The pharmacokinetics of morphine sulphate was studied in 10 Chinese healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Blood samples were collected before and after administration of controlled release tablets (CRMS, 30 mg)...The pharmacokinetics of morphine sulphate was studied in 10 Chinese healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Blood samples were collected before and after administration of controlled release tablets (CRMS, 30 mg) and immediate release tablets (IRMS, 20 mg). The plasma concentration of morphine was determined by GC MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters of controlled release tablets and immediate release tablets were calculated∶ C max was 19.38±3.80 and 21.27±6.21 ng/ml, t max was 2.36 ±0.37 h and 0.56±0.16 h, t 1/2β was 3.53±0.87 and 3.03±0.74 h, AUC was 145.15±17.65 and 93.08±16.65 ng/ml, respectively. The steady state plasma concentration of morphine sulphate in cancer patients after multiple doses was achieved, C max of CRMS and IRMS was 27.43±0.33 ng/ml and 22.68±0.16 ng/ml, C min of CRMS and IRMS was 19.45±1.44 ng/ml and 18.14±0.49 ng/ml, respectively.展开更多
Objective:To explore the clinical effect differences of moxibustion with different doses on primary dysmenorrhea with cold congelation and blood stasis type.Methods:A total of 60 patients of primary dysmenorrhea were ...Objective:To explore the clinical effect differences of moxibustion with different doses on primary dysmenorrhea with cold congelation and blood stasis type.Methods:A total of 60 patients of primary dysmenorrhea were randomized into an intensified dose group and a conventional dose group.All of the patients were treated with moxibustion.In the intensified dose group,the treatment was given three times daily(once every morning,afternoon and at bedtime successively) and during the trial,1 case was dropped out and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis finally.In the conventional dose group,the treatment was given once daily and 1 case was dropped out during trial and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis.The score of visual analogue scale(VAS) at the worst painful time point,the score of dysmenorrhea symptoms and recurrence rate were observed and compared before and after treatment in the patients between the two groups.The clinical therapeutic effects were observed in the two groups too.Results:VAS difference value(D-value) and dysmenorrhea symptoms D-valuebefore and after treatment in the intensified dose group were higher than those in the conventional dose group respectively(both P<0.05).The recurrence rate was 14.29% in the intensified dose group,lower than 42.31% in the conventional dose group,with the statistical significance(P<0.05).The total clinical effective rate was 96.55%in the intensified dose group,higher than 89.66% in the conventional dose group,with the statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with the conventional dose moxibustion,moxibustion with intensified dose achieves satisfactory therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea of cold congelation and blood stasis type.This therapy is low in recurrent rate and convenient in manipulation,thus it deserves to be promoted in clinical application.展开更多
The prognosis of patients with previously treated tuberculosis (TB) was suggested to be dependent on whether the initial treatment was in compliance with the established guidelines. The aim of this retrospective multi...The prognosis of patients with previously treated tuberculosis (TB) was suggested to be dependent on whether the initial treatment was in compliance with the established guidelines. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to determine the proportion of new TB patients who received standard doses of rifampicin in multiple provinces of China, and the relationship between low doses of rifampicin and frequency of rifampicin-resistance as well as treatment outcomes. A total of 713 new TB patients were treated with either once-daily dose of bulk anti-TB drugs (group I) or every other day combination blister packs of anti-TB drugs containing rifampicin (group II) at more than 30 TB treatment centers/hospitals in China. Treatment history, therapeutic doses of rifampicin, and information about patients were extracted from their medical records and analyzed, and rifampicin-resistance of isolates collected from patients following the treatment as well as treatment outcomes were compared between two treatment groups. Among 522 patients in treatment group I, 154 (29.5%) received standard and 363 (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin;238 (45.6%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 243 (46.6%) were successfully treated. Among 191 patients in treatment group II, 175 (91.6%) received standard and 15 (7.9%) received low doses of rifampicin;72 (37.7%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 105 (55%) were successfully treated. When patients who received low doses of rifampicin were compared to others within the same treatment group, increased rates for rifampicin-resistance and treatment failure were observed. Results from this study showed that most new TB patients in treatment group I (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin, and their treatment outcomes were worse than those in treatment group II, indicating that low doses of rifampicin used for the initial treatment of new TB patients were correlated to increased frequency of rifampicin-resistance and poorer treatment outcomes.展开更多
The effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng larval-1; LD30： 3.75 ng larva-1） of chlorfluazuron on number and size of developmental spermatocytes in pupal-testis during spermatogenesis of the common cutworm, Spodo...The effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng larval-1; LD30： 3.75 ng larva-1） of chlorfluazuron on number and size of developmental spermatocytes in pupal-testis during spermatogenesis of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.） are described. Chlorfluazuron was applied topically to newly-ecdysed fifth-instar larvae of S. litura under laboratory conditions. During first day of pupation, spermatids were the highest （3,430 ± 7）, however, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the lowest （292 ± 16） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. During last day of pupation, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the highest （3,581 ± 3）, however, spermatogonia were the lowest （86± 4） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. The number of spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and elongated cysts with mature sperm were increased during pupal-developmental days in the controls. However, their numbers were significantly reduced in LD10- and even more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis compared with controls. Moreover, eupyrene sperm bundles were not present in pupal-testis. During pupal-developmental days, spermatids were the smallest （4.1 ± 0.9 dm in μm） and secondary spermatocytes were the largest （31.0 ± 1.8 dm in μm） in size compared with other developing spermatocytes. The sizes of the same developing spermatocytes were significantly reduced in LD10-treated and more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis of S. litura compared with controls.展开更多
BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growt...BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growth hormone deficiency(GHD)is a significant factor.AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of different doses of long-acting polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone(PEG-rhGH)in the treatment of GHD in children.METHODS We selected 44 pediatric patients diagnosed with GHD who were treated at Wuhu First People's Hospital from 2014 to 2018.Total 23 patients were administered a high dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,forming the high-dose group.Meanwhile,21 patients were given a lower dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.14 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,establishing the low-dose Group.The total treatment period was 2 years,during which we monitored the patients’height,annual growth velocity(GV),height standard deviation score(HtSDS),chronological age(CA),bone age(BA),and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)before treatment and at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years after treatment initiation.We also monitored thyroid function,fasting plasma glucose,fasting insulin,and other side effects.Furthermore,we calculated the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.RESULTS After 1 year of treatment,the GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 in both groups significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment levels(P<0.05).Moreover,when comparing GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 between the two groups,there were no statistically significant differences either before or after the treatment(P>0.05).During the treatment intervals of 0-1.0 years and 1.0-2.0 years,both patient groups experienced a slowdown in GV and a decline in HtSDS improvement(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients was confirmed to be effective,with similar outcomes observed in both the high-dose group and low-dose groups,and no significant differences in the main side effects.展开更多
The injection to emerging adult workerbees with fluvalinate doses ranging from 1 femtomol to 1 nanomol per individual resulted in a reduction of haemolymph carbohydrate concentrations, particularly at the lowest dose ...The injection to emerging adult workerbees with fluvalinate doses ranging from 1 femtomol to 1 nanomol per individual resulted in a reduction of haemolymph carbohydrate concentrations, particularly at the lowest dose 1 hour after injections. At the same time, a large increase was observed for triacylglycerols and to a much lesser extent for steroids and phospholipids with 0.1 picomol per bee. By contrast, fatty acids, steroids and triacylglycerols exhibited a depress at the higher dose. Most responses were thus biphasic, showing that much attention should be paid to the effects of very low doses of pesticide.展开更多
Neurological signs and segmcntal demyelination in a cervical nerve were observed in rats treated orally with permethrin (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Inflammatory and degenerative signals were recorded in the diaphragm ...Neurological signs and segmcntal demyelination in a cervical nerve were observed in rats treated orally with permethrin (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Inflammatory and degenerative signals were recorded in the diaphragm muscle. These effects were more intense with the trade grade than with the technical grade product. The possible influence of the percentage of cisitrans isomers on the intensity of the observed effects is discussed. 5 imi Academic Press.Inc.展开更多
Chemotherapy is one of the curative treatmentmodality for several types of tumors. However, thedosage of antitumor drugs was limited by cytotoxicityof drugs to normal tissues, especially for bone marrow(myelosuppressi...Chemotherapy is one of the curative treatmentmodality for several types of tumors. However, thedosage of antitumor drugs was limited by cytotoxicityof drugs to normal tissues, especially for bone marrow(myelosuppression). Drug resistantce gene (hMDRI,hDHFR etc.) is expressed in many normal tissues. Itsover-expression in tumor cells give rise to the tumorresistant to many drugs. But, if we transfer the drugresistance gene into the normal hematopoietic stemcell (HSC), the expression of the foreign gene展开更多
Dear Editor,Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin and a member of theβ-lactam family of antibiotics.Intracameral cefuroxime injection(1 mg/0.1 mL)during cataract surgery was found to be beneficial in reduci...Dear Editor,Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin and a member of theβ-lactam family of antibiotics.Intracameral cefuroxime injection(1 mg/0.1 mL)during cataract surgery was found to be beneficial in reducing the risk of postoperative endophthalmitis[1-3].At the recommended dose of 1.0 mg in 0.1 mL,cefuroxime presents no ocular toxicity and is well tolerated[4-6].Acute macular edema with retinal detachment after cataract surgery is very rare[7].展开更多
Two hundred and thirty-six patinets with various advanced malignant solid tumors treated by combined chemotherapy with routine doses of cisplatin (DDP) from 1980 to 1986 are presented. According to different doses of ...Two hundred and thirty-six patinets with various advanced malignant solid tumors treated by combined chemotherapy with routine doses of cisplatin (DDP) from 1980 to 1986 are presented. According to different doses of cisplatin everyday, the patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) 20 ing/day×4- 5, 80 cases; (2) 30 mg day × 3 - 5, 91 cases; (3) 40 mg/ day 3 -4, 37 cases; (4) 50 mg/day×2 - 3, 28 cases. Each group was repeated for 3 weeks. The effect and toxicity were analysed and compared with 22 cases treated by single DDP in 1975. The response (CR+PR) rate was 39.2% in 194 evaluated patients. The response rate was similar in group 20 mg and single DDP (29.2% and 27.3%). Ths response rate was lower than that of group 30 mg, 40 mg, and 50 mg 43.4% and 50%) (P<0.05). The remissions in various groups were not significantly different.The toxicity of combined chemotherapy was not severe. 91.1% of patients had nausea and vomiting. There was no statistical difference in the various groups. Bone marrow suppresion was less in single DDP group than that of combined chemotherapy group (P<0.05), DDP 30-50 mg 1/d×5-3 was better than HD-DDP in some patients.展开更多
For the first time it is shown that psychotropic action of acetylsalicylates at various doses is manifested as a nonmonotonic dependence having its peaks at therapeutic and ultra-low dose zones. It is discovered that ...For the first time it is shown that psychotropic action of acetylsalicylates at various doses is manifested as a nonmonotonic dependence having its peaks at therapeutic and ultra-low dose zones. It is discovered that development of effects of aspirin resembles that of acetylsalicylate zinc. Acetylsalicylate cobalt at extremely low doses zone showed the highest antidepressant activity, demonstrating toxicity at high doses. Generally, it is revealed that the use of aspirin and its salts at high doses range causes maximum psychotropic effects development, usually accompanied by side-effects. Therefore, aspirin, acetylsalicylate cobalt and zinc at extremely low doses are recommended for further study as psychotropic medications.展开更多
A field study to evaluate the “Response of various sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties under the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus doses’’ was carried out at Oilseeds Section, Agriculture Research Institute, T...A field study to evaluate the “Response of various sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties under the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus doses’’ was carried out at Oilseeds Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during Kharif 2013. The experiment was laid out in a three replicated randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial, having net plot size 6 × 3 m (18 m2). The treatments comprised two varieties such as S-17 and Pr-125, and six doses of NP i.e. (No fertilizer (Control), NP @ 30 - 30 kg·ha-1, NP @ 50 - 30 kg·ha-1, NP @ 50 - 50 kg·ha-1, NP @ 70 - 50 kg·ha-1 and NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1). The analysis of variance suggested that all the doses of NP affected significantly (P < 0.05) growth and yield of sesame varieties as compared to No fertilizer (Control) treatment. In the case of fertilizer doses, NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1 produced maximum plant height (102.33 cm), branches plant-1 (18.50), capsules plant-1 (42.17), seeds capsule-1 (57.67), seed weight plant-1 (37.50 g), seed index (3.10 g) and seed yield (774.17 kg·ha-1), whereas NP @ 70 + 50 kg·ha-1 and NP @ 50 - 50 kg·ha-1 ranked 2nd and 3rd in all the growth and yield traits, particularly seed yield (763.50 kg·ha-1 and 694.50 kg·ha-1). Among sesame varieties, S-17 resulted in maximum plant height (91.89 cm), branches plant-1 (15.11), capsules plant-1 (37.06), seeds capsule-1 (50.56), seed weight plant-1 (32.00 g), seed index (2.63 g) and seed yield (682.11 kg·ha-1), whereas variety Pr-125 resulted in minimum traits, particularly seed yield (657.56 kg·ha-1). In the case of interactive effects, the interaction of NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1 × variety S-17 produced maximum values, particularly seed yield (782.67), whereas minimum results were recorded in the interaction of No fertilizer (Control) × variety Pr-125. Hence results concluded that the interaction of NP @ 70 - 50 kg·ha-1 variety S-17 was found most economical for obtaining optimum yield of sesame because of non-significant differences with NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1.展开更多
It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of...It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of mice bone brain, dry seeds of the highest plants, blood lymphocytes of pilots and cosmonauts) and water medium. In model experiments under the chronic ionized radiation in doses comparable with the doses of ionized radiation inside the orbital space stations and during the flight in interplanetary space was shown alike with morphological deviations (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger), the phenomenon of radiation hormezis (Aspergillus niger, mezenchim stem cells), the increasing of the germination of seeds, the decreasing of spontaneous motion activity of spirostoms and DNA damage, chromosome aberrations and the increased radio-sensitivity to adding radiation load in blood lymphocytes. These data testified the fact that the definite factor of ionized radiation effect is the changing of water medium state. Thus under the interplanetary cosmic flight and long stay on the orbit in the region of magnetosphere the studying kinds of radiation first effected on the water medium of organism as a result morpho-functional structures were changed.展开更多
Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) is widely acknowledged as the treatment of choice for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). It is a “two-sided” drug since it can induce differentiation or kill APL and other tumor cells accordi...Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) is widely acknowledged as the treatment of choice for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). It is a “two-sided” drug since it can induce differentiation or kill APL and other tumor cells according to the dosage. Part of the cytotoxic effects of ATO on APL cells is due to its pro-oxidant activity, a characteristic which ATO shares with a number of other compounds, including high doses of ascorbate (ASC). In a comparative investigation on the cytotoxic effects of both ATO and ASC on HL60 (APL) cell lines, in Vitro, we have been able to confirm the known cytotoxic effects of ATO, but, more importantly, we have demonstrated that ASC is significantly more effective than ATO, in killing these cancer cells in Vitro, when the concentrations are maintained within the millimolar (mM) range, i.e. the range of plasma concentrations at which ASC induces oxidative damage to tumor cells. Since these plasma levels can be reached only by the intravenous administration of high doses of ASC, we propose that intravenous high doses of ASC may represent a potentially revolutionary new approach in the management of APL.展开更多
The teratogenicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) is well established. Previously, we have demonstrated that teratogenic doses of FdU produce hematomas and suggested that those hematomas produced skeletal malfo...The teratogenicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) is well established. Previously, we have demonstrated that teratogenic doses of FdU produce hematomas and suggested that those hematomas produced skeletal malformations in chicken embryos. In this study, the cardiovascular effects of teratogenic doses of FdU in chicken embryos were studied. A dose of either 0.026 μg FdU or 0.030 μg FdU was injected into the yolk sacs of fertile chicken eggs containing embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton stages 17-19 of development. The embryos were then returned to the incubator. Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure,blood velocity and heart rate were measured at stages 21, 24 or 27 using a servonull system and Doppler ultrasound. In addition, mean arterial blood pressure, blood flow, and stroke volume were calculated from these data. Similar data were also recorded from uninjected and saline injected control embryos. Systolic and mean arterial blood pressures were significantly increased in FdU-treated embryos at stage 27. The other parameters measured or calculated were not significantly different from control embryos. Our study suggests that elevated systolic blood pressure in chicken embryos treated with FdU may lead to hematoma formation and subsequent birth defects展开更多
Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD30：3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on ovari...Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD30：3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on ovarioles during ovarian development and oogenesis of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.）. It is a significant pest of cotton, tobacco and miscellaneous vegetables. The LDlo or LD3o was applied topically to the newly-ecdysed fifth-instars of S. litura under laboratory conditions. In controls, on 2nd day of adult emergence, the cell density in germarium was 1636 ± 9.17 nuclei/mm^2. It increased until 3rd day, i.e., 1829 ± 8.87 nuclei/mm^2 and decreased thereafter. In the LDloor LD-3o-treated insects, the patterns of the cell density was the same as in controls but values were significantly （P 〈 0.05） decreased in the LD10- and more in the LDa0-treated females compared with controls. In control, ovaries were normal type and had mature ova with an occasional one or two being absorbed. In LD10-treated females, ovaries had spaces in ovarioles and absorption of ova. In LD30-treated females, besides the spacing and absorption, sometimes only immature （germarium） ova were found.展开更多
Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD3o： 3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on sper...Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD3o： 3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on spermatogenesis in the adults of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.）. Chlorfluazuron was applied topically to the newly-ecdysed fifth-instars ofS. litura under laboratory conditions. The secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm and eupyrene sperm bundles were present in testis of newly emerged, 1 and 2 day-old adults, but gradually decreased in their numbers in the controls. However, the spermatogonia were not present in newly emerged, 1 and 2 day-old adults. Moreover, primary spermatocytes were present （174 ± 4.0） in newly emerged adults, but not found in 1 and 2 day-old adults. In the testes of newly emerged LD10-treated adults, the numbers of eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles were significantly reduced compared with controls, and even significantly reduced in LD30-treated adults compared with LDlo, however, their ratios were not affected. Moreover, the pattern of spermatogenesis was the same in LD10- and LD30-treated male adults compared with controls. Furthermore, numbers of developing spermatocytes were significantly reduced in the LD10 compared with controls, and even significantly reduced in LD30-treated male adults compared with LD10. In newly emerged adults, the width and length of elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were significantly reduced in LDlo- and more significantly reduced in LD30-treated compared with controls of S. litura. In vas deferens of untreated pre- and newly emerged adult male, both eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles were found, however, in treated pre-adult male, only apyrene sperm bundles and in treated newly emerged adult male, fe, w eupyrene and numerous apyrene sperm bundles were found. It is concluded that spermatogenesis was significantly affected by chlorfluazuron.展开更多
Introduction: The prevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has rapidly incr...Introduction: The prevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has rapidly increased in recent years and the distribution differed greatly by region, We aimed to study the relationship between antibiotic resistance and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, especially carbapenem-resistant </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (CRKP) in our tertiary hospitals from 2014 to 2018.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: The antibiotic consumption data of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were expressed as the defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 inpatient days</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(DDDs). </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which isolated from clinical samples in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> hospital between January 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and the correlation between antibiotic resistance rate and antibiotic frequency was analyzed.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: From 2014 to 2018, a total of 2295 strains of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were isolated, with the detection rates of 8.2%, 9.2%, 11.9%, 13.4% and 14.0%. There were 423 strains of CRKP, with the detection rates of 7.5%, 5.8%, 17</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8% 24.2% and 25.2% respectively. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed di</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fferent degrees of resistance to antibiotics and showed an increasing trend year by year to carbapenems. The resistance rate of imipenem was 2.5%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.8%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9.9%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.3%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">13.4%, and the resistance rate of meropenem was 2.0%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.0%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8.8%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.6%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.7%, respectively. The resistance rate of most other drugs decreased. The DDDs values of cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin showed a strong positive correlation with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> drug resistance rate</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(r</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.8, P</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: The detection rate of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and CRKP increased year by year, which was closely related to the dose of antibiotics. Strengthening the management of antimicrobial drugs and standardising the use of antimicrobial prescriptions were of great significance for delaying the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.展开更多
The use of computed tomography (CT) has increased over the past decades and has resulted in a concurrent increase in medical exposure to ionizing radiation. Several recent studies have examined the link between medica...The use of computed tomography (CT) has increased over the past decades and has resulted in a concurrent increase in medical exposure to ionizing radiation. Several recent studies have examined the link between medical radiation and the risk of cancer, especially in children. Results are presented in terms of the volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) for head, chest and abdomen. The 75th percentile of adult CTDIvol for head, chest and abdomen are 85 mGy, 13.34 mGy and 13.29 mGy respectively and the corresponding DLP values 1437.47 mGy·cm, 417.49 and 656.02 mGy·cm. However, the paediatric head based on age group 0 - 1 yr, 1 - 5 yrs, 6 - 10 yrs and 11 - 15 years are 28.18 mGy, 32.12 mGy, 32.13 mGy and 28.20 mGy and corresponding DLP values 399.75 mGy·cm, 514.38 mGy·cm, 578.42 mGy·cm and 487.11 mGy·cm respectively and for paediatric abdomen from 1 - 5 years to 11 - 15 years are 3.98 mGy, 4.26 mGy and 5.92 mGy and the corresponding DLP 99.36 mGy·cm, 160.84 and 235.85 mGy·cm. The finding shows considerably high CTDIvol and DLP values for adult head comparable to the international standard thus optimization is required. Reduction in radiation doses for both adult and paediatric patients involve training of staff and optimize CT protocols.展开更多
Objective: To analyze and explore the clinical significance of different doses of intensity-modulated radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer. Methods: Selected early breast cancer patient...Objective: To analyze and explore the clinical significance of different doses of intensity-modulated radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer. Methods: Selected early breast cancer patients underwent breast conserving surgery. A total of 52 cases. It will be included from March, 2017 to May, 2018. Patients were divided into groups according to the parity of their admission numbers. The odd number was included in the reference group, 26 cases, the total radiation dose of 50Gy, 25 times. 26 patients were included in the even-numbered experimental group. The total dose of radiotherapy was 50.4Gy, 28 times. The homogeneity of target dose distribution, the clinical effect of intervention for 6 months, the long-term survival rate (1 year, 2 years, 3 years) after intervention, and the incidence of adverse reactions were studied and analyzed. Results :(1) V100% was similar between the two groups, and P value was higher than 0.05. V99% and HI were lower in the experimental group, and V109% and V115% in the reference group were lower than those in the experimental group, with P value less than 0.05. (2) The clinical effect of the experimental group was better than that of the reference group after 6 months of intervention, with P value greater than 0.05. (3) There was no significant difference in the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year long-term survival rates in the reference group (P > 0.05). (4) The incidence of adverse reactions such as pigmentation, erythema and molting in the experimental group was lower than that in the reference group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the total radiotherapy dose of 50Gy, the total radiotherapy dose of 50.4Gy is more ideal in patients with early breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery, which is beneficial to reduce the adverse reactions of patients.展开更多
文摘The pharmacokinetics of morphine sulphate was studied in 10 Chinese healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. Blood samples were collected before and after administration of controlled release tablets (CRMS, 30 mg) and immediate release tablets (IRMS, 20 mg). The plasma concentration of morphine was determined by GC MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters of controlled release tablets and immediate release tablets were calculated∶ C max was 19.38±3.80 and 21.27±6.21 ng/ml, t max was 2.36 ±0.37 h and 0.56±0.16 h, t 1/2β was 3.53±0.87 and 3.03±0.74 h, AUC was 145.15±17.65 and 93.08±16.65 ng/ml, respectively. The steady state plasma concentration of morphine sulphate in cancer patients after multiple doses was achieved, C max of CRMS and IRMS was 27.43±0.33 ng/ml and 22.68±0.16 ng/ml, C min of CRMS and IRMS was 19.45±1.44 ng/ml and 18.14±0.49 ng/ml, respectively.
文摘Objective:To explore the clinical effect differences of moxibustion with different doses on primary dysmenorrhea with cold congelation and blood stasis type.Methods:A total of 60 patients of primary dysmenorrhea were randomized into an intensified dose group and a conventional dose group.All of the patients were treated with moxibustion.In the intensified dose group,the treatment was given three times daily(once every morning,afternoon and at bedtime successively) and during the trial,1 case was dropped out and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis finally.In the conventional dose group,the treatment was given once daily and 1 case was dropped out during trial and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis.The score of visual analogue scale(VAS) at the worst painful time point,the score of dysmenorrhea symptoms and recurrence rate were observed and compared before and after treatment in the patients between the two groups.The clinical therapeutic effects were observed in the two groups too.Results:VAS difference value(D-value) and dysmenorrhea symptoms D-valuebefore and after treatment in the intensified dose group were higher than those in the conventional dose group respectively(both P<0.05).The recurrence rate was 14.29% in the intensified dose group,lower than 42.31% in the conventional dose group,with the statistical significance(P<0.05).The total clinical effective rate was 96.55%in the intensified dose group,higher than 89.66% in the conventional dose group,with the statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion:Compared with the conventional dose moxibustion,moxibustion with intensified dose achieves satisfactory therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea of cold congelation and blood stasis type.This therapy is low in recurrent rate and convenient in manipulation,thus it deserves to be promoted in clinical application.
文摘The prognosis of patients with previously treated tuberculosis (TB) was suggested to be dependent on whether the initial treatment was in compliance with the established guidelines. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to determine the proportion of new TB patients who received standard doses of rifampicin in multiple provinces of China, and the relationship between low doses of rifampicin and frequency of rifampicin-resistance as well as treatment outcomes. A total of 713 new TB patients were treated with either once-daily dose of bulk anti-TB drugs (group I) or every other day combination blister packs of anti-TB drugs containing rifampicin (group II) at more than 30 TB treatment centers/hospitals in China. Treatment history, therapeutic doses of rifampicin, and information about patients were extracted from their medical records and analyzed, and rifampicin-resistance of isolates collected from patients following the treatment as well as treatment outcomes were compared between two treatment groups. Among 522 patients in treatment group I, 154 (29.5%) received standard and 363 (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin;238 (45.6%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 243 (46.6%) were successfully treated. Among 191 patients in treatment group II, 175 (91.6%) received standard and 15 (7.9%) received low doses of rifampicin;72 (37.7%) isolates were rifampicin-resistant, and 105 (55%) were successfully treated. When patients who received low doses of rifampicin were compared to others within the same treatment group, increased rates for rifampicin-resistance and treatment failure were observed. Results from this study showed that most new TB patients in treatment group I (69.5%) received low doses of rifampicin, and their treatment outcomes were worse than those in treatment group II, indicating that low doses of rifampicin used for the initial treatment of new TB patients were correlated to increased frequency of rifampicin-resistance and poorer treatment outcomes.
文摘The effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng larval-1; LD30： 3.75 ng larva-1） of chlorfluazuron on number and size of developmental spermatocytes in pupal-testis during spermatogenesis of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.） are described. Chlorfluazuron was applied topically to newly-ecdysed fifth-instar larvae of S. litura under laboratory conditions. During first day of pupation, spermatids were the highest （3,430 ± 7）, however, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the lowest （292 ± 16） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. During last day of pupation, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the highest （3,581 ± 3）, however, spermatogonia were the lowest （86± 4） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. The number of spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and elongated cysts with mature sperm were increased during pupal-developmental days in the controls. However, their numbers were significantly reduced in LD10- and even more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis compared with controls. Moreover, eupyrene sperm bundles were not present in pupal-testis. During pupal-developmental days, spermatids were the smallest （4.1 ± 0.9 dm in μm） and secondary spermatocytes were the largest （31.0 ± 1.8 dm in μm） in size compared with other developing spermatocytes. The sizes of the same developing spermatocytes were significantly reduced in LD10-treated and more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis of S. litura compared with controls.
文摘BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growth hormone deficiency(GHD)is a significant factor.AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of different doses of long-acting polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone(PEG-rhGH)in the treatment of GHD in children.METHODS We selected 44 pediatric patients diagnosed with GHD who were treated at Wuhu First People's Hospital from 2014 to 2018.Total 23 patients were administered a high dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,forming the high-dose group.Meanwhile,21 patients were given a lower dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.14 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,establishing the low-dose Group.The total treatment period was 2 years,during which we monitored the patients’height,annual growth velocity(GV),height standard deviation score(HtSDS),chronological age(CA),bone age(BA),and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)before treatment and at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years after treatment initiation.We also monitored thyroid function,fasting plasma glucose,fasting insulin,and other side effects.Furthermore,we calculated the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.RESULTS After 1 year of treatment,the GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 in both groups significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment levels(P<0.05).Moreover,when comparing GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 between the two groups,there were no statistically significant differences either before or after the treatment(P>0.05).During the treatment intervals of 0-1.0 years and 1.0-2.0 years,both patient groups experienced a slowdown in GV and a decline in HtSDS improvement(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients was confirmed to be effective,with similar outcomes observed in both the high-dose group and low-dose groups,and no significant differences in the main side effects.
文摘The injection to emerging adult workerbees with fluvalinate doses ranging from 1 femtomol to 1 nanomol per individual resulted in a reduction of haemolymph carbohydrate concentrations, particularly at the lowest dose 1 hour after injections. At the same time, a large increase was observed for triacylglycerols and to a much lesser extent for steroids and phospholipids with 0.1 picomol per bee. By contrast, fatty acids, steroids and triacylglycerols exhibited a depress at the higher dose. Most responses were thus biphasic, showing that much attention should be paid to the effects of very low doses of pesticide.
文摘Neurological signs and segmcntal demyelination in a cervical nerve were observed in rats treated orally with permethrin (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Inflammatory and degenerative signals were recorded in the diaphragm muscle. These effects were more intense with the trade grade than with the technical grade product. The possible influence of the percentage of cisitrans isomers on the intensity of the observed effects is discussed. 5 imi Academic Press.Inc.
文摘Chemotherapy is one of the curative treatmentmodality for several types of tumors. However, thedosage of antitumor drugs was limited by cytotoxicityof drugs to normal tissues, especially for bone marrow(myelosuppression). Drug resistantce gene (hMDRI,hDHFR etc.) is expressed in many normal tissues. Itsover-expression in tumor cells give rise to the tumorresistant to many drugs. But, if we transfer the drugresistance gene into the normal hematopoietic stemcell (HSC), the expression of the foreign gene
文摘Dear Editor,Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin and a member of theβ-lactam family of antibiotics.Intracameral cefuroxime injection(1 mg/0.1 mL)during cataract surgery was found to be beneficial in reducing the risk of postoperative endophthalmitis[1-3].At the recommended dose of 1.0 mg in 0.1 mL,cefuroxime presents no ocular toxicity and is well tolerated[4-6].Acute macular edema with retinal detachment after cataract surgery is very rare[7].
文摘Two hundred and thirty-six patinets with various advanced malignant solid tumors treated by combined chemotherapy with routine doses of cisplatin (DDP) from 1980 to 1986 are presented. According to different doses of cisplatin everyday, the patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) 20 ing/day×4- 5, 80 cases; (2) 30 mg day × 3 - 5, 91 cases; (3) 40 mg/ day 3 -4, 37 cases; (4) 50 mg/day×2 - 3, 28 cases. Each group was repeated for 3 weeks. The effect and toxicity were analysed and compared with 22 cases treated by single DDP in 1975. The response (CR+PR) rate was 39.2% in 194 evaluated patients. The response rate was similar in group 20 mg and single DDP (29.2% and 27.3%). Ths response rate was lower than that of group 30 mg, 40 mg, and 50 mg 43.4% and 50%) (P<0.05). The remissions in various groups were not significantly different.The toxicity of combined chemotherapy was not severe. 91.1% of patients had nausea and vomiting. There was no statistical difference in the various groups. Bone marrow suppresion was less in single DDP group than that of combined chemotherapy group (P<0.05), DDP 30-50 mg 1/d×5-3 was better than HD-DDP in some patients.
文摘For the first time it is shown that psychotropic action of acetylsalicylates at various doses is manifested as a nonmonotonic dependence having its peaks at therapeutic and ultra-low dose zones. It is discovered that development of effects of aspirin resembles that of acetylsalicylate zinc. Acetylsalicylate cobalt at extremely low doses zone showed the highest antidepressant activity, demonstrating toxicity at high doses. Generally, it is revealed that the use of aspirin and its salts at high doses range causes maximum psychotropic effects development, usually accompanied by side-effects. Therefore, aspirin, acetylsalicylate cobalt and zinc at extremely low doses are recommended for further study as psychotropic medications.
文摘A field study to evaluate the “Response of various sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties under the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus doses’’ was carried out at Oilseeds Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during Kharif 2013. The experiment was laid out in a three replicated randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial, having net plot size 6 × 3 m (18 m2). The treatments comprised two varieties such as S-17 and Pr-125, and six doses of NP i.e. (No fertilizer (Control), NP @ 30 - 30 kg·ha-1, NP @ 50 - 30 kg·ha-1, NP @ 50 - 50 kg·ha-1, NP @ 70 - 50 kg·ha-1 and NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1). The analysis of variance suggested that all the doses of NP affected significantly (P < 0.05) growth and yield of sesame varieties as compared to No fertilizer (Control) treatment. In the case of fertilizer doses, NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1 produced maximum plant height (102.33 cm), branches plant-1 (18.50), capsules plant-1 (42.17), seeds capsule-1 (57.67), seed weight plant-1 (37.50 g), seed index (3.10 g) and seed yield (774.17 kg·ha-1), whereas NP @ 70 + 50 kg·ha-1 and NP @ 50 - 50 kg·ha-1 ranked 2nd and 3rd in all the growth and yield traits, particularly seed yield (763.50 kg·ha-1 and 694.50 kg·ha-1). Among sesame varieties, S-17 resulted in maximum plant height (91.89 cm), branches plant-1 (15.11), capsules plant-1 (37.06), seeds capsule-1 (50.56), seed weight plant-1 (32.00 g), seed index (2.63 g) and seed yield (682.11 kg·ha-1), whereas variety Pr-125 resulted in minimum traits, particularly seed yield (657.56 kg·ha-1). In the case of interactive effects, the interaction of NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1 × variety S-17 produced maximum values, particularly seed yield (782.67), whereas minimum results were recorded in the interaction of No fertilizer (Control) × variety Pr-125. Hence results concluded that the interaction of NP @ 70 - 50 kg·ha-1 variety S-17 was found most economical for obtaining optimum yield of sesame because of non-significant differences with NP @ 70 - 70 kg·ha-1.
文摘It is represented the review about the effect of low doses of ionized radiation on different types of biological objects (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger, Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrbg., mezenchim stem cells of mice bone brain, dry seeds of the highest plants, blood lymphocytes of pilots and cosmonauts) and water medium. In model experiments under the chronic ionized radiation in doses comparable with the doses of ionized radiation inside the orbital space stations and during the flight in interplanetary space was shown alike with morphological deviations (Japanese quail embryos, Aspergillus niger), the phenomenon of radiation hormezis (Aspergillus niger, mezenchim stem cells), the increasing of the germination of seeds, the decreasing of spontaneous motion activity of spirostoms and DNA damage, chromosome aberrations and the increased radio-sensitivity to adding radiation load in blood lymphocytes. These data testified the fact that the definite factor of ionized radiation effect is the changing of water medium state. Thus under the interplanetary cosmic flight and long stay on the orbit in the region of magnetosphere the studying kinds of radiation first effected on the water medium of organism as a result morpho-functional structures were changed.
文摘Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) is widely acknowledged as the treatment of choice for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL). It is a “two-sided” drug since it can induce differentiation or kill APL and other tumor cells according to the dosage. Part of the cytotoxic effects of ATO on APL cells is due to its pro-oxidant activity, a characteristic which ATO shares with a number of other compounds, including high doses of ascorbate (ASC). In a comparative investigation on the cytotoxic effects of both ATO and ASC on HL60 (APL) cell lines, in Vitro, we have been able to confirm the known cytotoxic effects of ATO, but, more importantly, we have demonstrated that ASC is significantly more effective than ATO, in killing these cancer cells in Vitro, when the concentrations are maintained within the millimolar (mM) range, i.e. the range of plasma concentrations at which ASC induces oxidative damage to tumor cells. Since these plasma levels can be reached only by the intravenous administration of high doses of ASC, we propose that intravenous high doses of ASC may represent a potentially revolutionary new approach in the management of APL.
文摘The teratogenicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) is well established. Previously, we have demonstrated that teratogenic doses of FdU produce hematomas and suggested that those hematomas produced skeletal malformations in chicken embryos. In this study, the cardiovascular effects of teratogenic doses of FdU in chicken embryos were studied. A dose of either 0.026 μg FdU or 0.030 μg FdU was injected into the yolk sacs of fertile chicken eggs containing embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton stages 17-19 of development. The embryos were then returned to the incubator. Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure,blood velocity and heart rate were measured at stages 21, 24 or 27 using a servonull system and Doppler ultrasound. In addition, mean arterial blood pressure, blood flow, and stroke volume were calculated from these data. Similar data were also recorded from uninjected and saline injected control embryos. Systolic and mean arterial blood pressures were significantly increased in FdU-treated embryos at stage 27. The other parameters measured or calculated were not significantly different from control embryos. Our study suggests that elevated systolic blood pressure in chicken embryos treated with FdU may lead to hematoma formation and subsequent birth defects
文摘Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD30：3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on ovarioles during ovarian development and oogenesis of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.）. It is a significant pest of cotton, tobacco and miscellaneous vegetables. The LDlo or LD3o was applied topically to the newly-ecdysed fifth-instars of S. litura under laboratory conditions. In controls, on 2nd day of adult emergence, the cell density in germarium was 1636 ± 9.17 nuclei/mm^2. It increased until 3rd day, i.e., 1829 ± 8.87 nuclei/mm^2 and decreased thereafter. In the LDloor LD-3o-treated insects, the patterns of the cell density was the same as in controls but values were significantly （P 〈 0.05） decreased in the LD10- and more in the LDa0-treated females compared with controls. In control, ovaries were normal type and had mature ova with an occasional one or two being absorbed. In LD10-treated females, ovaries had spaces in ovarioles and absorption of ova. In LD30-treated females, besides the spacing and absorption, sometimes only immature （germarium） ova were found.
文摘Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator for controlling the major insect pests in crops. This paper describes the effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng/larva; LD3o： 3.75 ng/larva） of chlorfluazuron on spermatogenesis in the adults of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.）. Chlorfluazuron was applied topically to the newly-ecdysed fifth-instars ofS. litura under laboratory conditions. The secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm and eupyrene sperm bundles were present in testis of newly emerged, 1 and 2 day-old adults, but gradually decreased in their numbers in the controls. However, the spermatogonia were not present in newly emerged, 1 and 2 day-old adults. Moreover, primary spermatocytes were present （174 ± 4.0） in newly emerged adults, but not found in 1 and 2 day-old adults. In the testes of newly emerged LD10-treated adults, the numbers of eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles were significantly reduced compared with controls, and even significantly reduced in LD30-treated adults compared with LDlo, however, their ratios were not affected. Moreover, the pattern of spermatogenesis was the same in LD10- and LD30-treated male adults compared with controls. Furthermore, numbers of developing spermatocytes were significantly reduced in the LD10 compared with controls, and even significantly reduced in LD30-treated male adults compared with LD10. In newly emerged adults, the width and length of elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were significantly reduced in LDlo- and more significantly reduced in LD30-treated compared with controls of S. litura. In vas deferens of untreated pre- and newly emerged adult male, both eupyrene and apyrene sperm bundles were found, however, in treated pre-adult male, only apyrene sperm bundles and in treated newly emerged adult male, fe, w eupyrene and numerous apyrene sperm bundles were found. It is concluded that spermatogenesis was significantly affected by chlorfluazuron.
文摘Introduction: The prevalence of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> has rapidly increased in recent years and the distribution differed greatly by region, We aimed to study the relationship between antibiotic resistance and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, especially carbapenem-resistant </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (CRKP) in our tertiary hospitals from 2014 to 2018.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: The antibiotic consumption data of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were expressed as the defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 inpatient days</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(DDDs). </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which isolated from clinical samples in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> hospital between January 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and the correlation between antibiotic resistance rate and antibiotic frequency was analyzed.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: From 2014 to 2018, a total of 2295 strains of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were isolated, with the detection rates of 8.2%, 9.2%, 11.9%, 13.4% and 14.0%. There were 423 strains of CRKP, with the detection rates of 7.5%, 5.8%, 17</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8% 24.2% and 25.2% respectively. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed di</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fferent degrees of resistance to antibiotics and showed an increasing trend year by year to carbapenems. The resistance rate of imipenem was 2.5%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2.8%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9.9%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.3%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">13.4%, and the resistance rate of meropenem was 2.0%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3.0%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">8.8%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.6%</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.7%, respectively. The resistance rate of most other drugs decreased. The DDDs values of cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin showed a strong positive correlation with </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> drug resistance rate</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(r</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.8, P</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions: The detection rate of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">K. pneumoniae</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and CRKP increased year by year, which was closely related to the dose of antibiotics. Strengthening the management of antimicrobial drugs and standardising the use of antimicrobial prescriptions were of great significance for delaying the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.
文摘The use of computed tomography (CT) has increased over the past decades and has resulted in a concurrent increase in medical exposure to ionizing radiation. Several recent studies have examined the link between medical radiation and the risk of cancer, especially in children. Results are presented in terms of the volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) for head, chest and abdomen. The 75th percentile of adult CTDIvol for head, chest and abdomen are 85 mGy, 13.34 mGy and 13.29 mGy respectively and the corresponding DLP values 1437.47 mGy·cm, 417.49 and 656.02 mGy·cm. However, the paediatric head based on age group 0 - 1 yr, 1 - 5 yrs, 6 - 10 yrs and 11 - 15 years are 28.18 mGy, 32.12 mGy, 32.13 mGy and 28.20 mGy and corresponding DLP values 399.75 mGy·cm, 514.38 mGy·cm, 578.42 mGy·cm and 487.11 mGy·cm respectively and for paediatric abdomen from 1 - 5 years to 11 - 15 years are 3.98 mGy, 4.26 mGy and 5.92 mGy and the corresponding DLP 99.36 mGy·cm, 160.84 and 235.85 mGy·cm. The finding shows considerably high CTDIvol and DLP values for adult head comparable to the international standard thus optimization is required. Reduction in radiation doses for both adult and paediatric patients involve training of staff and optimize CT protocols.
文摘Objective: To analyze and explore the clinical significance of different doses of intensity-modulated radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer. Methods: Selected early breast cancer patients underwent breast conserving surgery. A total of 52 cases. It will be included from March, 2017 to May, 2018. Patients were divided into groups according to the parity of their admission numbers. The odd number was included in the reference group, 26 cases, the total radiation dose of 50Gy, 25 times. 26 patients were included in the even-numbered experimental group. The total dose of radiotherapy was 50.4Gy, 28 times. The homogeneity of target dose distribution, the clinical effect of intervention for 6 months, the long-term survival rate (1 year, 2 years, 3 years) after intervention, and the incidence of adverse reactions were studied and analyzed. Results :(1) V100% was similar between the two groups, and P value was higher than 0.05. V99% and HI were lower in the experimental group, and V109% and V115% in the reference group were lower than those in the experimental group, with P value less than 0.05. (2) The clinical effect of the experimental group was better than that of the reference group after 6 months of intervention, with P value greater than 0.05. (3) There was no significant difference in the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year long-term survival rates in the reference group (P > 0.05). (4) The incidence of adverse reactions such as pigmentation, erythema and molting in the experimental group was lower than that in the reference group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the total radiotherapy dose of 50Gy, the total radiotherapy dose of 50.4Gy is more ideal in patients with early breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery, which is beneficial to reduce the adverse reactions of patients.
