To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defi...To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defined by CD4＋T lymphocyte （CD4） count and viral load （VL）. Of 29,294 patients infected with HIV-1 via contaminated blood donation or transfusion that had conducted for more than 20 years, 92 were LTNPs/VCs. There were 70 LTNPs （0.24%）, 43 VCs （0.15%）, and 48 LTNPs＋VCs- （0.16%）.展开更多
One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day...One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day because of the lack of available organs. Nearly, 70,000 people were waiting for a matching graft. An analysis of donation and transplantation variation across the European member states shows that since many years, Spain occupies a pioneer role, whereas Germany and Austria are lagging behind. From the legal and administrative perspective, Spain and Austria are quite similar with their presumed consent system （opting out）, whereas Germany has an informed consent system （opting in）. Hence, there must be other influencing factors like the way of multilevel communication leading to the following research question： How does multilevel communication influence organ donations in Spain, Germany, and Austria？ On the basis of a cross-country study, it can be shown that strategic communication on the （inter）personal and organizational level supported by the creation of public awareness on the national level is crucial for succeeding in closing the gap between demands and realized organ transplantation.展开更多
Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteri...Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteristics of the prisoners’ dilemma. This paper discusses why timely donations in the early stages of COVID-19 occurred. Based on the idea that donation is a strategy adopted by players during interconnection on account of their understanding of the environment, donation-related populations are placed on social networks and the inter-correlation structures in the population are described by scale-free networks. Players in donation-related populations are of four types: donors, illegal beneficiaries,legal beneficiaries, and inactive people. We model the evolutionary game of donation on a scale-free network. Donors,illegal beneficiaries and inactive people learn and update strategies under the Fermi update rule, whereas the conversion between legal beneficiaries and the other three types is determined by the environment surrounding the players. We study the evolution of cooperative action when the agglomeration coefficient, the parameters of the utility function, the noise intensity, the utility coefficient, the donation coefficient and the initial states of the population on the scale-free network change. For population sizes of 50, 100, 150, and 200, we give the utility functions and the agglomeration coefficients for promoting cooperation and study the corresponding steady states and structural characteristics of the population. We identify the best ranges of the noise intensity K, the donation coefficient α and the utility coefficient β for promoting cooperation at different population sizes. Furthermore, with the increase of the population size, the donor traps are found.At the same time, it is discovered that the initial states of the population have a great impact on the steady states;thus the upper and lower triangle phenomena are proposed. We also find that the population size itself is also an important factor for promoting donation, pointing out the direction of efforts to further promote donation and achieve better social homeostasis under the donation model.展开更多
Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular ba...Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular basis;sometimes from generation to generation and sometimes to outside of the family. Often new owners are not interested in forest management and sell off the asset. Some owners attempt to ensure their family forest remains pristine and undeveloped. This is leading to timberland donations to entities that can be expected to hold the donated forest permanently and ensure sustainable forest management. University foundations and forestry schools are increasingly receiving timberland as donations. It is a way for donors to monetize the asset (with tax breaks) and protect it at the same time. Foundations have a problem with timberland as they often don’t fully understand it as an investment. Certainly there are even times when a foundation should not accept it as a donation. The nature of timberland as an investment is explained, along with basic terminology that is common use. Age class distribution and the resulting cash flow dis- tribution is explained, as well as timber volume, harvest scheduling, timberland investment analysis, tim- ber value, timber sales, and timber contracts. All of these are tools foundation board members need to evaluate timberland donations.展开更多
Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have bee...Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have been considered. Although it was believed that the most critical factor in the organ shortage was the absence of a well-established social system, no prior studies attempted to analyze the issue from the perspective of the mechanisms and organizational behaviors. To identify common success factors of increasing organ donation, we conducted a qualitative survey in 5 countries promoting organ donations on a national level and increasing the number of organ donations. We found several important common factors: 1) to change from an explicit consent system to a presumed consent system with establishment of an appropriate in-hospital system, 2) to increase the level of job satisfaction of healthcare professionals and help them generating better results, 3) to demonstrate managements’ leadership for all staff to realize the importance of organ donations, 4) to establish an environment where medical professionals engaged in organ donations can appreciate autonomous working styles, the recognition of the importance of the work. It is suggested that these successful factors are introduced into Japan with long-, mid-term strategy to enhance organ donation.展开更多
Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advance...Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advancements,the role of culture in shaping the motivations and behaviors of donors remains an open area for exploration.By analyzing three different datasets,we elucidate the relationship between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations at the national,regional,and personal levels.A remarkable U-shaped pattern is revealed between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations.It is also found that the personal reputation strengthens the positive effect of individualism/collectivism on the donation amount,with a notably stronger influence on individualists than on collectivists.Furthermore,collectivists prefer to allocate donations to acquaintances,whereas individualists tend to direct their contributions towards strangers.Our results not only provide an understanding of the psychological and social mechanisms that underlie cultural influences on charitable giving but also highlight the importance of considering cultural contexts when designing strategies to encourage and enhance charitable donations.展开更多
April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donat...April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donation held on April 1.To date,58,000 posthumous organ donation surgeries,more than 63,000 body donations and over 110,000 corneal donations have been carried out.These donations have saved the lives of more than 170,000 people experiencing organ failure,and restored sight to over 100,000 individuals.To honor the donors,over 280 memorial sites have been established around China.During the Qingming Festival each year,commemorative events will be held across the country to promote awareness of and encourage greater public participation in this life-saving initiative.展开更多
The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established b...The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.展开更多
Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices...Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.展开更多
The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discont...The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.展开更多
BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes...BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes and barriers toward organ donation.METHODSA cross-sectional study was adopted and included 607 samples consisting ofstudents, faculty, and staff who were selected from three universities in Ajmanand who had signed consent forms. A validated self-administered questionnairethat included 13 attitudes and 14 barrier items was used as a tool. The reliabilityof the tool was 0.89 (Cronbach's alpha). In the analysis of attitude scores, responseswere rated on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 representing 'strongly disagree'and 4 representing 'strongly agree' for supportive attitudes towards organdonation. Participants with a total attitude score of 39 or higher indicated agreementor strong agreement with all items, reflecting a generally supportiveattitude toward organ donation. Lower scores suggested that the respondent wasneutral or disagreed with one or more items, indicating a less supportive attitudetoward organ donation. Knowledge about organ donation was assessed by selfadministeredquestionnaire that included 13 items. Analysis was done using SPSSversion 29. χ2 was used to assess associations between variables.RESULTSMost participants were young (≤ 30 years old, 83.7%), female (79.2%), from World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (69.5%), Muslim (82.4%), students (80.6%), single(83.9%), and from a nursing college (33.1%). The majority had no personal or family history of organ donation(93.2% and 93.9%, respectively). Supportive attitudes toward organ donation were significantly associated withreligion (P = 0.003), working status (P = 0.009), university (P = 0.019), and knowledge (P < 0.001). Additionally,those with a personal or family history of organ donation were significantly more supportive (56.8% vs 33.3%, P =0.004). Lack of awareness was the most reported barrier for organ donation (64.1%) followed by being afraid oforgan donation due to medical procedures required (51.9%).CONCLUSIONThe findings suggest that supportive attitudes toward organ donation are influenced by demographic factors,personal experiences, and knowledge levels. Lack of awareness and fear of medical procedures were the mostreported barriers to organ donation. These results highlight the need for targeted educational programs to increaseawareness and promote positive attitudes toward organ donation.展开更多
China’s rice donation to Uganda’s drought-stricken Karamoja sub-region saves thousands from starvation.Afriend in need is a friend indeed,said Thomas Lokirut,an elder from Uganda’s Karamojong people after learning ...China’s rice donation to Uganda’s drought-stricken Karamoja sub-region saves thousands from starvation.Afriend in need is a friend indeed,said Thomas Lokirut,an elder from Uganda’s Karamojong people after learning that China had donated 1,610 tonnes of rice to his people.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver disease is a major cause of mortality in Mexico.Liver transplantation(LT)remains severely limited,and there are no reports on equity of access.AIM To analyze geographical disparities in LT access in M...BACKGROUND Liver disease is a major cause of mortality in Mexico.Liver transplantation(LT)remains severely limited,and there are no reports on equity of access.AIM To analyze geographical disparities in LT access in Mexico.METHODS LT waitlist registrations and LT rates in Mexico from 2014 to 2023 were assessed.LT listings per million persons(pmp)were calculated.Observed-to-expected listings were calculated by controlling listings pmp and mortality rate per 10000.LT and waitlist mortality was calculated as 90-day rate,overall rate and rate per 100 person-years.We compared access to waitlist,transplantation and mortality between patients living in Mexican States with higher LT activity and those living in other States.RESULTS There were 2600 new waitlist registrations;1572 registrations(60.4%)living in Mexico City and State,Jalisco and Nuevo Leon.There were 1755 LT;92.5%of them performed in States with higher LT activity,and 1101(62.7%vs 37.3%;P<0.001)done in patients living in those States.Listings pmp in the Mexican States with high LT activity were 3.8,1.5 vs 1.2,0.6(P<0.001);observed-to-expected listings were 1.3,0.4 vs 0.4,0.2(P<0.001);LT pmp were 2.7,0.9 vs 0.7,0.5(P<0.001).After controlling for other variables,patients living in high LT activity States had a HR 1.14(95%CI:1.03-1.26;P=0.009)to be a case of transplantation after listing.CONCLUSION Geographic disparities substantially affect LT access in Mexico.The population living near Transplant Centers has a 3.2-fold higher access to the waiting list and a 3.8-fold higher likelihood of LT.Current referral system,and resource allocation need urgent revision to remove the barriers associated with geographic disparity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Opioids are commonly used for management of post-operative pain in living kidney donors.Reducing exposure to opioids is desirable to minimize risk of dependence and potential side effects such as nausea,vom...BACKGROUND Opioids are commonly used for management of post-operative pain in living kidney donors.Reducing exposure to opioids is desirable to minimize risk of dependence and potential side effects such as nausea,vomiting,and constipation which may delay discharge.Liposomal bupivacaine,ketorolac,and scheduled acetaminophen have all demonstrated efficacy for management of post-operative pain in this population.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of an opioid-sparing protocol utilizing a multimodal pain management approach in living kidney donors post-nephrectomy.METHODS Single-center,retrospective chart review study examining 52 living kidney donors(26 pre-protocol implementation,26 post-protocol implementation)from May 24th,2019 to September 27th,2023.Patients in the post-protocol group received intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine,hydromorphone PCA(until able to tolerate oral medications),15 mg of intravenous ketorolac every 6 hours for 3 doses,and scheduled oral acetaminophen,in addition to oxycodone as needed for moderate to severe pain.The primary endpoint was oral morphine equivalent(OME)use within 48 hours post-surgery.Secondary endpoints include average daily pain scale within 48 hours post-surgery,length of stay(LOS)(days),and incidence of new acute kidney injury(AKI)or gastrointestinal(GI)bleed during admission per provider.Differences between the pre-and post-protocol implementation groups were compared utilizing the exact Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and either the Fisher’s Exact orχ^(2) test for categorical variables.RESULTS Patients in the pre-protocol implementation group received more OME(mg)within 48 hours post-surgery when compared to the post-protocol group(median:84.5 vs 69.0).The median of total OME over the course of admission was numerically greater the pre-protocol group(105.0 vs 69.0),and was significantly more per LOS(41.3 vs 25.7,P=0.02).Average daily pain score was not statistically significantly different between the two groups on postoperative day 1(median:5.3 vs 4.4;P=0.43)and post-operative day 2(median:4.7 vs 5.2;P=0.96).No significant differences were found in provider-identified incidences of AKI or GI bleeding during admission.There was no difference in serum creatinine at the time of discharge between the two groups.CONCLUSION A multimodal,opioid-sparing pain management protocol was as effective for pain control and resulted in significantly less opioid daily exposure over LOS.No adverse events were found related to use of ketorolac in patients undergoing donor nephrectomy.Our findings suggest that an opioid-sparing protocol is both safe and effective at minimizing opioid exposure and managing post-operative pain within the first 48 hours post-surgery.展开更多
BACKGROUND Organ donation and transplantation are vital for saving lives,yet awareness remains limited.Health literacy,the ability to understand and use health information,and self-control,which influences decision-ma...BACKGROUND Organ donation and transplantation are vital for saving lives,yet awareness remains limited.Health literacy,the ability to understand and use health information,and self-control,which influences decision-making,are crucial factors in promoting awareness.Understanding their relationship can guide efforts to increase participation in organ donation.AIM To investigate the effect of health literacy on organ donation and transplantation awareness,with self-control acting as a mediator,and to emphasize its importance.METHODS The study comprised 345 adults recruited from five different cities in Türkiye.The sample included 208 women(60.29%)and 137 men(39.71%).The age range of the sample group varies between 18 and 49(median age=24.13;SD=8.81).Selfreport data were collected including psychometric measures assessing organ donation and transplantation awareness,health literacy,and self-control.Reliability analysis,descriptive statistics,correlational analysis,and mediational analysis of the data were carried.RESULTS The analysis showed that health literacy was positively correlated with organ donation and transplantation awareness(r=0.340)and self-control(r=0.376).Self-control was positively related to organ donation and transplantation awareness(r=0.531).Mediating analysis supported a mediation model where health literacy was found to influence organ donation and transplantation awareness via self-control(bootstrap=0.158,95%confidence interval=0.105-0.215).CONCLUSION The results indicate that self-control mediates the positive relationship between health literacy and organ donation and transplantation awareness.Enhancing individuals’health literacy may therefore increase awareness of organ donation and transplantation through improvements in self-control.展开更多
In a crumbling tech hub near the marginal coastline,young Angolan developers,despite the challenges of unreliable Internet and dependence on foreign APIs(application programming interfaces),are tapping on donated lapt...In a crumbling tech hub near the marginal coastline,young Angolan developers,despite the challenges of unreliable Internet and dependence on foreign APIs(application programming interfaces),are tapping on donated laptops,debugging health apps that alert rural clinics of disease outbreaks.Their resilience and determination in the face of such obstacles are not just a source of innovation,but also of inspiration and hope.展开更多
BACKGROUND Marginal donation after circulatory death(DCD)liver grafts are carefully used to combat the constant shortage of donors.Clinically,the worst outcomes are mainly related to severe ischemia-reperfusion-injury...BACKGROUND Marginal donation after circulatory death(DCD)liver grafts are carefully used to combat the constant shortage of donors.Clinically,the worst outcomes are mainly related to severe ischemia-reperfusion-injury and the dangerous effect of various inflammatory cytokines(CK).The machine perfusion(MP)is a promising device to rescue these grafts.AIM To analyze the role of MP connected to a sorbent cartridge(PerSorb®)and used for very damaged DCD pig livers.METHODS Seven grafts were procured from pigs from a slaughterhouse.Grafts were made very marginal with at least 60 minutes of donor warm ischemia time and 24 hours of static-cold ischemia time:(1)3 grafts were perfused in hypothermic MP with PerSorb(Sorb);(2)2 other grafts in hypothermic MP(HMP)without the cartridge(NoSorb);and(3)The other 2 livers stored in the ice box(NoTreat).The CK were measured at HMP start(T0)and at the end(Tend).Biopsies were taken at T0 and Tend.RESULTS All 5 grafts treated with HMP had a negative lactate trend after 3 hours of treatment(8.83 at T0 vs 6.4 at Tend of Sorb;15 at T0 vs 5.45 at Tend for NoSorb,P value>0.05).At Tend,both Sorb and NoSorb groups had better hemodynamic parameters,comparable between the two groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed a reduction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1βfor NoSorb group at Tend and a complete downregulation to physiological levels of the same CK in Sorb livers after 3 hours of treatment.Biopsies showed a reduction of the perisinusoidal edema for the Sorb grafts compared with the NoSorb livers.CONCLUSION These data suggest a potential protective role of treatment of grafts with MP and sorbent cartridge in reducing the inflammatory response after a severe ischemic injury.展开更多
Khan et al’single-centre,retrospective study on the use of right or left kidneys in living-donor renal transplantation,offers the opportunity to further discuss a complex and debated topic in clinical transplantation...Khan et al’single-centre,retrospective study on the use of right or left kidneys in living-donor renal transplantation,offers the opportunity to further discuss a complex and debated topic in clinical transplantation.In brief,the authors confirm that,despite the historical preference for left kidneys,attributed to their anatomical advantages during donor nephrectomy and recipient transplantation,right kidneys can provide excellent outcomes when donors and recipients are carefully selected,and a meticulous surgical technique is applied in every step of the process.Usefully,the article includes some practical tips to help less experienced surgeons address the technical challenges of right kidney transplantation,such as extended renal vein dissection or full mobilization of the iliac vein of the recipient to minimize tension during anastomosis.Although limited by the selective use of minimally invasive(MI)nephrectomy for left kidneys,this work underscores the importance of expanding the living-donor pool,challenging the traditional taboos,and facilitating access to transplantation for a wider population of patients around the globe.Properly designed studies with larger sample size,comparable MI surgical techniques,prospective data collection,and long-term donor and recipient outcomes are warranted.展开更多
基金supported by grants from The National Key Science and Technology Projects on Major Infectious Disease Grant[2012ZX10001‐002 and 2017ZX10105009]Key Projects for Science and Technology Development of Henan Province[142102310076 and 162300410123]
文摘To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defined by CD4＋T lymphocyte （CD4） count and viral load （VL）. Of 29,294 patients infected with HIV-1 via contaminated blood donation or transfusion that had conducted for more than 20 years, 92 were LTNPs/VCs. There were 70 LTNPs （0.24%）, 43 VCs （0.15%）, and 48 LTNPs＋VCs- （0.16%）.
文摘One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day because of the lack of available organs. Nearly, 70,000 people were waiting for a matching graft. An analysis of donation and transplantation variation across the European member states shows that since many years, Spain occupies a pioneer role, whereas Germany and Austria are lagging behind. From the legal and administrative perspective, Spain and Austria are quite similar with their presumed consent system （opting out）, whereas Germany has an informed consent system （opting in）. Hence, there must be other influencing factors like the way of multilevel communication leading to the following research question： How does multilevel communication influence organ donations in Spain, Germany, and Austria？ On the basis of a cross-country study, it can be shown that strategic communication on the （inter）personal and organizational level supported by the creation of public awareness on the national level is crucial for succeeding in closing the gap between demands and realized organ transplantation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72031009 and 71871171)the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20&ZD058)。
文摘Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteristics of the prisoners’ dilemma. This paper discusses why timely donations in the early stages of COVID-19 occurred. Based on the idea that donation is a strategy adopted by players during interconnection on account of their understanding of the environment, donation-related populations are placed on social networks and the inter-correlation structures in the population are described by scale-free networks. Players in donation-related populations are of four types: donors, illegal beneficiaries,legal beneficiaries, and inactive people. We model the evolutionary game of donation on a scale-free network. Donors,illegal beneficiaries and inactive people learn and update strategies under the Fermi update rule, whereas the conversion between legal beneficiaries and the other three types is determined by the environment surrounding the players. We study the evolution of cooperative action when the agglomeration coefficient, the parameters of the utility function, the noise intensity, the utility coefficient, the donation coefficient and the initial states of the population on the scale-free network change. For population sizes of 50, 100, 150, and 200, we give the utility functions and the agglomeration coefficients for promoting cooperation and study the corresponding steady states and structural characteristics of the population. We identify the best ranges of the noise intensity K, the donation coefficient α and the utility coefficient β for promoting cooperation at different population sizes. Furthermore, with the increase of the population size, the donor traps are found.At the same time, it is discovered that the initial states of the population have a great impact on the steady states;thus the upper and lower triangle phenomena are proposed. We also find that the population size itself is also an important factor for promoting donation, pointing out the direction of efforts to further promote donation and achieve better social homeostasis under the donation model.
文摘Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular basis;sometimes from generation to generation and sometimes to outside of the family. Often new owners are not interested in forest management and sell off the asset. Some owners attempt to ensure their family forest remains pristine and undeveloped. This is leading to timberland donations to entities that can be expected to hold the donated forest permanently and ensure sustainable forest management. University foundations and forestry schools are increasingly receiving timberland as donations. It is a way for donors to monetize the asset (with tax breaks) and protect it at the same time. Foundations have a problem with timberland as they often don’t fully understand it as an investment. Certainly there are even times when a foundation should not accept it as a donation. The nature of timberland as an investment is explained, along with basic terminology that is common use. Age class distribution and the resulting cash flow dis- tribution is explained, as well as timber volume, harvest scheduling, timberland investment analysis, tim- ber value, timber sales, and timber contracts. All of these are tools foundation board members need to evaluate timberland donations.
文摘Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have been considered. Although it was believed that the most critical factor in the organ shortage was the absence of a well-established social system, no prior studies attempted to analyze the issue from the perspective of the mechanisms and organizational behaviors. To identify common success factors of increasing organ donation, we conducted a qualitative survey in 5 countries promoting organ donations on a national level and increasing the number of organ donations. We found several important common factors: 1) to change from an explicit consent system to a presumed consent system with establishment of an appropriate in-hospital system, 2) to increase the level of job satisfaction of healthcare professionals and help them generating better results, 3) to demonstrate managements’ leadership for all staff to realize the importance of organ donations, 4) to establish an environment where medical professionals engaged in organ donations can appreciate autonomous working styles, the recognition of the importance of the work. It is suggested that these successful factors are introduced into Japan with long-, mid-term strategy to enhance organ donation.
文摘Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advancements,the role of culture in shaping the motivations and behaviors of donors remains an open area for exploration.By analyzing three different datasets,we elucidate the relationship between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations at the national,regional,and personal levels.A remarkable U-shaped pattern is revealed between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations.It is also found that the personal reputation strengthens the positive effect of individualism/collectivism on the donation amount,with a notably stronger influence on individualists than on collectivists.Furthermore,collectivists prefer to allocate donations to acquaintances,whereas individualists tend to direct their contributions towards strangers.Our results not only provide an understanding of the psychological and social mechanisms that underlie cultural influences on charitable giving but also highlight the importance of considering cultural contexts when designing strategies to encourage and enhance charitable donations.
文摘April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donation held on April 1.To date,58,000 posthumous organ donation surgeries,more than 63,000 body donations and over 110,000 corneal donations have been carried out.These donations have saved the lives of more than 170,000 people experiencing organ failure,and restored sight to over 100,000 individuals.To honor the donors,over 280 memorial sites have been established around China.During the Qingming Festival each year,commemorative events will be held across the country to promote awareness of and encourage greater public participation in this life-saving initiative.
文摘The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.
文摘Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.72203180)Huazhong University of Science and Technology Double First-class Funds for Humanities and Social Sciences。
文摘The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.
文摘BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes and barriers toward organ donation.METHODSA cross-sectional study was adopted and included 607 samples consisting ofstudents, faculty, and staff who were selected from three universities in Ajmanand who had signed consent forms. A validated self-administered questionnairethat included 13 attitudes and 14 barrier items was used as a tool. The reliabilityof the tool was 0.89 (Cronbach's alpha). In the analysis of attitude scores, responseswere rated on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 representing 'strongly disagree'and 4 representing 'strongly agree' for supportive attitudes towards organdonation. Participants with a total attitude score of 39 or higher indicated agreementor strong agreement with all items, reflecting a generally supportiveattitude toward organ donation. Lower scores suggested that the respondent wasneutral or disagreed with one or more items, indicating a less supportive attitudetoward organ donation. Knowledge about organ donation was assessed by selfadministeredquestionnaire that included 13 items. Analysis was done using SPSSversion 29. χ2 was used to assess associations between variables.RESULTSMost participants were young (≤ 30 years old, 83.7%), female (79.2%), from World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (69.5%), Muslim (82.4%), students (80.6%), single(83.9%), and from a nursing college (33.1%). The majority had no personal or family history of organ donation(93.2% and 93.9%, respectively). Supportive attitudes toward organ donation were significantly associated withreligion (P = 0.003), working status (P = 0.009), university (P = 0.019), and knowledge (P < 0.001). Additionally,those with a personal or family history of organ donation were significantly more supportive (56.8% vs 33.3%, P =0.004). Lack of awareness was the most reported barrier for organ donation (64.1%) followed by being afraid oforgan donation due to medical procedures required (51.9%).CONCLUSIONThe findings suggest that supportive attitudes toward organ donation are influenced by demographic factors,personal experiences, and knowledge levels. Lack of awareness and fear of medical procedures were the mostreported barriers to organ donation. These results highlight the need for targeted educational programs to increaseawareness and promote positive attitudes toward organ donation.
文摘China’s rice donation to Uganda’s drought-stricken Karamoja sub-region saves thousands from starvation.Afriend in need is a friend indeed,said Thomas Lokirut,an elder from Uganda’s Karamojong people after learning that China had donated 1,610 tonnes of rice to his people.
文摘BACKGROUND Liver disease is a major cause of mortality in Mexico.Liver transplantation(LT)remains severely limited,and there are no reports on equity of access.AIM To analyze geographical disparities in LT access in Mexico.METHODS LT waitlist registrations and LT rates in Mexico from 2014 to 2023 were assessed.LT listings per million persons(pmp)were calculated.Observed-to-expected listings were calculated by controlling listings pmp and mortality rate per 10000.LT and waitlist mortality was calculated as 90-day rate,overall rate and rate per 100 person-years.We compared access to waitlist,transplantation and mortality between patients living in Mexican States with higher LT activity and those living in other States.RESULTS There were 2600 new waitlist registrations;1572 registrations(60.4%)living in Mexico City and State,Jalisco and Nuevo Leon.There were 1755 LT;92.5%of them performed in States with higher LT activity,and 1101(62.7%vs 37.3%;P<0.001)done in patients living in those States.Listings pmp in the Mexican States with high LT activity were 3.8,1.5 vs 1.2,0.6(P<0.001);observed-to-expected listings were 1.3,0.4 vs 0.4,0.2(P<0.001);LT pmp were 2.7,0.9 vs 0.7,0.5(P<0.001).After controlling for other variables,patients living in high LT activity States had a HR 1.14(95%CI:1.03-1.26;P=0.009)to be a case of transplantation after listing.CONCLUSION Geographic disparities substantially affect LT access in Mexico.The population living near Transplant Centers has a 3.2-fold higher access to the waiting list and a 3.8-fold higher likelihood of LT.Current referral system,and resource allocation need urgent revision to remove the barriers associated with geographic disparity.
文摘BACKGROUND Opioids are commonly used for management of post-operative pain in living kidney donors.Reducing exposure to opioids is desirable to minimize risk of dependence and potential side effects such as nausea,vomiting,and constipation which may delay discharge.Liposomal bupivacaine,ketorolac,and scheduled acetaminophen have all demonstrated efficacy for management of post-operative pain in this population.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of an opioid-sparing protocol utilizing a multimodal pain management approach in living kidney donors post-nephrectomy.METHODS Single-center,retrospective chart review study examining 52 living kidney donors(26 pre-protocol implementation,26 post-protocol implementation)from May 24th,2019 to September 27th,2023.Patients in the post-protocol group received intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine,hydromorphone PCA(until able to tolerate oral medications),15 mg of intravenous ketorolac every 6 hours for 3 doses,and scheduled oral acetaminophen,in addition to oxycodone as needed for moderate to severe pain.The primary endpoint was oral morphine equivalent(OME)use within 48 hours post-surgery.Secondary endpoints include average daily pain scale within 48 hours post-surgery,length of stay(LOS)(days),and incidence of new acute kidney injury(AKI)or gastrointestinal(GI)bleed during admission per provider.Differences between the pre-and post-protocol implementation groups were compared utilizing the exact Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and either the Fisher’s Exact orχ^(2) test for categorical variables.RESULTS Patients in the pre-protocol implementation group received more OME(mg)within 48 hours post-surgery when compared to the post-protocol group(median:84.5 vs 69.0).The median of total OME over the course of admission was numerically greater the pre-protocol group(105.0 vs 69.0),and was significantly more per LOS(41.3 vs 25.7,P=0.02).Average daily pain score was not statistically significantly different between the two groups on postoperative day 1(median:5.3 vs 4.4;P=0.43)and post-operative day 2(median:4.7 vs 5.2;P=0.96).No significant differences were found in provider-identified incidences of AKI or GI bleeding during admission.There was no difference in serum creatinine at the time of discharge between the two groups.CONCLUSION A multimodal,opioid-sparing pain management protocol was as effective for pain control and resulted in significantly less opioid daily exposure over LOS.No adverse events were found related to use of ketorolac in patients undergoing donor nephrectomy.Our findings suggest that an opioid-sparing protocol is both safe and effective at minimizing opioid exposure and managing post-operative pain within the first 48 hours post-surgery.
文摘BACKGROUND Organ donation and transplantation are vital for saving lives,yet awareness remains limited.Health literacy,the ability to understand and use health information,and self-control,which influences decision-making,are crucial factors in promoting awareness.Understanding their relationship can guide efforts to increase participation in organ donation.AIM To investigate the effect of health literacy on organ donation and transplantation awareness,with self-control acting as a mediator,and to emphasize its importance.METHODS The study comprised 345 adults recruited from five different cities in Türkiye.The sample included 208 women(60.29%)and 137 men(39.71%).The age range of the sample group varies between 18 and 49(median age=24.13;SD=8.81).Selfreport data were collected including psychometric measures assessing organ donation and transplantation awareness,health literacy,and self-control.Reliability analysis,descriptive statistics,correlational analysis,and mediational analysis of the data were carried.RESULTS The analysis showed that health literacy was positively correlated with organ donation and transplantation awareness(r=0.340)and self-control(r=0.376).Self-control was positively related to organ donation and transplantation awareness(r=0.531).Mediating analysis supported a mediation model where health literacy was found to influence organ donation and transplantation awareness via self-control(bootstrap=0.158,95%confidence interval=0.105-0.215).CONCLUSION The results indicate that self-control mediates the positive relationship between health literacy and organ donation and transplantation awareness.Enhancing individuals’health literacy may therefore increase awareness of organ donation and transplantation through improvements in self-control.
文摘In a crumbling tech hub near the marginal coastline,young Angolan developers,despite the challenges of unreliable Internet and dependence on foreign APIs(application programming interfaces),are tapping on donated laptops,debugging health apps that alert rural clinics of disease outbreaks.Their resilience and determination in the face of such obstacles are not just a source of innovation,but also of inspiration and hope.
文摘BACKGROUND Marginal donation after circulatory death(DCD)liver grafts are carefully used to combat the constant shortage of donors.Clinically,the worst outcomes are mainly related to severe ischemia-reperfusion-injury and the dangerous effect of various inflammatory cytokines(CK).The machine perfusion(MP)is a promising device to rescue these grafts.AIM To analyze the role of MP connected to a sorbent cartridge(PerSorb®)and used for very damaged DCD pig livers.METHODS Seven grafts were procured from pigs from a slaughterhouse.Grafts were made very marginal with at least 60 minutes of donor warm ischemia time and 24 hours of static-cold ischemia time:(1)3 grafts were perfused in hypothermic MP with PerSorb(Sorb);(2)2 other grafts in hypothermic MP(HMP)without the cartridge(NoSorb);and(3)The other 2 livers stored in the ice box(NoTreat).The CK were measured at HMP start(T0)and at the end(Tend).Biopsies were taken at T0 and Tend.RESULTS All 5 grafts treated with HMP had a negative lactate trend after 3 hours of treatment(8.83 at T0 vs 6.4 at Tend of Sorb;15 at T0 vs 5.45 at Tend for NoSorb,P value>0.05).At Tend,both Sorb and NoSorb groups had better hemodynamic parameters,comparable between the two groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed a reduction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1βfor NoSorb group at Tend and a complete downregulation to physiological levels of the same CK in Sorb livers after 3 hours of treatment.Biopsies showed a reduction of the perisinusoidal edema for the Sorb grafts compared with the NoSorb livers.CONCLUSION These data suggest a potential protective role of treatment of grafts with MP and sorbent cartridge in reducing the inflammatory response after a severe ischemic injury.
文摘Khan et al’single-centre,retrospective study on the use of right or left kidneys in living-donor renal transplantation,offers the opportunity to further discuss a complex and debated topic in clinical transplantation.In brief,the authors confirm that,despite the historical preference for left kidneys,attributed to their anatomical advantages during donor nephrectomy and recipient transplantation,right kidneys can provide excellent outcomes when donors and recipients are carefully selected,and a meticulous surgical technique is applied in every step of the process.Usefully,the article includes some practical tips to help less experienced surgeons address the technical challenges of right kidney transplantation,such as extended renal vein dissection or full mobilization of the iliac vein of the recipient to minimize tension during anastomosis.Although limited by the selective use of minimally invasive(MI)nephrectomy for left kidneys,this work underscores the importance of expanding the living-donor pool,challenging the traditional taboos,and facilitating access to transplantation for a wider population of patients around the globe.Properly designed studies with larger sample size,comparable MI surgical techniques,prospective data collection,and long-term donor and recipient outcomes are warranted.
