.
基金Supported by State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology(GEIRI-SKL-2018-005)Guangzhou Major Industrial Technology Research Plan(201802010022)Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(201710010186)。
文摘The self-healing microcapsules can be buried in the coating to improve the anticorrosive ability.In this paper,self-healing microcapsules of polyurea(PU)/melamine resin(MF)double shell were prepared by in-situ polymerization and interfacial polymerization with isocyanate as the core material.Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microcapsule morphology.The structures of microcapsules prepared with different chain extenders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The micromanipulation system was used to loading–holding,loading–unloading and loading to rupture individual microcapsules,so as to explore the mechanical properties of microcapsules.The Young’s modulus corresponding to microcapsules was calculated by mathematical model fitting.The self-healing properties of microcapsule coating were characterized by optical microscope.The experimental results showed that the microcapsule shell prepared under optimized conditions had a complete morphology and good mechanical properties.The microcapsule was in the elastic deformation stage under small deformation,and the plastic deformation stage under large deformation.The Young’s modulus range of microcapsules was 9.29–14.51 MPa,and the corresponding Young’s modulus could be prepared by adjusting the process.The surface crack of the coating containing microcapsule could heal itself after48 h in a humid environment.
文摘设备到设备(device to device,D2D)通信允许邻近用户使用蜂窝网络频段直接通信,既能分流部分蜂窝数据,减轻基站负担,又能提升服务质量。但由于信息不对称,蜂窝网络不知道用户的类型参数,无法准确提供合理补偿,以激励用户参与数据分流。基于契约理论设计了一种分流补偿机制,首先设计蜂窝网络收益函数和分流用户代价函数及其二者的效用;然后基于用户类型参数服从均匀分布设计补偿机制,验证了该机制能满足个人理性和激励相容条件,分析了该机制的最优性能;最后与正比例补偿机制和完全信息补偿机制进行对比仿真,结果表明,本文设计的分流补偿机制既能保证用户愿意参与数据分流,也鼓励用户报告自身真实的类型参数,还能获得接近于完全信息补偿机制下的效用和性能。
