Discrete Bayesian Dose-response Analysis under Dose Uncertainty.Eduard Hofer1(1.3 Constance Road,Claremont,Cape Town 7708,South Africa.)Abstract:Establishing a relationship between disease and dose requires each indiv...Discrete Bayesian Dose-response Analysis under Dose Uncertainty.Eduard Hofer1(1.3 Constance Road,Claremont,Cape Town 7708,South Africa.)Abstract:Establishing a relationship between disease and dose requires each individual in the population under investigation to be known by disease status and by the value of the dose received.展开更多
Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,...Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,and Wei-hao Qin1(1.National Institute for Radiological Protection,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing,100088,China.)展开更多
BACKGROUND Perioperative anesthesia management of obese patients presents significant challenges as traditional total body weight-based dosing fails to achieve optimal anesthetic effects due to altered pharmacokinetic...BACKGROUND Perioperative anesthesia management of obese patients presents significant challenges as traditional total body weight-based dosing fails to achieve optimal anesthetic effects due to altered pharmacokinetic characteristics including abnormal drug distribution and clearance.Rocuronium exhibits markedly different distribution patterns in obese patients,with conventional weight correction methods inadequately addressing individual muscle mass variations that critically influence drug distribution.AIM To investigate the quantitative relationship between skeletal muscle index(SMI)and rocuronium distribution volume in obese colorectal cancer patients,establish a population pharmacokinetic model,and develop individualized dosing strategies based on muscle mass.METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted,including 100 obese patients(body mass index≥30 kg/m^(2))who underwent elective radical colorectal cancer surgery at our hospital from June 2023 to January 2025.Skeletal muscle mass was measured using InBody 260 body composition analyzer and SMI was calculated to assess muscle mass,with male SMI<7.0 kg/m^(2) and female SMI<5.7 kg/m^(2)as diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia.Plasma rocuronium concentrations were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry,and nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to establish population pharmacokinetic modeling.Stepwise regression was used to screen covariates,and dosing regimens were optimized through Monte Carlo simulation.The primary endpoint was targeted plasma concentration achievement rate,and the secondary endpoint was postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence.RESULTS Among 100 patients,35(35.0%)had sarcopenia and 65(65.0%)did not.Patients in the sarcopenia group were older(64.1±9.8 years vs 54.2±10.9 years,P<0.001)and had significantly lower SMI(6.2±0.8 kg/m^(2)vs 8.4±1.2 kg/m^(2),P<0.001).SMI showed strong positive correlation with rocuronium steady-state distribution volume(r=0.718,P<0.001)and moderate negative correlation with clearance(r=-0.502,P<0.001).A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model was successfully established,with SMI being the most important covariate affecting central compartment distribution volume(△OFV=-41.2,P<0.001).Model validation showed bootstrap successful convergence rate of 92.3%,and 92.1%of observed values fell within prediction intervals in predicted concentration versus predicted concentration.The SMI-based individualized dosing regimen improved target exposure achievement rate from 82.0%in traditional regimen to 93.5%(P=0.009),and reduced postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence from 13.0%to 3.5%(P=0.018).The sarcopenia group showed the most significant improvement in achievement rate,from 71.4%to 93.8%(P=0.017).CONCLUSION SMI shows strong correlation with rocuronium distribution volume in obese colorectal cancer patients and is a key factor affecting drug distribution.SMI-based individualized dosing strategies can significantly improve target exposure achievement rate and reduce postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence,providing scientific evidence for precision anesthesia management in obese patients.展开更多
In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy respon...In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy response)of engineered polycarbonate films irradiated with an electron beam(0–600 kGy)were investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy.The results show a linear relationship between photoluminescence intensity and radiation dose when the thickness of the polycarbonate film is 0.3 mm.A higher fluorescence intensity can be obtained by preheating at 60℃ for 180 min before photoluminescence spectrum analysis.As the temperature during spectral testing and the ambient humidity(during and after irradiation)increased,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate films decreased.The photoluminescence intensity deviation of the polycarbonate films produced within the same batch at 100 kGy is 2.73%.After ten times of repeated excitations and readouts,the coefficients of variation in photoluminescence intensity are less than 8.6%,and the linear correlation coefficient between photoluminescence intensity and irradiation dose is 0.965 in the dose capture range of 20–600 kGy.Within 60 days of irradiation,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate film decreased to 60%of the initial value.The response of the 0.3 mm polycarbonate films to electron beams with energies exceeding 3.5 MeV does not differ significantly.This comprehensive analysis indicates the potential of polycarbonate films as a high-radiation dose detection material.展开更多
Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,alt...Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,although they cannot detect the diurnal peak when a significant part of stomatal O_(3)uptake occurs.This results into uncertainties for the calculation of stomatal O_(3)uptake.This study compares the stomatal-flux-based POD1(phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1))for forest trees/shrubs estimated from data collected by either passive samplers or active O_(3)monitors to evaluate O_(3)damage to plants in terms of O_(3)VFI in the Southern Alps.The study was conducted over two years(2018-2019)in a mountainous Alpine area(Valle Stura,Italy).An integrative monitoring station for active O_(3)monitoring,as well as passive O_(3)monitors,were installed in an open field area(OFD).The O_(3)VFI was investigated in woody species in the light exposed sampling Site(LESS—Betula pendula,Fagus sylvatica,Larix decidua,Populus tremula,Salix caprea,Rubus sp.and Vaccinium myrtillus)in late summer according to the international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests(ICP Forests)manual.The results confirmed that Fagus sylvatica and Rubus sp.are O_(3)-sensitive species showing relatively high POD1(>20 mmol m-2),while Larix decidua is O_(3)-tolerant.We derived flux-based critical levels(CL)corresponding to the presence of O_(3)VFI(5,25,and 50%of symptomatic plants along the LESS)from flux-effect relationships for forest protection against O_(3)VFI.The results support the hypothesis that passive samplers cannot detect episodic high stomatal O₃fluxes(>1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1)).According to the active monitoring,the CL for O_(3)VFI occurrence was estimated to be 17.1 mmol m-2 POD1 for 25%presence and 34.3 mmol m-2 POD1 for 50%presence of symptomatic plants,while passive samplers underestimated POD1 values for CL calculations by 17%on average,with underestimation increasing at higher CL thresholds.The findings demonstrate that active monitoring refines CLs towards a proper quantitative assessment of O_(3)impact,particularly in capturing peak flux events that are crucial for evaluating plant damage and emphasizes the importance of active O₃monitoring for reliable forest health assessments.展开更多
Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by g...Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by generating reactive free radicals(RFRs)during photolysis.However,due to the unsatisfactory photoelectric conversion rate,strong absorption by oxygen and water molecules,and other characteristics of VUV radiation,its application and development are hindered,leading to misconceptions regarding high energy consumption and insufficient free radical yield.The objectives of our assessment in this review are as follows:The illumination of the photochemical characteristics of VUV and the reactivity of aqueous solutions.Summarization of accurate UV dose and energy evaluation criteria.Comparison and analysis of the photochemical mechanisms and reaction kinetics of different types of EPs via VUV direct photolysis,as well as the interference origins of typical substrates in water for VUV decontamination.We found that quantities typically reported in VUV photochemical reactions of engineered systems are underreported in low-pressure mercury lamp(LPUV)photochemical reactions,especially a quantitative indicator of the species or energy that induces a chemical reaction.The absence of these quantities has made it difficult to assess the fundamental performance of VUV photolysis fully compared with that of UV-C.Some studies have sought to optimize VUV-advanced reduction processes(VUV-ARP)or VUV reactor treatment of these contaminants;however,an abundant evaluation of the reaction origins and processes between VUV-derived main RFRs and reactants(H_(2)O,O_(2),organic matter,inorganic ions,etc.)is essential,cause these scientific elements will provide the possibility to break the application gap for VUV in the field of EPs treating.Overall,the data compilation,analysis,and research recommendations provided in this review will form the basis for all photochemical reactions initiated by VUV radiation with water as the backing agent.展开更多
This study focuses on a 60 V trench MOSFET device designed for operation in space radiation environments.By increasing the bulk region concentration and placing the etched gate trench after the P+implantation process,...This study focuses on a 60 V trench MOSFET device designed for operation in space radiation environments.By increasing the bulk region concentration and placing the etched gate trench after the P+implantation process,we successfully reduced the threshold voltage shift from 6.5 to 2.2 V under a total dose of 400 krad(Si)^(60)Co,allowing the device to operate normally.Structurally,by embedding the source metal in the active and terminal regions,the device demonstrated current degradation without experiencing single-event burnout when subjected to a drain voltage of 60 V and a linear energy transfer value of 75.4 MeV·cm^(2)∕mg from tantalum-ion incidence.TCAD simulations verified that the embedded source metal effectively suppressed parasitic transistor conduction and eliminated the base-region expansion effect,thereby lowering the maximum temperature from 8000 to 1400 K.The irradiation effects of the embedded source metal in the terminal region were also investigated,which can improve the reverse recovery and ensure that the terminal metal does not melt prematurely,thereby significantly enhancing the radiation hardness of the device.展开更多
Hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)using a haploidentical family donor(HAPLO)was long thought to be non-feasible,essentially because of HLA incompatibility leading to graft rejection,severe acute(aGVH)and ch...Hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)using a haploidentical family donor(HAPLO)was long thought to be non-feasible,essentially because of HLA incompatibility leading to graft rejection,severe acute(aGVH)and chronic(cGVH)graft versus host disease(GVH),severe infections and unacceptable nonrelapse mortality(NRM).The group in Perugia in the last decade of the past century[1],was the first to be successful by initiating a positive selection of CD34+cells from peripheral blood stem cell(PBSC)collections,providing T cell depleted grafts with very high doses of CD34+cells to be infused.When combined with intensive conditioning regimen and profound immunosuppression,the Perugia group obtained the first demonstration of feasibility and efficacy.They later improved their results in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)by showing that a mismatch for natural killer(NK)cells in the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR)-human leukocyte-antigen class I(HLA1)donor to recipient direction[2]decreased considerably the relapse incidence(RI).Unfortunately this approach was associated with severe infections,a high NRM and in addition was cumbersome and difficult to reproduce in other non-expert centers.展开更多
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and in China, has a 19.7% five-year survival rate due to terminal-stage diagnosis^([1-3]).Although low-dose computed tomography(CT) screening can reduce mortal...Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and in China, has a 19.7% five-year survival rate due to terminal-stage diagnosis^([1-3]).Although low-dose computed tomography(CT) screening can reduce mortality, high false positive rates can create economic and psychological burdens.展开更多
This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The inp...This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.展开更多
INTERNAL DOSE RESEARCH PAPERS INTDOSKIT:An R-Code for Calculation of Dose Coefficients and Studying Their Uncertainties Bastian Breustedt 1,Niranjan Chavan 2,Thomas Makumbi 2(1.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Instit...INTERNAL DOSE RESEARCH PAPERS INTDOSKIT:An R-Code for Calculation of Dose Coefficients and Studying Their Uncertainties Bastian Breustedt 1,Niranjan Chavan 2,Thomas Makumbi 2(1.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Institute of Biomedical Engineering(IBT),Fritz-Haber-Weg 1,D-76131 Karlsruhe,Germany;2.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Institute for Thermal Energy Technology and Safety(ITES),Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1,76344 EggensteinLeopoldshafen,Germany)Abstract:An R-code,which allows the calculation of the time dependent activity distribution based on ICRP reference models,the number of decays in a commitment period,and the dose coefficients for tissues and organs of the human body,has been developed.R Language was chosen due to its powerful mathematical and statistical modeling features,as well as its graphical capabilities.展开更多
Evaluation of a Commercially Available Radiochromic Film for Use as a Complementary Dosimeter for Rapid In-field Low Photon Equivalent Radiation Dose (≤50 mSv) Monitoring Nicky Nivi1, Helen Moise1,2, Ana Pejovic'...Evaluation of a Commercially Available Radiochromic Film for Use as a Complementary Dosimeter for Rapid In-field Low Photon Equivalent Radiation Dose (≤50 mSv) Monitoring Nicky Nivi1, Helen Moise1,2, Ana Pejovic'-Milic'1(1. Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3;2. Autonomous and Radiological Technologies Section, Defense Research and Development Canada, PO Box 4000 Stn Main,Medicine Hat, Alberta, T1A 8K6).展开更多
With the rapid development of computed tomography(CT)technology,the widespread use of CT examinations in the evaluation of chest diseases in pediatrics has raised extensive concerns about radiation issues.This review ...With the rapid development of computed tomography(CT)technology,the widespread use of CT examinations in the evaluation of chest diseases in pediatrics has raised extensive concerns about radiation issues.This review first systematically summarizes the factors influencing radiation dose(detector,tube voltage,tube current-time product,field of view,and reconstruction algorithms)in pediatric chest computed tomography examinations.Methods to reduce radia-tion dose are also discussed,including the utilization of filters,automatic tube current modulation,automatic tube voltage selection,and organ dose modulation.Finally,the methods for individualized radiation dose calculation in pediatric chest CT examinations:effective dose,CT dosimetry software,Size-Specific Dose Estimate,and the Monte Carlo method are reviewed.Radiation exposure re-duction is a multifaceted issue.This review aims to provide an optimal scanning scheme for pediatric chest CT from different perspectives.展开更多
BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD)is a rare condition characterised by dysmotile,immotile,or absent cilia.As a result of the impairment in respiratory mucociliary clearance,patients with PCD typically develop ...BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD)is a rare condition characterised by dysmotile,immotile,or absent cilia.As a result of the impairment in respiratory mucociliary clearance,patients with PCD typically develop neonatal respiratory distress,nasal congestion,otitis media and recurrent respiratory infections leading to bronchiectasis and structural lung changes.These changes have been shown by chest computed tomography(CT)to develop in infancy and early childhood.Recent development and refinement of radiation-reducing CT techniques have allowed significant radiation dose reductions,with chest CT doses now in the range of chest radiography(CR).AIM To evaluate the efficacy of ultra-low dose CT(ULDCT)chest in identifying pulmonary changes within a PCD paediatric patient cohort.METHODS Paediatric patients with PCD who presented for routine clinical outpatient follow-up within the study period,were eligible for inclusion in the study.ULDCT and CR were performed on these patients and the results compared.Comparison metrics included radiation dose,subjective and objective image quality and disease severity.RESULTS Six paediatric patients(mean age 9 years)underwent clinically indicated ULDCT chest examinations and CR for surveillance of their PCD.The mean effective dose was 0.08±0.02 mSv,a dose that approximates that of a frontal and lateral chest radiograph.The average Brody II score across the entire cohort was 12.92,with excellent interrater reliability and intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC)of 0.98.The average Chrispin-Norman score on CR was 1 with excellent inter-rater reliability and ICC of 0.92.CONCLUSION ULDCT demonstrates superior diagnostic capabilities,minimal radiation dose penalty,and high interobserver reliability in comparison to CR.Thus,we advocate for ULDCT to be the preferred modality for surveillance imaging in paediatric PCD.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blonanserin,a novel antipsychotic,has demonstrated efficacy in treating both positive and negative symptoms.However,limited research exists on its dose-dependent effectiveness and safety in patients with an...BACKGROUND Blonanserin,a novel antipsychotic,has demonstrated efficacy in treating both positive and negative symptoms.However,limited research exists on its dose-dependent effectiveness and safety in patients with and without prominent nega-tive symptoms(PNS).AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of blonanserin monotherapy for first-episode schizophrenia in real-world clinical settings and to explore the efficacy and safety of different doses of blonanserin for patients with PNS and without PNS.METHODS A 12-week,multicenter,prospective post-marketing surveillance was conducted.In this study,we included patients with first-episode schizophrenia who received blonanserin monotherapy.Patients were divided into those with PNS and without PNS,based on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS)negative symptoms subscale scores.Additionally,patients were labeled as high-dose and low-dose was evaluated through the incidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs).RESULTS A total of 653 patients were included in the analysis,with 613 completing the study.The BPRS total score decreased significantly from 47.94±16.31 at baseline to 26.88±9.47 at 12 weeks(P<0.001).A significant interaction of PNS×dose×time was observed for BPRS total scores(F=3.47,P=0.040)and negative symptom subscale scores(F=6.76,P=0.002).In the PNS group,the high-dose group showed greater reductions in BPRS total scores(P=0.001)and negative symptom subscale scores(P=0.003)than the low-dose group in week 12.In the without PNS group,no significant difference was observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups at any visit.Most adverse reactions were mild or moderate,with extrapyramidal symptoms(9.3%)being most common;1.5%of patients gained≥7%body weight at 12 weeks.CONCLUSION Blonanserin effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms of first-episode schizophrenia with an acceptable safety profile.High-dose blonanserin is particularly beneficial for patients with PNS in the acute phase of first-episode schizophrenia.However,due to the limitation of ADR reporting the real world,the ADR incidence observed in this study may be underestimated.展开更多
Objective Optimizing sedation to minimize respiratory depression during fiberoptic bronchoscopy(FOB)presents an ongoing challenge.This trial compared the safety and efficacy of remimazolam-remifentanil versus propofol...Objective Optimizing sedation to minimize respiratory depression during fiberoptic bronchoscopy(FOB)presents an ongoing challenge.This trial compared the safety and efficacy of remimazolam-remifentanil versus propofol-remifentanil for maintaining spontaneous ventilation in patients undergoing FOB.Methods This pre-registered randomized controlled trial enrolled 103 consecutive candidates for FOB(April 2023 to April 2024).After excluding 10 ineligible participants,93 were enrolled in a two-phase study.In the initial dose-determination phase,21 participants underwent dose escalation to establish the induction dose of remimazolam(0.35 mg/kg)using the modified Dixon’s method.Subsequently,72 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to remimazolam-remifentanil group(Group R-R)or propofol-remifentanil group(Group P-R)(n=36 each).Remifentanil was administered by target-controlled infusion(3.0 ng/mL plasma concentration)in both groups.Group R-R received remimazolam 0.35 mg/kg,while Group P-R received propofol 2.0 mg/kg after remifentanil loading.Standardized supplemental doses were administered for inadequate sedation(Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score>1 or Bispectral index>75).The primary endpoint was the incidence of respiratory depression,defined as SpO2<95%or a respiratory rate<8 breaths/min.Secondary outcomes included procedure completion,movement or cough-related interruptions,hemodynamic stability,adverse events,procedural time,and satisfaction ratings from both bronchoscopists and participants.Results Group R-R demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of respiratory depression(11.1%vs.33.3%;P=0.045)and of hypotension requiring vasopressors(16.7%vs.41.7%;P=0.020).However,transient involuntary movements(25.0%vs.8.3%;P=0.111)and cough(38.9%vs.22.2%;P=0.125)were numerically more frequent in Group R-R,though not statistically significant.All procedures were completed successfully without discontinuation.Hypertension,arrhythmias,procedural times,and satisfaction scores were comparable between groups(all P>0.05).Conclusions Compared to propofol-remifentanil,remimazolam-remifentanil provides effective moderate sedation for FOB with superior respiratory safety and reduced hypotension requiring vasopressors,despite a numerically higher incidence of transient movement and cough.It thus represents a promising alternative for maintaining spontaneous ventilation during FOB.展开更多
This study systematically investigates natural radioactivity in groundwater from the densely populated eastern Gonghe Basin in Qinghai Province,aiming to reveal its spatial distribution,origins,and potential health ri...This study systematically investigates natural radioactivity in groundwater from the densely populated eastern Gonghe Basin in Qinghai Province,aiming to reveal its spatial distribution,origins,and potential health risks.The characteristics of gross-αand gross-βactivities,as well as the concentrations of nuclide including^(238)U,^(232)Th,and^(226)Ra,have been investigated in groundwater samples from 12 groups encompassing various types such as hot springs and artesian wells across different aquifer systems.Correlation analysis and dose estimation models were applied to preliminary estimate the radiation exposure to local residents and to explore the genesis and hazards of natural radioactivity in groundwater.Results indicate that overall groundwater radioactivity in the Gonghe Basin remains within acceptable limits,with mean gross-αand gross-βactivity concentrations of 0.32 Bq/L and 0.27 Bq/L,respectively.Approximately 83.33%of samples comply with relevant national standards.However,two fault-controlled high-temperature spring samples exhibited gross-αactivity exceeding regulatory limits,with one also showing elevated gross-βactivity surpassing China's Class III groundwater quality standards for radioactivity.Furthermore,single-radionuclideαradioactivity from^(230)Th,^(226)Ra,^(210)Po,and^(232)Th exceeded regulatory thresholds in some samples,suggesting potential long-term health risks.While most samples complied with effective dose limits,four showed^(210)Poαradioactivity exceedances within controllable risk ranges.The findings suggest that groundwater radioactivity in the region is primarily controlled by geological structures,lithology,and hydrothermal conditions,with fault zones and high-temperature environments serving as key factors in radionuclide enrichment.This research provides scientific foundation for the sustainable development of geothermal resources and the prevention of radioactive water contamination.Continuous monitoring of high-radioactivity hot springs and prudent resource utilization are recommended.展开更多
文摘Discrete Bayesian Dose-response Analysis under Dose Uncertainty.Eduard Hofer1(1.3 Constance Road,Claremont,Cape Town 7708,South Africa.)Abstract:Establishing a relationship between disease and dose requires each individual in the population under investigation to be known by disease status and by the value of the dose received.
文摘Analysis Method of ^(131)I Activity in Carbon Cartridge and Internal Dose Assessment for Nuclear Medicine Workers.Shuo Wang1,Fei Tuo1,Jian-feng Zhang1,Xiao-liang Li1,Bao-lu Yang1,Qiang Zhou1,Ze-shu Li1,Shu-ying Kong1,and Wei-hao Qin1(1.National Institute for Radiological Protection,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing,100088,China.)
文摘BACKGROUND Perioperative anesthesia management of obese patients presents significant challenges as traditional total body weight-based dosing fails to achieve optimal anesthetic effects due to altered pharmacokinetic characteristics including abnormal drug distribution and clearance.Rocuronium exhibits markedly different distribution patterns in obese patients,with conventional weight correction methods inadequately addressing individual muscle mass variations that critically influence drug distribution.AIM To investigate the quantitative relationship between skeletal muscle index(SMI)and rocuronium distribution volume in obese colorectal cancer patients,establish a population pharmacokinetic model,and develop individualized dosing strategies based on muscle mass.METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted,including 100 obese patients(body mass index≥30 kg/m^(2))who underwent elective radical colorectal cancer surgery at our hospital from June 2023 to January 2025.Skeletal muscle mass was measured using InBody 260 body composition analyzer and SMI was calculated to assess muscle mass,with male SMI<7.0 kg/m^(2) and female SMI<5.7 kg/m^(2)as diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia.Plasma rocuronium concentrations were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry,and nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to establish population pharmacokinetic modeling.Stepwise regression was used to screen covariates,and dosing regimens were optimized through Monte Carlo simulation.The primary endpoint was targeted plasma concentration achievement rate,and the secondary endpoint was postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence.RESULTS Among 100 patients,35(35.0%)had sarcopenia and 65(65.0%)did not.Patients in the sarcopenia group were older(64.1±9.8 years vs 54.2±10.9 years,P<0.001)and had significantly lower SMI(6.2±0.8 kg/m^(2)vs 8.4±1.2 kg/m^(2),P<0.001).SMI showed strong positive correlation with rocuronium steady-state distribution volume(r=0.718,P<0.001)and moderate negative correlation with clearance(r=-0.502,P<0.001).A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model was successfully established,with SMI being the most important covariate affecting central compartment distribution volume(△OFV=-41.2,P<0.001).Model validation showed bootstrap successful convergence rate of 92.3%,and 92.1%of observed values fell within prediction intervals in predicted concentration versus predicted concentration.The SMI-based individualized dosing regimen improved target exposure achievement rate from 82.0%in traditional regimen to 93.5%(P=0.009),and reduced postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence from 13.0%to 3.5%(P=0.018).The sarcopenia group showed the most significant improvement in achievement rate,from 71.4%to 93.8%(P=0.017).CONCLUSION SMI shows strong correlation with rocuronium distribution volume in obese colorectal cancer patients and is a key factor affecting drug distribution.SMI-based individualized dosing strategies can significantly improve target exposure achievement rate and reduce postoperative residual muscle relaxation incidence,providing scientific evidence for precision anesthesia management in obese patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12305385)Key Projects of Scientific Research of the Hunan Provincial Department of Education(22A0310)the Research Startup Project of University of South China(220XQD025).
文摘In this study,the dosimetric characteristics(thickness applicability,preheating time,temperature and humidity dependence,in-batch uniformity,readout reproducibility,dose linearity,self-decay,and electron energy response)of engineered polycarbonate films irradiated with an electron beam(0–600 kGy)were investigated using photoluminescence spectroscopy.The results show a linear relationship between photoluminescence intensity and radiation dose when the thickness of the polycarbonate film is 0.3 mm.A higher fluorescence intensity can be obtained by preheating at 60℃ for 180 min before photoluminescence spectrum analysis.As the temperature during spectral testing and the ambient humidity(during and after irradiation)increased,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate films decreased.The photoluminescence intensity deviation of the polycarbonate films produced within the same batch at 100 kGy is 2.73%.After ten times of repeated excitations and readouts,the coefficients of variation in photoluminescence intensity are less than 8.6%,and the linear correlation coefficient between photoluminescence intensity and irradiation dose is 0.965 in the dose capture range of 20–600 kGy.Within 60 days of irradiation,the photoluminescence intensity of the polycarbonate film decreased to 60%of the initial value.The response of the 0.3 mm polycarbonate films to electron beams with energies exceeding 3.5 MeV does not differ significantly.This comprehensive analysis indicates the potential of polycarbonate films as a high-radiation dose detection material.
基金supported by the INTERREG ALCOTRA project MITIMPACT,PNRR for Mission 4(Component 2,Notice 3264/2021,IR0000032)-ITINERIS-Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructure System CUP B53C22002150006Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No.3138 of December 16,2021,rectified by Decree n.3175 of December 18,2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU,Award Number:Project code CN_00000033,Concession Decree No.1034 of June 17,2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP,H43C22000530001 Project title“National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC”(Spoke 3 and 5)AP and IP were supported by the FOR-CLIMSOC Programme,Project ID PN23090101,financed by the Ministry of Research,Innovation,and Digitization in Romania.
文摘Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,although they cannot detect the diurnal peak when a significant part of stomatal O_(3)uptake occurs.This results into uncertainties for the calculation of stomatal O_(3)uptake.This study compares the stomatal-flux-based POD1(phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1))for forest trees/shrubs estimated from data collected by either passive samplers or active O_(3)monitors to evaluate O_(3)damage to plants in terms of O_(3)VFI in the Southern Alps.The study was conducted over two years(2018-2019)in a mountainous Alpine area(Valle Stura,Italy).An integrative monitoring station for active O_(3)monitoring,as well as passive O_(3)monitors,were installed in an open field area(OFD).The O_(3)VFI was investigated in woody species in the light exposed sampling Site(LESS—Betula pendula,Fagus sylvatica,Larix decidua,Populus tremula,Salix caprea,Rubus sp.and Vaccinium myrtillus)in late summer according to the international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests(ICP Forests)manual.The results confirmed that Fagus sylvatica and Rubus sp.are O_(3)-sensitive species showing relatively high POD1(>20 mmol m-2),while Larix decidua is O_(3)-tolerant.We derived flux-based critical levels(CL)corresponding to the presence of O_(3)VFI(5,25,and 50%of symptomatic plants along the LESS)from flux-effect relationships for forest protection against O_(3)VFI.The results support the hypothesis that passive samplers cannot detect episodic high stomatal O₃fluxes(>1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1)).According to the active monitoring,the CL for O_(3)VFI occurrence was estimated to be 17.1 mmol m-2 POD1 for 25%presence and 34.3 mmol m-2 POD1 for 50%presence of symptomatic plants,while passive samplers underestimated POD1 values for CL calculations by 17%on average,with underestimation increasing at higher CL thresholds.The findings demonstrate that active monitoring refines CLs towards a proper quantitative assessment of O_(3)impact,particularly in capturing peak flux events that are crucial for evaluating plant damage and emphasizes the importance of active O₃monitoring for reliable forest health assessments.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3210100).
文摘Vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)radiation is high-energy UV radiation with a wavelength of 100-200 nm capable of decomposing/mineralizing hazardous emerging organic pollutants(EPs)in water through direct photolysis and/or by generating reactive free radicals(RFRs)during photolysis.However,due to the unsatisfactory photoelectric conversion rate,strong absorption by oxygen and water molecules,and other characteristics of VUV radiation,its application and development are hindered,leading to misconceptions regarding high energy consumption and insufficient free radical yield.The objectives of our assessment in this review are as follows:The illumination of the photochemical characteristics of VUV and the reactivity of aqueous solutions.Summarization of accurate UV dose and energy evaluation criteria.Comparison and analysis of the photochemical mechanisms and reaction kinetics of different types of EPs via VUV direct photolysis,as well as the interference origins of typical substrates in water for VUV decontamination.We found that quantities typically reported in VUV photochemical reactions of engineered systems are underreported in low-pressure mercury lamp(LPUV)photochemical reactions,especially a quantitative indicator of the species or energy that induces a chemical reaction.The absence of these quantities has made it difficult to assess the fundamental performance of VUV photolysis fully compared with that of UV-C.Some studies have sought to optimize VUV-advanced reduction processes(VUV-ARP)or VUV reactor treatment of these contaminants;however,an abundant evaluation of the reaction origins and processes between VUV-derived main RFRs and reactants(H_(2)O,O_(2),organic matter,inorganic ions,etc.)is essential,cause these scientific elements will provide the possibility to break the application gap for VUV in the field of EPs treating.Overall,the data compilation,analysis,and research recommendations provided in this review will form the basis for all photochemical reactions initiated by VUV radiation with water as the backing agent.
基金supported in part by National R&D Program for Major Research Instruments of China(No.62027814)。
文摘This study focuses on a 60 V trench MOSFET device designed for operation in space radiation environments.By increasing the bulk region concentration and placing the etched gate trench after the P+implantation process,we successfully reduced the threshold voltage shift from 6.5 to 2.2 V under a total dose of 400 krad(Si)^(60)Co,allowing the device to operate normally.Structurally,by embedding the source metal in the active and terminal regions,the device demonstrated current degradation without experiencing single-event burnout when subjected to a drain voltage of 60 V and a linear energy transfer value of 75.4 MeV·cm^(2)∕mg from tantalum-ion incidence.TCAD simulations verified that the embedded source metal effectively suppressed parasitic transistor conduction and eliminated the base-region expansion effect,thereby lowering the maximum temperature from 8000 to 1400 K.The irradiation effects of the embedded source metal in the terminal region were also investigated,which can improve the reverse recovery and ensure that the terminal metal does not melt prematurely,thereby significantly enhancing the radiation hardness of the device.
文摘Hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)using a haploidentical family donor(HAPLO)was long thought to be non-feasible,essentially because of HLA incompatibility leading to graft rejection,severe acute(aGVH)and chronic(cGVH)graft versus host disease(GVH),severe infections and unacceptable nonrelapse mortality(NRM).The group in Perugia in the last decade of the past century[1],was the first to be successful by initiating a positive selection of CD34+cells from peripheral blood stem cell(PBSC)collections,providing T cell depleted grafts with very high doses of CD34+cells to be infused.When combined with intensive conditioning regimen and profound immunosuppression,the Perugia group obtained the first demonstration of feasibility and efficacy.They later improved their results in acute myeloid leukemia(AML)by showing that a mismatch for natural killer(NK)cells in the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR)-human leukocyte-antigen class I(HLA1)donor to recipient direction[2]decreased considerably the relapse incidence(RI).Unfortunately this approach was associated with severe infections,a high NRM and in addition was cumbersome and difficult to reproduce in other non-expert centers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 82204127 and 72204172)。
文摘Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and in China, has a 19.7% five-year survival rate due to terminal-stage diagnosis^([1-3]).Although low-dose computed tomography(CT) screening can reduce mortality, high false positive rates can create economic and psychological burdens.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2241221).
文摘This article introduces a novel 20 V radiation-hardened high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET)driver with an optimized input circuit and a drain-surrounding-source(DSS)structure.The input circuit of a conventional inverter consists of a thick-gate-oxide n-type MOSFET(NMOS).These conventional drivers can tolerate a total ionizing dose(TID)of up to 100 krad(Si).In contrast,the proposed comparator input circuit uses both a thick-gate-oxide p-type MOSFET(PMOS)and thin-gate-oxide NMOS to offer a high input voltage and higher TID tolerance.Because the thick-gate-oxide PMOS and thin-gate-oxide NMOS collectively provide better TID tolerance than the thick-gate-oxide NMOS,the circuit exhibits enhanced TID tolerance of>300 krad(Si).Simulations and experimental date indicate that the DSS structure reduces the probability of unwanted parasitic bipolar junction transistor activation,yielding a better single-event effect tolerance of over 81.8 MeVcm^(2)mg^(-1).The innovative strategy proposed in this study involves circuit and layout design optimization,and does not require any specialized process flow.Hence,the proposed circuit can be manufactured using common commercial 0.35μm BCD processes.
文摘INTERNAL DOSE RESEARCH PAPERS INTDOSKIT:An R-Code for Calculation of Dose Coefficients and Studying Their Uncertainties Bastian Breustedt 1,Niranjan Chavan 2,Thomas Makumbi 2(1.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Institute of Biomedical Engineering(IBT),Fritz-Haber-Weg 1,D-76131 Karlsruhe,Germany;2.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Institute for Thermal Energy Technology and Safety(ITES),Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1,76344 EggensteinLeopoldshafen,Germany)Abstract:An R-code,which allows the calculation of the time dependent activity distribution based on ICRP reference models,the number of decays in a commitment period,and the dose coefficients for tissues and organs of the human body,has been developed.R Language was chosen due to its powerful mathematical and statistical modeling features,as well as its graphical capabilities.
文摘Evaluation of a Commercially Available Radiochromic Film for Use as a Complementary Dosimeter for Rapid In-field Low Photon Equivalent Radiation Dose (≤50 mSv) Monitoring Nicky Nivi1, Helen Moise1,2, Ana Pejovic'-Milic'1(1. Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3;2. Autonomous and Radiological Technologies Section, Defense Research and Development Canada, PO Box 4000 Stn Main,Medicine Hat, Alberta, T1A 8K6).
基金Supported by the Key Natural Science Project of the Anhui Provincial Education Department Under,No.KJ2021A0746.
文摘With the rapid development of computed tomography(CT)technology,the widespread use of CT examinations in the evaluation of chest diseases in pediatrics has raised extensive concerns about radiation issues.This review first systematically summarizes the factors influencing radiation dose(detector,tube voltage,tube current-time product,field of view,and reconstruction algorithms)in pediatric chest computed tomography examinations.Methods to reduce radia-tion dose are also discussed,including the utilization of filters,automatic tube current modulation,automatic tube voltage selection,and organ dose modulation.Finally,the methods for individualized radiation dose calculation in pediatric chest CT examinations:effective dose,CT dosimetry software,Size-Specific Dose Estimate,and the Monte Carlo method are reviewed.Radiation exposure re-duction is a multifaceted issue.This review aims to provide an optimal scanning scheme for pediatric chest CT from different perspectives.
文摘BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD)is a rare condition characterised by dysmotile,immotile,or absent cilia.As a result of the impairment in respiratory mucociliary clearance,patients with PCD typically develop neonatal respiratory distress,nasal congestion,otitis media and recurrent respiratory infections leading to bronchiectasis and structural lung changes.These changes have been shown by chest computed tomography(CT)to develop in infancy and early childhood.Recent development and refinement of radiation-reducing CT techniques have allowed significant radiation dose reductions,with chest CT doses now in the range of chest radiography(CR).AIM To evaluate the efficacy of ultra-low dose CT(ULDCT)chest in identifying pulmonary changes within a PCD paediatric patient cohort.METHODS Paediatric patients with PCD who presented for routine clinical outpatient follow-up within the study period,were eligible for inclusion in the study.ULDCT and CR were performed on these patients and the results compared.Comparison metrics included radiation dose,subjective and objective image quality and disease severity.RESULTS Six paediatric patients(mean age 9 years)underwent clinically indicated ULDCT chest examinations and CR for surveillance of their PCD.The mean effective dose was 0.08±0.02 mSv,a dose that approximates that of a frontal and lateral chest radiograph.The average Brody II score across the entire cohort was 12.92,with excellent interrater reliability and intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC)of 0.98.The average Chrispin-Norman score on CR was 1 with excellent inter-rater reliability and ICC of 0.92.CONCLUSION ULDCT demonstrates superior diagnostic capabilities,minimal radiation dose penalty,and high interobserver reliability in comparison to CR.Thus,we advocate for ULDCT to be the preferred modality for surveillance imaging in paediatric PCD.
文摘BACKGROUND Blonanserin,a novel antipsychotic,has demonstrated efficacy in treating both positive and negative symptoms.However,limited research exists on its dose-dependent effectiveness and safety in patients with and without prominent nega-tive symptoms(PNS).AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of blonanserin monotherapy for first-episode schizophrenia in real-world clinical settings and to explore the efficacy and safety of different doses of blonanserin for patients with PNS and without PNS.METHODS A 12-week,multicenter,prospective post-marketing surveillance was conducted.In this study,we included patients with first-episode schizophrenia who received blonanserin monotherapy.Patients were divided into those with PNS and without PNS,based on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS)negative symptoms subscale scores.Additionally,patients were labeled as high-dose and low-dose was evaluated through the incidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs).RESULTS A total of 653 patients were included in the analysis,with 613 completing the study.The BPRS total score decreased significantly from 47.94±16.31 at baseline to 26.88±9.47 at 12 weeks(P<0.001).A significant interaction of PNS×dose×time was observed for BPRS total scores(F=3.47,P=0.040)and negative symptom subscale scores(F=6.76,P=0.002).In the PNS group,the high-dose group showed greater reductions in BPRS total scores(P=0.001)and negative symptom subscale scores(P=0.003)than the low-dose group in week 12.In the without PNS group,no significant difference was observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups at any visit.Most adverse reactions were mild or moderate,with extrapyramidal symptoms(9.3%)being most common;1.5%of patients gained≥7%body weight at 12 weeks.CONCLUSION Blonanserin effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms of first-episode schizophrenia with an acceptable safety profile.High-dose blonanserin is particularly beneficial for patients with PNS in the acute phase of first-episode schizophrenia.However,due to the limitation of ADR reporting the real world,the ADR incidence observed in this study may be underestimated.
文摘Objective Optimizing sedation to minimize respiratory depression during fiberoptic bronchoscopy(FOB)presents an ongoing challenge.This trial compared the safety and efficacy of remimazolam-remifentanil versus propofol-remifentanil for maintaining spontaneous ventilation in patients undergoing FOB.Methods This pre-registered randomized controlled trial enrolled 103 consecutive candidates for FOB(April 2023 to April 2024).After excluding 10 ineligible participants,93 were enrolled in a two-phase study.In the initial dose-determination phase,21 participants underwent dose escalation to establish the induction dose of remimazolam(0.35 mg/kg)using the modified Dixon’s method.Subsequently,72 participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to remimazolam-remifentanil group(Group R-R)or propofol-remifentanil group(Group P-R)(n=36 each).Remifentanil was administered by target-controlled infusion(3.0 ng/mL plasma concentration)in both groups.Group R-R received remimazolam 0.35 mg/kg,while Group P-R received propofol 2.0 mg/kg after remifentanil loading.Standardized supplemental doses were administered for inadequate sedation(Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score>1 or Bispectral index>75).The primary endpoint was the incidence of respiratory depression,defined as SpO2<95%or a respiratory rate<8 breaths/min.Secondary outcomes included procedure completion,movement or cough-related interruptions,hemodynamic stability,adverse events,procedural time,and satisfaction ratings from both bronchoscopists and participants.Results Group R-R demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of respiratory depression(11.1%vs.33.3%;P=0.045)and of hypotension requiring vasopressors(16.7%vs.41.7%;P=0.020).However,transient involuntary movements(25.0%vs.8.3%;P=0.111)and cough(38.9%vs.22.2%;P=0.125)were numerically more frequent in Group R-R,though not statistically significant.All procedures were completed successfully without discontinuation.Hypertension,arrhythmias,procedural times,and satisfaction scores were comparable between groups(all P>0.05).Conclusions Compared to propofol-remifentanil,remimazolam-remifentanil provides effective moderate sedation for FOB with superior respiratory safety and reduced hypotension requiring vasopressors,despite a numerically higher incidence of transient movement and cough.It thus represents a promising alternative for maintaining spontaneous ventilation during FOB.
文摘This study systematically investigates natural radioactivity in groundwater from the densely populated eastern Gonghe Basin in Qinghai Province,aiming to reveal its spatial distribution,origins,and potential health risks.The characteristics of gross-αand gross-βactivities,as well as the concentrations of nuclide including^(238)U,^(232)Th,and^(226)Ra,have been investigated in groundwater samples from 12 groups encompassing various types such as hot springs and artesian wells across different aquifer systems.Correlation analysis and dose estimation models were applied to preliminary estimate the radiation exposure to local residents and to explore the genesis and hazards of natural radioactivity in groundwater.Results indicate that overall groundwater radioactivity in the Gonghe Basin remains within acceptable limits,with mean gross-αand gross-βactivity concentrations of 0.32 Bq/L and 0.27 Bq/L,respectively.Approximately 83.33%of samples comply with relevant national standards.However,two fault-controlled high-temperature spring samples exhibited gross-αactivity exceeding regulatory limits,with one also showing elevated gross-βactivity surpassing China's Class III groundwater quality standards for radioactivity.Furthermore,single-radionuclideαradioactivity from^(230)Th,^(226)Ra,^(210)Po,and^(232)Th exceeded regulatory thresholds in some samples,suggesting potential long-term health risks.While most samples complied with effective dose limits,four showed^(210)Poαradioactivity exceedances within controllable risk ranges.The findings suggest that groundwater radioactivity in the region is primarily controlled by geological structures,lithology,and hydrothermal conditions,with fault zones and high-temperature environments serving as key factors in radionuclide enrichment.This research provides scientific foundation for the sustainable development of geothermal resources and the prevention of radioactive water contamination.Continuous monitoring of high-radioactivity hot springs and prudent resource utilization are recommended.
