A novel bat-like ZnO nanostructure was synthesized on the silicon substrate by simple ther- mal evaporation of zinc powders without any catalyst. Each bat-like nanorod （＂nanobat＂） is composed of a hexagonal head, ...A novel bat-like ZnO nanostructure was synthesized on the silicon substrate by simple ther- mal evaporation of zinc powders without any catalyst. Each bat-like nanorod （＂nanobat＂） is composed of a hexagonal head, a continuous neck and a thin handle. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction results reveal the single-crystalline feature and the growing direction along [0001] of the nanobat. The vapor- solid mechanism was found suitable to explain the growth process of the nanobat and a schematic model was proposed in detail based on the experimental results.展开更多
In this study, with the method of vacuum extraction, two evaporative processes of soil water and free water under equilibrium condition were simulated. For each sample,water vapor was condensed by liquid nitrogen and ...In this study, with the method of vacuum extraction, two evaporative processes of soil water and free water under equilibrium condition were simulated. For each sample,water vapor was condensed by liquid nitrogen and was collected in four time intervals. From the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the water collected at different times, it was discovered that the isotope fractionation of soil water also follows the mode, which is just the same as the evaporative process of free water. The relationship between the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in residual water showed that the simulative evaporation line was close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) under the equilibrium condition at about 20℃. Comparison of the two types of evaporative processes indicated that the isotope fractionation and evaporation velocity of soil water were only slightly modified by the Van der Waals force.展开更多
In this study,cobalt-incorporated polydopamine coating onto Mn-modified mesoporous silica and successive graphitization treatment make the resulting composite afford abundant porosity,multiple metal active species,pol...In this study,cobalt-incorporated polydopamine coating onto Mn-modified mesoporous silica and successive graphitization treatment make the resulting composite afford abundant porosity,multiple metal active species,polar N sites,and excellent light-to-heat conversion ability.The controlled graphitization temperature was optimized to improve the activity state of metal species.The results reveal that Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles incorporated thin-layer carbon formed onto the Mn-confined mesoporous silica,and more Co(Ⅱ)and Mn(Ⅲ)were generated in the MS-Co-500N_(2) compared to MS-Co-500Air,which could cause the accelerated reaction cycles in the potassium peroxymonosulfate complex salt(PMS)activation.The degradation experiments demonstrated that the catalyst almost completely degraded biphenol A within 10 min with the reaction rate constant of 0.56 min−1,nearly 205 times enhancement compared to the MS-Co-500Air.The free radicals trapping and quenching control demonstrated the dominant role of ^(1)O_(2) and·O_(2) in the degradation process.Due to the efficient incorporation of Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles and thin-layer carbon,the photothermal conversion properties were explored and utilized for solar-driving interface water evaporation and cleanwater recovery.To explore the practical application possibility in treating complicated polluted wastewater,the MS-Co-500N_(2) materials were fixed on the melamine sponge by Ca ions-trigger alginate crosslinking strategy,and the integrated monolith evaporator shows an excellent water evaporation performance(1.52 kg·m^(−2)·h^(−1))and synchronous pollutant removal in biphenol A(94%,10 min),carbamazepine(92%,10 min),oxytetracycline(84%,20 min)and norfloxacin(84%,20 min).展开更多
In this paper, the critical pressure pcrit and impeding pressure pimpe of the elemental evaporation were defined and studied based on the calculation of the relationship between the evaporation loss rate Nm and the ch...In this paper, the critical pressure pcrit and impeding pressure pimpe of the elemental evaporation were defined and studied based on the calculation of the relationship between the evaporation loss rate Nm and the chamber pressure p during melting of NiAl alloys. When the chamber pressure is lower than pcrit or higher than Pimpe Nm tends to be the maximum or minimum value and remains almost unchanged. However, declines sharply with the increase of the chamber pressure when pcrit<P<Pimpe. A method has been put forward to calculate the pcrit and pimpe of Al evaporation in a Ni-XAI (x=25-50 at. pct) melt. The calculation result shows that the pcrit or pimpe is a second-order function of the molar percentage of Al and the melting temperature.展开更多
Absorption refrigeration systems driven by low-temperature waste heat is one way to achieve“carbon neutrality.”Meanwhile,the keto-benzene dewaxing equipment needs a cooling capacity of 5 MW,with refrigeration temper...Absorption refrigeration systems driven by low-temperature waste heat is one way to achieve“carbon neutrality.”Meanwhile,the keto-benzene dewaxing equipment needs a cooling capacity of 5 MW,with refrigeration temperature of-10℃and-25℃.This paper researches the feasibility of dual-stage evaporation-ammonia hybrid compressioneabsorption refrigeration system(DSE-AHCARS)replacing the vapor compression refrigeration system for keto-benzene dewaxing process based on energy,exergy,economic,and environmental(4E)analysis.At the primary-and secondary-stage evaporation temperature of 0 and-23℃,respectively,the coefficient of performance(COP)reaches the maximum value of 0.85;however,COP-electricity reaches the minimum value of 8.1.When the secondary-stage refrigeration temperature is-23℃,CO_(2)emission increases from 1150 t·a^(-1)to 3600 t·a^(-1),and life cycle climate performance increases from 3.29×10^(4) to 7.7×10^(4) t,with the primary-stage refrigeration temperature being-15-0℃,as well as matching three parameters to ensure the 4E compromising performance by the multi-objective optimization.To guarantee that the life cycle climate performance is less than 5.5×10^(4)t,the payback period is<2 a,and COP is>0.6 at the optimal operation ranges,such that the refrigeration temperature difference between primary stage and secondary stage is within 20℃.The power of DSE-AHCARS was reduced by 77%compared with the vapor-compression refrigeration system.Therefore,the DSE-AHCARS can reduce CO_(2)emissions by about 6250 t·a^(-1)and save 1.2×10^(5)t of CO_(2)in the life cycle climate performance term.This result shows that the DSE-AHCARS can completely replace the vapor-compression refrigeration system.展开更多
1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is...1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is rich in potassium,magnesium,lithium,boron,rubidium,cesium and other resources.The study of展开更多
Based on activity calculation model, the activity coefficients of Ti, Al and Nb components of Ti 25Al 25Nb (mole fraction, %) melt, the vapor pressures of corresponding components and the evaporation loss rates were c...Based on activity calculation model, the activity coefficients of Ti, Al and Nb components of Ti 25Al 25Nb (mole fraction, %) melt, the vapor pressures of corresponding components and the evaporation loss rates were calculated. Utilizing these activity coefficients and the vapor pressures, the relative evaporation coefficient is used to judge the evaporation tendency of these components. The evaporation tendency among the three components were compared and the result shows that the evaporation tendency is that: AlTi>Nb. Evaporation loss rate increases with the increase of melting temperature and decreases with the increase of chamber pressure. There exists an impeding pressure p impe of Al element evaporation during induction skull melting process of Ti 25Al 25Nb alloy. The impeding pressure can be written as p impe =8.1 p e, where p e represents the equilibrium partial pressure. The calculation of evaporation loss of Al element also showed that when chamber pressure exceeds p impe , the Al volatilization losses could be ignored. In order to prevent the evaporation loss of components, the pressure in the vacuum chamber should not below p impe .展开更多
This paper reports an efficient method of preparing porous polymeric microspheres by solvent evaporation in foam phase,in which phase separation between polymer and porogen occurs in foam phase instead of that in wate...This paper reports an efficient method of preparing porous polymeric microspheres by solvent evaporation in foam phase,in which phase separation between polymer and porogen occurs in foam phase instead of that in water phase by using the traditional solvent eva poration method.The method provides outstanding features,including being time-saving,of high-yield and able for continuous production,in which formation of porous polymeric microspheres finished within 3 min with a high production yield up to approximate 95 wt% and the process was able to be developed into a continuous process for production of porous polymeric microspheres.It was also universal to non-crosslinked polymers since the method is a development on the traditional emulsion solvent evaporation method.The new method is efficient and can be used potentially on the industrial scale for continuous production of porous polymeric microsphere s.展开更多
Photothermal material applied in environmental governance has attracted growing attention.By combining the Stober method and dopamine-triggered coating strategy,Co-Mn precursor was in situ incorporated into the poly d...Photothermal material applied in environmental governance has attracted growing attention.By combining the Stober method and dopamine-triggered coating strategy,Co-Mn precursor was in situ incorporated into the poly dopamine(PDA)layer over the surface of silica cores.Afterwards,a unique photothermal nanosphere with SiO_(2)core and thin carbon layer and dual Co-Mn oxides shell was allowed to form by sequential heat treatment in the inert atmosphere(SiO_(2)@CoMn/C).The bimetallic fraction of Co/Mn in the carbon layer and post-treatment calcination temperature was comprehensively tuned to optimize the peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation performance of the catalyst.The state of bimetallic species was studied including their physical distribution,chemical valence,and interplay by various characterizations.Impressively,Co oxides appear as dominant monodispersed nanoparticles(~10 nm),while Mn with cluster-like morphology is observed to uniformly distribute over thin-layer carbon and adhered to the surface of SiO_(2)nanospheres(~250 nm).The calcined temperature could tune the oxidized state of Co species,leading to the optimization of the catalytic performance of introduced dual metal species.As a result,this obtained optimal catalyst integrated the advantages of exposed bimetallic CoMn species and N-doped thin carbon to deliver excellent catalytic PMS activation performance and photothermal synergetic catalytic mineralization ability for diversiform pollutants.Further reactions condition controls and anion interference studies were conducted to identify the adaptability of the optimal catalyst.Moreover,the application of solar-driven interfacial water evaporation using optimal SiO_(2)@Co_3Mn_1/C-600 catalyst was explored,showing a high water evaporation rate of 1.48 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and an efficiency of 95.2%,further revealing a comprehensive governance functionality of obtained material in the complex pollution condition.展开更多
A model has been derived for periodic analysis of the quantity of water evaporated during thermo-processing of clay designated for production of oven refractory. The model;γ = exp〔〔lnt/2.9206〕1.3〕 shows that the ...A model has been derived for periodic analysis of the quantity of water evaporated during thermo-processing of clay designated for production of oven refractory. The model;γ = exp〔〔lnt/2.9206〕1.3〕 shows that the quantity of evaporated water during the drying process is dependent on the drying time, with the evaporating surface being constant. It was found that the validity of the model is rooted on the expression lnγ = (lnt/Logβ)N where both sides of the equation are correspondingly almost equal. The maximum deviation of the model-predicted quantity of evaporated water from the corresponding experimental value is less than 19% which is quite within the acceptable deviation range of experimental results. Water evaporation rate as obtained from experiment and derived model were evaluated to be 0.0536 and 0.0337g mins -1 respectively.展开更多
This work describes the separation and purification of lactic acid from diluted solution by HSPE （hybrid short path evaporation） and RD （reactive distillation） as coupled process. The results showed that it is pos...This work describes the separation and purification of lactic acid from diluted solution by HSPE （hybrid short path evaporation） and RD （reactive distillation） as coupled process. The results showed that it is possible to increase lactic acid concentration up to 4.7 times higher than the raw material concentration.展开更多
The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate...The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure.Surface reaction control dominates at low pressures(<100 Pa),whereas diffusion control dominates at high pressures(>5000 Pa).The evaporation behavior is successfully described by an Arrhenius-type model for temperature dependence and Logistic model for pressure dependence.Key kinetic parameters,including the critical pressure,maximum evaporation rate and evaporation coefficient,were calculated.The evaporation coefficient varies between 0.010 and 0.223,and the critical pressures vary between 281 and 478 Pa with temperature.展开更多
Clouds play an important role in global atmospheric energy and water vapor budgets, and the low cloud simulations suffer from large biases in many atmospheric general circulation models. In this study, cloud microphys...Clouds play an important role in global atmospheric energy and water vapor budgets, and the low cloud simulations suffer from large biases in many atmospheric general circulation models. In this study, cloud microphysical processes such as raindrop evaporation and cloud water accretion in a double-moment six-class cloud microphysics scheme were revised to enhance the simulation of low clouds using the Global-Regional Integrated Forecast System(GRIST)model. The validation of the revised scheme using a single-column version of the GRIST demonstrated a reasonable reduction in liquid water biases. The revised parameterization simulated medium-and low-level cloud fractions that were in better agreement with the observations than the original scheme. Long-term global simulations indicate the mitigation of the originally overestimated low-level cloud fraction and cloud-water mixing ratio in mid-to high-latitude regions,primarily owing to enhanced accretion processes and weakened raindrop evaporation. The reduced low clouds with the revised scheme showed better consistency with satellite observations, particularly at mid-and high-latitudes. Further improvements can be observed in the simulated cloud shortwave radiative forcing and vertical distribution of total cloud cover. Annual precipitation in mid-latitude regions has also improved, particularly over the oceans, with significantly increased large-scale and decreased convective precipitation.展开更多
文摘A novel bat-like ZnO nanostructure was synthesized on the silicon substrate by simple ther- mal evaporation of zinc powders without any catalyst. Each bat-like nanorod （＂nanobat＂） is composed of a hexagonal head, a continuous neck and a thin handle. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction results reveal the single-crystalline feature and the growing direction along [0001] of the nanobat. The vapor- solid mechanism was found suitable to explain the growth process of the nanobat and a schematic model was proposed in detail based on the experimental results.
基金supports provided by International Atomic Energy TC Project (No. PRC\08\015)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 50579017)
文摘In this study, with the method of vacuum extraction, two evaporative processes of soil water and free water under equilibrium condition were simulated. For each sample,water vapor was condensed by liquid nitrogen and was collected in four time intervals. From the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the water collected at different times, it was discovered that the isotope fractionation of soil water also follows the mode, which is just the same as the evaporative process of free water. The relationship between the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in residual water showed that the simulative evaporation line was close to the global meteoric water line (GMWL) under the equilibrium condition at about 20℃. Comparison of the two types of evaporative processes indicated that the isotope fractionation and evaporation velocity of soil water were only slightly modified by the Van der Waals force.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21908085)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M731422)+3 种基金and the Science and Technology Plan School-Enterprise Cooperation Industry-University-Research Forward-Looking Project of Zhangjiagang(No.ZKYY2341)Suzhou Hospital Association Infection Management Special Research(No.SZSYYXH-2023-ZY1)Suzhou Medical Key Discipline of Occupational Medicine(No.SZXK202115)Jiangsu Undergraduate Innovative Training Program(No.SJCX23_2163).
文摘In this study,cobalt-incorporated polydopamine coating onto Mn-modified mesoporous silica and successive graphitization treatment make the resulting composite afford abundant porosity,multiple metal active species,polar N sites,and excellent light-to-heat conversion ability.The controlled graphitization temperature was optimized to improve the activity state of metal species.The results reveal that Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles incorporated thin-layer carbon formed onto the Mn-confined mesoporous silica,and more Co(Ⅱ)and Mn(Ⅲ)were generated in the MS-Co-500N_(2) compared to MS-Co-500Air,which could cause the accelerated reaction cycles in the potassium peroxymonosulfate complex salt(PMS)activation.The degradation experiments demonstrated that the catalyst almost completely degraded biphenol A within 10 min with the reaction rate constant of 0.56 min−1,nearly 205 times enhancement compared to the MS-Co-500Air.The free radicals trapping and quenching control demonstrated the dominant role of ^(1)O_(2) and·O_(2) in the degradation process.Due to the efficient incorporation of Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles and thin-layer carbon,the photothermal conversion properties were explored and utilized for solar-driving interface water evaporation and cleanwater recovery.To explore the practical application possibility in treating complicated polluted wastewater,the MS-Co-500N_(2) materials were fixed on the melamine sponge by Ca ions-trigger alginate crosslinking strategy,and the integrated monolith evaporator shows an excellent water evaporation performance(1.52 kg·m^(−2)·h^(−1))and synchronous pollutant removal in biphenol A(94%,10 min),carbamazepine(92%,10 min),oxytetracycline(84%,20 min)and norfloxacin(84%,20 min).
文摘In this paper, the critical pressure pcrit and impeding pressure pimpe of the elemental evaporation were defined and studied based on the calculation of the relationship between the evaporation loss rate Nm and the chamber pressure p during melting of NiAl alloys. When the chamber pressure is lower than pcrit or higher than Pimpe Nm tends to be the maximum or minimum value and remains almost unchanged. However, declines sharply with the increase of the chamber pressure when pcrit<P<Pimpe. A method has been put forward to calculate the pcrit and pimpe of Al evaporation in a Ni-XAI (x=25-50 at. pct) melt. The calculation result shows that the pcrit or pimpe is a second-order function of the molar percentage of Al and the melting temperature.
文摘Absorption refrigeration systems driven by low-temperature waste heat is one way to achieve“carbon neutrality.”Meanwhile,the keto-benzene dewaxing equipment needs a cooling capacity of 5 MW,with refrigeration temperature of-10℃and-25℃.This paper researches the feasibility of dual-stage evaporation-ammonia hybrid compressioneabsorption refrigeration system(DSE-AHCARS)replacing the vapor compression refrigeration system for keto-benzene dewaxing process based on energy,exergy,economic,and environmental(4E)analysis.At the primary-and secondary-stage evaporation temperature of 0 and-23℃,respectively,the coefficient of performance(COP)reaches the maximum value of 0.85;however,COP-electricity reaches the minimum value of 8.1.When the secondary-stage refrigeration temperature is-23℃,CO_(2)emission increases from 1150 t·a^(-1)to 3600 t·a^(-1),and life cycle climate performance increases from 3.29×10^(4) to 7.7×10^(4) t,with the primary-stage refrigeration temperature being-15-0℃,as well as matching three parameters to ensure the 4E compromising performance by the multi-objective optimization.To guarantee that the life cycle climate performance is less than 5.5×10^(4)t,the payback period is<2 a,and COP is>0.6 at the optimal operation ranges,such that the refrigeration temperature difference between primary stage and secondary stage is within 20℃.The power of DSE-AHCARS was reduced by 77%compared with the vapor-compression refrigeration system.Therefore,the DSE-AHCARS can reduce CO_(2)emissions by about 6250 t·a^(-1)and save 1.2×10^(5)t of CO_(2)in the life cycle climate performance term.This result shows that the DSE-AHCARS can completely replace the vapor-compression refrigeration system.
文摘1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is rich in potassium,magnesium,lithium,boron,rubidium,cesium and other resources.The study of
文摘Based on activity calculation model, the activity coefficients of Ti, Al and Nb components of Ti 25Al 25Nb (mole fraction, %) melt, the vapor pressures of corresponding components and the evaporation loss rates were calculated. Utilizing these activity coefficients and the vapor pressures, the relative evaporation coefficient is used to judge the evaporation tendency of these components. The evaporation tendency among the three components were compared and the result shows that the evaporation tendency is that: AlTi>Nb. Evaporation loss rate increases with the increase of melting temperature and decreases with the increase of chamber pressure. There exists an impeding pressure p impe of Al element evaporation during induction skull melting process of Ti 25Al 25Nb alloy. The impeding pressure can be written as p impe =8.1 p e, where p e represents the equilibrium partial pressure. The calculation of evaporation loss of Al element also showed that when chamber pressure exceeds p impe , the Al volatilization losses could be ignored. In order to prevent the evaporation loss of components, the pressure in the vacuum chamber should not below p impe .
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (22068018, 21466016 and 51863011)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (2016FB024)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young & Elite Talents Project。
文摘This paper reports an efficient method of preparing porous polymeric microspheres by solvent evaporation in foam phase,in which phase separation between polymer and porogen occurs in foam phase instead of that in water phase by using the traditional solvent eva poration method.The method provides outstanding features,including being time-saving,of high-yield and able for continuous production,in which formation of porous polymeric microspheres finished within 3 min with a high production yield up to approximate 95 wt% and the process was able to be developed into a continuous process for production of porous polymeric microspheres.It was also universal to non-crosslinked polymers since the method is a development on the traditional emulsion solvent evaporation method.The new method is efficient and can be used potentially on the industrial scale for continuous production of porous polymeric microsphere s.
基金financially supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation(No.21908085)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M711686)Jiangsu Provincial Founds for the Young Scholars(No.BK20190961)。
文摘Photothermal material applied in environmental governance has attracted growing attention.By combining the Stober method and dopamine-triggered coating strategy,Co-Mn precursor was in situ incorporated into the poly dopamine(PDA)layer over the surface of silica cores.Afterwards,a unique photothermal nanosphere with SiO_(2)core and thin carbon layer and dual Co-Mn oxides shell was allowed to form by sequential heat treatment in the inert atmosphere(SiO_(2)@CoMn/C).The bimetallic fraction of Co/Mn in the carbon layer and post-treatment calcination temperature was comprehensively tuned to optimize the peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation performance of the catalyst.The state of bimetallic species was studied including their physical distribution,chemical valence,and interplay by various characterizations.Impressively,Co oxides appear as dominant monodispersed nanoparticles(~10 nm),while Mn with cluster-like morphology is observed to uniformly distribute over thin-layer carbon and adhered to the surface of SiO_(2)nanospheres(~250 nm).The calcined temperature could tune the oxidized state of Co species,leading to the optimization of the catalytic performance of introduced dual metal species.As a result,this obtained optimal catalyst integrated the advantages of exposed bimetallic CoMn species and N-doped thin carbon to deliver excellent catalytic PMS activation performance and photothermal synergetic catalytic mineralization ability for diversiform pollutants.Further reactions condition controls and anion interference studies were conducted to identify the adaptability of the optimal catalyst.Moreover,the application of solar-driven interfacial water evaporation using optimal SiO_(2)@Co_3Mn_1/C-600 catalyst was explored,showing a high water evaporation rate of 1.48 kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1)and an efficiency of 95.2%,further revealing a comprehensive governance functionality of obtained material in the complex pollution condition.
文摘A model has been derived for periodic analysis of the quantity of water evaporated during thermo-processing of clay designated for production of oven refractory. The model;γ = exp〔〔lnt/2.9206〕1.3〕 shows that the quantity of evaporated water during the drying process is dependent on the drying time, with the evaporating surface being constant. It was found that the validity of the model is rooted on the expression lnγ = (lnt/Logβ)N where both sides of the equation are correspondingly almost equal. The maximum deviation of the model-predicted quantity of evaporated water from the corresponding experimental value is less than 19% which is quite within the acceptable deviation range of experimental results. Water evaporation rate as obtained from experiment and derived model were evaluated to be 0.0536 and 0.0337g mins -1 respectively.
文摘This work describes the separation and purification of lactic acid from diluted solution by HSPE （hybrid short path evaporation） and RD （reactive distillation） as coupled process. The results showed that it is possible to increase lactic acid concentration up to 4.7 times higher than the raw material concentration.
基金Yunnan Fundamental Research Project,China(No.202201BE070001-056)。
文摘The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure.Surface reaction control dominates at low pressures(<100 Pa),whereas diffusion control dominates at high pressures(>5000 Pa).The evaporation behavior is successfully described by an Arrhenius-type model for temperature dependence and Logistic model for pressure dependence.Key kinetic parameters,including the critical pressure,maximum evaporation rate and evaporation coefficient,were calculated.The evaporation coefficient varies between 0.010 and 0.223,and the critical pressures vary between 281 and 478 Pa with temperature.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42375153,42105153,42205157)Development of Science and Technology at Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2023KJ038)。
文摘Clouds play an important role in global atmospheric energy and water vapor budgets, and the low cloud simulations suffer from large biases in many atmospheric general circulation models. In this study, cloud microphysical processes such as raindrop evaporation and cloud water accretion in a double-moment six-class cloud microphysics scheme were revised to enhance the simulation of low clouds using the Global-Regional Integrated Forecast System(GRIST)model. The validation of the revised scheme using a single-column version of the GRIST demonstrated a reasonable reduction in liquid water biases. The revised parameterization simulated medium-and low-level cloud fractions that were in better agreement with the observations than the original scheme. Long-term global simulations indicate the mitigation of the originally overestimated low-level cloud fraction and cloud-water mixing ratio in mid-to high-latitude regions,primarily owing to enhanced accretion processes and weakened raindrop evaporation. The reduced low clouds with the revised scheme showed better consistency with satellite observations, particularly at mid-and high-latitudes. Further improvements can be observed in the simulated cloud shortwave radiative forcing and vertical distribution of total cloud cover. Annual precipitation in mid-latitude regions has also improved, particularly over the oceans, with significantly increased large-scale and decreased convective precipitation.
