The effect of hydrogen and helium interaction,especially H-He ratio,on the irradiation behavior of nuclear materials has not yet been resolved.However,this is an important basis for evaluating the irradiation properti...The effect of hydrogen and helium interaction,especially H-He ratio,on the irradiation behavior of nuclear materials has not yet been resolved.However,this is an important basis for evaluating the irradiation properties of nuclear materials and developing high irradiation resistant materials.Here,30 keV H_(2)^(+)and He^(+)dual beams with four H-He ratios of 0:10,3:10,15:10,and 30:10 were used to irradiate the newly developed Fe9Cr1.5W0.4Si F/M steel in TEM to in-situ study the interaction and ratio effect of hydrogen and helium.The addition of H atoms significantly promoted the nucleation of dislocation loops and bubbles.In the early stage of irradiation,the average size and density of dislocation loops increased with the increase of H-He ratio.Meanwhile,the larger the H-He ratio,the easier it was to form a complex dislocation network.Furthermore,the final saturation size of bubbles increased with the increase of H-He ratio.It was first found that the swelling was affected by H concentrations,with high H concentrations slowing down the increase in swelling.For a certain irradiation dose,a specific H-He ratio would lead to a swelling peak of Fe9Cr1.5W0.4Si F/M steel.The super-sized bubbles at grain boundaries(GBs)were found after H addition,resulting in a bigger swelling of GBs than the matrix.Both the swelling of the GBs and the matrix show a dependence on the H-He ratio.The current work is of great significance for understanding the interaction between hydrogen and helium in nuclear materials.展开更多
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is an effective renal replacement therapy for improving survival and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients.Kidney transplant recipients need lifelong immunosuppression to...BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is an effective renal replacement therapy for improving survival and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients.Kidney transplant recipients need lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection and allograft dysfunction.Tacrolimus,a calcineurin inhibitor,is metabolized differently based on cytochrome P4503A(CYP3A)5 genetic variations and this impacts the graft outcome.AIM To examine the clinical outcomes in kidney transplant recipients affected by the variable metabolism of tacrolimus due to the CYP3A5 genetic variation,emphasizing personalized immunosuppression strategies to optimize efficacy,minimize toxicity,and enhance long-term graft survival.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Central India on 95 kidney transplant recipients.Patient demographics,medical history,CYP3A5 polymorphism,post-transplant investigations,graft biopsy results,preexisting comorbidities,history of post–kidney transplant infections,and new onset diabetes after transplantation(NODAT)was collected.Tacrolimus was initiated at 0.1 mg/kg/day for CYP3A5 expressors and 0.05 mg/kg/day for non-expressors,with dose adjustments to maintain target C0 levels of 7-10 ng/mL for first 6 months and 5-7 ng/mL from 6 months to 12 months posttransplant.Patients were followed regularly for one year for glomerular filtration rate(GFR),creatinine,and the tacrolimus trough concentration(ng/mL)/daily tacrolimus dose(mg/kg/day)ratio(C/D).A P value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS Kidney transplant recipients were classified as expressors(CYP3A51 carriers,n=35)and non-expressors(CYP3A5*3*3,n=60).Both groups were comparable for age,sex,and donor characteristics.Tacrolimus dose was comparable post-transplant except at 6 months and 12 months,where expressors required higher doses.Kidney function(creatinine and estimated GFR),NODAT,hypomagnesemia,and infections showed no significant differences between the two groups over 12 months of follow-up.Biopsy-proven acute rejection(BPAR)was found to be more in expressors(22.9%vs 13.3%,P=0.2340)though it was not found to be statistically significant.Nonexpressors had a significantly higher tacrolimus levels and C/D ratio at multiple follow-ups.CONCLUSION CYP3A5 expressors require higher tacrolimus doses to maintain therapeutic levels as compared to non-expressors.BPAR was higher in expressors but the difference was not significant.Graft function,infection rate,and NODAT were comparable irrespective of CYP3A5 expression status,emphasizing the importance of pretransplant CYP3A5 genotyping and therapeutic drug monitoring to guide tacrolimus dosing for individualized immunosuppressive management.展开更多
Chemical immobilization is one of the most effective technologies for remediating sites with heavy metals,but the selection of proper immobilization material and determination of its dose ratio is a challenge that lim...Chemical immobilization is one of the most effective technologies for remediating sites with heavy metals,but the selection of proper immobilization material and determination of its dose ratio is a challenge that limits the remediation efficiency.In this study,we conducted a meta-analysis of 489 independent observations on the immobilization of heavy metals,in which the immobilization materials were divided into biochar,phosphate,lime,metal oxides,and clay minerals.The statistical analysis of these observations revealed that the material dose ratio was the most important parameter that controlled immobilization efficiency,and the Freundlich adsorption model was successfully applied to calculate the bioavailable heavy metal(BHM)concentration after immobilization.Based on the calculation results,phosphate was the most effective material for Pb immobilization.Lime was the most effective when the initial bioavailable Cd content was 0.1–1 mg kg^(-1),whereas the immobilization effects of lime and phosphate were similar when the initial bioavailable Cd content was 10 mg kg^(-1).In addition to the material dose ratio,initial soil pH(pHi)and organic matter(OM)content were negatively correlated,whereas the fraction of initial BHMs before immobilization(FB)and immobilization time were positively correlated with immobilization efficiency.A numerical model that considered the material dose ratio,pHi,OM,FB,and immobilization time was established to calculate the residual BHM concentration after immobilization.However,these factors only explained less than 45%of the immobilization effect,indicating that other factors,such as the sub-type of the material and modification methods,also affect the immobilization effect.These results could help to optimize the type of immobilization material of heavy metals and its dose ratio in practical engineering applications.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1967211 and 11975191)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.12225506).
文摘The effect of hydrogen and helium interaction,especially H-He ratio,on the irradiation behavior of nuclear materials has not yet been resolved.However,this is an important basis for evaluating the irradiation properties of nuclear materials and developing high irradiation resistant materials.Here,30 keV H_(2)^(+)and He^(+)dual beams with four H-He ratios of 0:10,3:10,15:10,and 30:10 were used to irradiate the newly developed Fe9Cr1.5W0.4Si F/M steel in TEM to in-situ study the interaction and ratio effect of hydrogen and helium.The addition of H atoms significantly promoted the nucleation of dislocation loops and bubbles.In the early stage of irradiation,the average size and density of dislocation loops increased with the increase of H-He ratio.Meanwhile,the larger the H-He ratio,the easier it was to form a complex dislocation network.Furthermore,the final saturation size of bubbles increased with the increase of H-He ratio.It was first found that the swelling was affected by H concentrations,with high H concentrations slowing down the increase in swelling.For a certain irradiation dose,a specific H-He ratio would lead to a swelling peak of Fe9Cr1.5W0.4Si F/M steel.The super-sized bubbles at grain boundaries(GBs)were found after H addition,resulting in a bigger swelling of GBs than the matrix.Both the swelling of the GBs and the matrix show a dependence on the H-He ratio.The current work is of great significance for understanding the interaction between hydrogen and helium in nuclear materials.
文摘BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is an effective renal replacement therapy for improving survival and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients.Kidney transplant recipients need lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection and allograft dysfunction.Tacrolimus,a calcineurin inhibitor,is metabolized differently based on cytochrome P4503A(CYP3A)5 genetic variations and this impacts the graft outcome.AIM To examine the clinical outcomes in kidney transplant recipients affected by the variable metabolism of tacrolimus due to the CYP3A5 genetic variation,emphasizing personalized immunosuppression strategies to optimize efficacy,minimize toxicity,and enhance long-term graft survival.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Central India on 95 kidney transplant recipients.Patient demographics,medical history,CYP3A5 polymorphism,post-transplant investigations,graft biopsy results,preexisting comorbidities,history of post–kidney transplant infections,and new onset diabetes after transplantation(NODAT)was collected.Tacrolimus was initiated at 0.1 mg/kg/day for CYP3A5 expressors and 0.05 mg/kg/day for non-expressors,with dose adjustments to maintain target C0 levels of 7-10 ng/mL for first 6 months and 5-7 ng/mL from 6 months to 12 months posttransplant.Patients were followed regularly for one year for glomerular filtration rate(GFR),creatinine,and the tacrolimus trough concentration(ng/mL)/daily tacrolimus dose(mg/kg/day)ratio(C/D).A P value≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS Kidney transplant recipients were classified as expressors(CYP3A51 carriers,n=35)and non-expressors(CYP3A5*3*3,n=60).Both groups were comparable for age,sex,and donor characteristics.Tacrolimus dose was comparable post-transplant except at 6 months and 12 months,where expressors required higher doses.Kidney function(creatinine and estimated GFR),NODAT,hypomagnesemia,and infections showed no significant differences between the two groups over 12 months of follow-up.Biopsy-proven acute rejection(BPAR)was found to be more in expressors(22.9%vs 13.3%,P=0.2340)though it was not found to be statistically significant.Nonexpressors had a significantly higher tacrolimus levels and C/D ratio at multiple follow-ups.CONCLUSION CYP3A5 expressors require higher tacrolimus doses to maintain therapeutic levels as compared to non-expressors.BPAR was higher in expressors but the difference was not significant.Graft function,infection rate,and NODAT were comparable irrespective of CYP3A5 expression status,emphasizing the importance of pretransplant CYP3A5 genotyping and therapeutic drug monitoring to guide tacrolimus dosing for individualized immunosuppressive management.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1800506)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42107261)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LQ22D030002)the Open Project Foundation of Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control,China(No.NUEORS202001).
文摘Chemical immobilization is one of the most effective technologies for remediating sites with heavy metals,but the selection of proper immobilization material and determination of its dose ratio is a challenge that limits the remediation efficiency.In this study,we conducted a meta-analysis of 489 independent observations on the immobilization of heavy metals,in which the immobilization materials were divided into biochar,phosphate,lime,metal oxides,and clay minerals.The statistical analysis of these observations revealed that the material dose ratio was the most important parameter that controlled immobilization efficiency,and the Freundlich adsorption model was successfully applied to calculate the bioavailable heavy metal(BHM)concentration after immobilization.Based on the calculation results,phosphate was the most effective material for Pb immobilization.Lime was the most effective when the initial bioavailable Cd content was 0.1–1 mg kg^(-1),whereas the immobilization effects of lime and phosphate were similar when the initial bioavailable Cd content was 10 mg kg^(-1).In addition to the material dose ratio,initial soil pH(pHi)and organic matter(OM)content were negatively correlated,whereas the fraction of initial BHMs before immobilization(FB)and immobilization time were positively correlated with immobilization efficiency.A numerical model that considered the material dose ratio,pHi,OM,FB,and immobilization time was established to calculate the residual BHM concentration after immobilization.However,these factors only explained less than 45%of the immobilization effect,indicating that other factors,such as the sub-type of the material and modification methods,also affect the immobilization effect.These results could help to optimize the type of immobilization material of heavy metals and its dose ratio in practical engineering applications.
