To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defi...To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defined by CD4＋T lymphocyte （CD4） count and viral load （VL）. Of 29,294 patients infected with HIV-1 via contaminated blood donation or transfusion that had conducted for more than 20 years, 92 were LTNPs/VCs. There were 70 LTNPs （0.24%）, 43 VCs （0.15%）, and 48 LTNPs＋VCs- （0.16%）.展开更多
One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day...One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day because of the lack of available organs. Nearly, 70,000 people were waiting for a matching graft. An analysis of donation and transplantation variation across the European member states shows that since many years, Spain occupies a pioneer role, whereas Germany and Austria are lagging behind. From the legal and administrative perspective, Spain and Austria are quite similar with their presumed consent system （opting out）, whereas Germany has an informed consent system （opting in）. Hence, there must be other influencing factors like the way of multilevel communication leading to the following research question： How does multilevel communication influence organ donations in Spain, Germany, and Austria？ On the basis of a cross-country study, it can be shown that strategic communication on the （inter）personal and organizational level supported by the creation of public awareness on the national level is crucial for succeeding in closing the gap between demands and realized organ transplantation.展开更多
Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteri...Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteristics of the prisoners’ dilemma. This paper discusses why timely donations in the early stages of COVID-19 occurred. Based on the idea that donation is a strategy adopted by players during interconnection on account of their understanding of the environment, donation-related populations are placed on social networks and the inter-correlation structures in the population are described by scale-free networks. Players in donation-related populations are of four types: donors, illegal beneficiaries,legal beneficiaries, and inactive people. We model the evolutionary game of donation on a scale-free network. Donors,illegal beneficiaries and inactive people learn and update strategies under the Fermi update rule, whereas the conversion between legal beneficiaries and the other three types is determined by the environment surrounding the players. We study the evolution of cooperative action when the agglomeration coefficient, the parameters of the utility function, the noise intensity, the utility coefficient, the donation coefficient and the initial states of the population on the scale-free network change. For population sizes of 50, 100, 150, and 200, we give the utility functions and the agglomeration coefficients for promoting cooperation and study the corresponding steady states and structural characteristics of the population. We identify the best ranges of the noise intensity K, the donation coefficient α and the utility coefficient β for promoting cooperation at different population sizes. Furthermore, with the increase of the population size, the donor traps are found.At the same time, it is discovered that the initial states of the population have a great impact on the steady states;thus the upper and lower triangle phenomena are proposed. We also find that the population size itself is also an important factor for promoting donation, pointing out the direction of efforts to further promote donation and achieve better social homeostasis under the donation model.展开更多
Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular ba...Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular basis;sometimes from generation to generation and sometimes to outside of the family. Often new owners are not interested in forest management and sell off the asset. Some owners attempt to ensure their family forest remains pristine and undeveloped. This is leading to timberland donations to entities that can be expected to hold the donated forest permanently and ensure sustainable forest management. University foundations and forestry schools are increasingly receiving timberland as donations. It is a way for donors to monetize the asset (with tax breaks) and protect it at the same time. Foundations have a problem with timberland as they often don’t fully understand it as an investment. Certainly there are even times when a foundation should not accept it as a donation. The nature of timberland as an investment is explained, along with basic terminology that is common use. Age class distribution and the resulting cash flow dis- tribution is explained, as well as timber volume, harvest scheduling, timberland investment analysis, tim- ber value, timber sales, and timber contracts. All of these are tools foundation board members need to evaluate timberland donations.展开更多
Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have bee...Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have been considered. Although it was believed that the most critical factor in the organ shortage was the absence of a well-established social system, no prior studies attempted to analyze the issue from the perspective of the mechanisms and organizational behaviors. To identify common success factors of increasing organ donation, we conducted a qualitative survey in 5 countries promoting organ donations on a national level and increasing the number of organ donations. We found several important common factors: 1) to change from an explicit consent system to a presumed consent system with establishment of an appropriate in-hospital system, 2) to increase the level of job satisfaction of healthcare professionals and help them generating better results, 3) to demonstrate managements’ leadership for all staff to realize the importance of organ donations, 4) to establish an environment where medical professionals engaged in organ donations can appreciate autonomous working styles, the recognition of the importance of the work. It is suggested that these successful factors are introduced into Japan with long-, mid-term strategy to enhance organ donation.展开更多
Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advance...Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advancements,the role of culture in shaping the motivations and behaviors of donors remains an open area for exploration.By analyzing three different datasets,we elucidate the relationship between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations at the national,regional,and personal levels.A remarkable U-shaped pattern is revealed between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations.It is also found that the personal reputation strengthens the positive effect of individualism/collectivism on the donation amount,with a notably stronger influence on individualists than on collectivists.Furthermore,collectivists prefer to allocate donations to acquaintances,whereas individualists tend to direct their contributions towards strangers.Our results not only provide an understanding of the psychological and social mechanisms that underlie cultural influences on charitable giving but also highlight the importance of considering cultural contexts when designing strategies to encourage and enhance charitable donations.展开更多
The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discont...The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.展开更多
On June 21, at the inauguration of the Beijing Normal University One Foundation Philanthropy Research Institute, Wang Zhenyao, the institute’s Dean and former Director of the Social Welfare and
BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparosc...BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparoscopic procedures,are well-established in high-income countries and are being increasingly adopted worldwide.Nevertheless,no studies have reported surgical outcomes of RALDN donor nephrectomy from a United Kingdom center to date.AIM To compare surgical outcomes between RALDN and HALDN laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in a United Kingdom high-volume living kidney donor transplant program.METHODS A case-control matching analysis was performed based on the following parameters:Sex,age,body mass index,procedure laterality,number of renal arteries,and previous abdominal surgeries.Key surgical outcomes,including primary warm ischemia time,operative duration,and post-operative recovery,were evaluated.RESULTS In this cohort of 140 living donors(70 RALDN vs 70 HALDN),donor and recipient outcomes were equivalent across key metrics:Pain scores,overall complication rates,readmissions,reoperations,and creatinine levels at 30 days and 1 year.Recipient long-term renal function did not differ between groups.Operative time for RALDN decreased significantly over the study period,indicating progressive improvement along the learning curve.Although RALDN was associated with a modestly longer mean warm ischaemia time(3.53 minutes vs 2.76 minutes,P<0.001)and extended hospital stay(4.21 days vs 3.17 days,P<0.001),these did not translate into any disadvantage in clinical outcomes.CONCLUSION In this first United Kingdom comparative cohort,RALDN demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy,even in the early phase of our programme,matching the outcomes of the well-established,gold-standard HALDN approach.Moreover,the pronounced learning-curve trajectory suggests considerable potential for further improvements in robotic surgical outcomes as the programme matures.展开更多
This paper explores how the influences corporate donations, based on political identity of top managers upper echelons theory （UET）. The results show that the political identity of the top manager has a significant ...This paper explores how the influences corporate donations, based on political identity of top managers upper echelons theory （UET）. The results show that the political identity of the top manager has a significant impact on the donation behavior of a company, especially in areas with poor institutional environments. Corporate donations depend not only on whether the top manager has a political identity but also the type of this identity. Furthermore, the impact differs significantly between companies with different ownership structures. This study enriches our knowledge of corporate philanthropy by demonstrating that corporate donation practices are shaped by a range of contextual factors. Corporate giving behaviors in emerging economies such as China are differently motivated according to the fundamentally different aspects of their institutional settings.展开更多
The commonly held belief among most people is that acts of charity are carried out with no thought of getting something in return, or of attaching conditions to those who receive donations. It’s perhaps for this r...The commonly held belief among most people is that acts of charity are carried out with no thought of getting something in return, or of attaching conditions to those who receive donations. It’s perhaps for this rea- son that events surrounding the Henan Charity Federation’s recent decision to add an agenda to students’ financial aid caused such a public outcry.展开更多
The dust is slowly settling after the Sichuan quake and as restructuring work gets into full swing,the billions of yuan in donations is slowly finding their way to the
According to the risk management and reputation insurance theory of corporate social responsibility, corporate donations can help a company to repair its reputation after a crisis.This study uses a propensity score ma...According to the risk management and reputation insurance theory of corporate social responsibility, corporate donations can help a company to repair its reputation after a crisis.This study uses a propensity score matching–difference in difference(PSM + DID) methodology to investigate the charitable donation activities of companies that have been subject to regulatory penalties.The analysis of a sample of A-share listed companies in the 2004–2016 period shows that companies significantly increase their charitable donations after regulatory penalties, but this effect weakens over time.Further analysis reveals that non-state-owned companies, companies with higher ownership concentrations, and companies receiving severer penalties are more motivated to make donations after regulatory penalties.By studying the reputation repair behavior of companies that have been subject to regulatory penalties, this study offers further support for the risk management and reputation insurance theory of corporate social responsibility.It also enriches our understanding of companies’ active responses to regulatory penalties and provides insights into companies’ motives for making charitable donations.展开更多
April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donat...April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donation held on April 1.To date,58,000 posthumous organ donation surgeries,more than 63,000 body donations and over 110,000 corneal donations have been carried out.These donations have saved the lives of more than 170,000 people experiencing organ failure,and restored sight to over 100,000 individuals.To honor the donors,over 280 memorial sites have been established around China.During the Qingming Festival each year,commemorative events will be held across the country to promote awareness of and encourage greater public participation in this life-saving initiative.展开更多
The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established b...The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.展开更多
Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices...Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.展开更多
BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes...BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes and barriers toward organ donation.METHODSA cross-sectional study was adopted and included 607 samples consisting ofstudents, faculty, and staff who were selected from three universities in Ajmanand who had signed consent forms. A validated self-administered questionnairethat included 13 attitudes and 14 barrier items was used as a tool. The reliabilityof the tool was 0.89 (Cronbach's alpha). In the analysis of attitude scores, responseswere rated on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 representing 'strongly disagree'and 4 representing 'strongly agree' for supportive attitudes towards organdonation. Participants with a total attitude score of 39 or higher indicated agreementor strong agreement with all items, reflecting a generally supportiveattitude toward organ donation. Lower scores suggested that the respondent wasneutral or disagreed with one or more items, indicating a less supportive attitudetoward organ donation. Knowledge about organ donation was assessed by selfadministeredquestionnaire that included 13 items. Analysis was done using SPSSversion 29. χ2 was used to assess associations between variables.RESULTSMost participants were young (≤ 30 years old, 83.7%), female (79.2%), from World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (69.5%), Muslim (82.4%), students (80.6%), single(83.9%), and from a nursing college (33.1%). The majority had no personal or family history of organ donation(93.2% and 93.9%, respectively). Supportive attitudes toward organ donation were significantly associated withreligion (P = 0.003), working status (P = 0.009), university (P = 0.019), and knowledge (P < 0.001). Additionally,those with a personal or family history of organ donation were significantly more supportive (56.8% vs 33.3%, P =0.004). Lack of awareness was the most reported barrier for organ donation (64.1%) followed by being afraid oforgan donation due to medical procedures required (51.9%).CONCLUSIONThe findings suggest that supportive attitudes toward organ donation are influenced by demographic factors,personal experiences, and knowledge levels. Lack of awareness and fear of medical procedures were the mostreported barriers to organ donation. These results highlight the need for targeted educational programs to increaseawareness and promote positive attitudes toward organ donation.展开更多
基金supported by grants from The National Key Science and Technology Projects on Major Infectious Disease Grant[2012ZX10001‐002 and 2017ZX10105009]Key Projects for Science and Technology Development of Henan Province[142102310076 and 162300410123]
文摘To characterize long-term nonprogressors （LTNPs） and viremia controllers （VCs）, infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defined by CD4＋T lymphocyte （CD4） count and viral load （VL）. Of 29,294 patients infected with HIV-1 via contaminated blood donation or transfusion that had conducted for more than 20 years, 92 were LTNPs/VCs. There were 70 LTNPs （0.24%）, 43 VCs （0.15%）, and 48 LTNPs＋VCs- （0.16%）.
文摘One big achievement in the last decade is the rapid development in transplantation medicine, enabling seriously ill people to live longer. However, in the year 2014, 12 people in the European Union have died every day because of the lack of available organs. Nearly, 70,000 people were waiting for a matching graft. An analysis of donation and transplantation variation across the European member states shows that since many years, Spain occupies a pioneer role, whereas Germany and Austria are lagging behind. From the legal and administrative perspective, Spain and Austria are quite similar with their presumed consent system （opting out）, whereas Germany has an informed consent system （opting in）. Hence, there must be other influencing factors like the way of multilevel communication leading to the following research question： How does multilevel communication influence organ donations in Spain, Germany, and Austria？ On the basis of a cross-country study, it can be shown that strategic communication on the （inter）personal and organizational level supported by the creation of public awareness on the national level is crucial for succeeding in closing the gap between demands and realized organ transplantation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72031009 and 71871171)the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20&ZD058)。
文摘Having a large number of timely donations during the early stages of a COVID-19 breakout would normally be considered rare. Donation is a special public goods game with zero yield for donors, and it has the characteristics of the prisoners’ dilemma. This paper discusses why timely donations in the early stages of COVID-19 occurred. Based on the idea that donation is a strategy adopted by players during interconnection on account of their understanding of the environment, donation-related populations are placed on social networks and the inter-correlation structures in the population are described by scale-free networks. Players in donation-related populations are of four types: donors, illegal beneficiaries,legal beneficiaries, and inactive people. We model the evolutionary game of donation on a scale-free network. Donors,illegal beneficiaries and inactive people learn and update strategies under the Fermi update rule, whereas the conversion between legal beneficiaries and the other three types is determined by the environment surrounding the players. We study the evolution of cooperative action when the agglomeration coefficient, the parameters of the utility function, the noise intensity, the utility coefficient, the donation coefficient and the initial states of the population on the scale-free network change. For population sizes of 50, 100, 150, and 200, we give the utility functions and the agglomeration coefficients for promoting cooperation and study the corresponding steady states and structural characteristics of the population. We identify the best ranges of the noise intensity K, the donation coefficient α and the utility coefficient β for promoting cooperation at different population sizes. Furthermore, with the increase of the population size, the donor traps are found.At the same time, it is discovered that the initial states of the population have a great impact on the steady states;thus the upper and lower triangle phenomena are proposed. We also find that the population size itself is also an important factor for promoting donation, pointing out the direction of efforts to further promote donation and achieve better social homeostasis under the donation model.
文摘Over half of the forestland in the United States is in private hands. Just over 10 million individual and family owners control about 60% of this private forestland. Ownership of family forests changes on a regular basis;sometimes from generation to generation and sometimes to outside of the family. Often new owners are not interested in forest management and sell off the asset. Some owners attempt to ensure their family forest remains pristine and undeveloped. This is leading to timberland donations to entities that can be expected to hold the donated forest permanently and ensure sustainable forest management. University foundations and forestry schools are increasingly receiving timberland as donations. It is a way for donors to monetize the asset (with tax breaks) and protect it at the same time. Foundations have a problem with timberland as they often don’t fully understand it as an investment. Certainly there are even times when a foundation should not accept it as a donation. The nature of timberland as an investment is explained, along with basic terminology that is common use. Age class distribution and the resulting cash flow dis- tribution is explained, as well as timber volume, harvest scheduling, timberland investment analysis, tim- ber value, timber sales, and timber contracts. All of these are tools foundation board members need to evaluate timberland donations.
文摘Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have been considered. Although it was believed that the most critical factor in the organ shortage was the absence of a well-established social system, no prior studies attempted to analyze the issue from the perspective of the mechanisms and organizational behaviors. To identify common success factors of increasing organ donation, we conducted a qualitative survey in 5 countries promoting organ donations on a national level and increasing the number of organ donations. We found several important common factors: 1) to change from an explicit consent system to a presumed consent system with establishment of an appropriate in-hospital system, 2) to increase the level of job satisfaction of healthcare professionals and help them generating better results, 3) to demonstrate managements’ leadership for all staff to realize the importance of organ donations, 4) to establish an environment where medical professionals engaged in organ donations can appreciate autonomous working styles, the recognition of the importance of the work. It is suggested that these successful factors are introduced into Japan with long-, mid-term strategy to enhance organ donation.
文摘Online donation platforms are instrumental in facilitating individual charitable giving by leveraging the confluence of financial technology and mobile social networks.Despite the impact of these technological advancements,the role of culture in shaping the motivations and behaviors of donors remains an open area for exploration.By analyzing three different datasets,we elucidate the relationship between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations at the national,regional,and personal levels.A remarkable U-shaped pattern is revealed between individualism/collectivism and charitable donations.It is also found that the personal reputation strengthens the positive effect of individualism/collectivism on the donation amount,with a notably stronger influence on individualists than on collectivists.Furthermore,collectivists prefer to allocate donations to acquaintances,whereas individualists tend to direct their contributions towards strangers.Our results not only provide an understanding of the psychological and social mechanisms that underlie cultural influences on charitable giving but also highlight the importance of considering cultural contexts when designing strategies to encourage and enhance charitable donations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.72203180)Huazhong University of Science and Technology Double First-class Funds for Humanities and Social Sciences。
文摘The relationship between air pollution and charitable donations of companies has received little attention from academia.To make up for this defect,we use a regression discontinuity design based on the spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by China's winter heating policy in the north of Qinling Mountains–Huai River line to examine whether severe air pollution may cause polluting companies to make charitable donations.Our results consistently show that air pollution has a positive impact on the donations of polluting companies,regardless of whether the absolute donations,the relative donations,or the willingness to donate are used to measure donations.A series of robustness tests confirm that this relationship is causal.Furthermore,we find that under severe air pollution,the motivations of polluting companies to implement donation behaviors are to decrease the probability of environmental penalties,reduce environmental pollution costs,and decrease the extent to which air pollution affects company reputations.
文摘On June 21, at the inauguration of the Beijing Normal University One Foundation Philanthropy Research Institute, Wang Zhenyao, the institute’s Dean and former Director of the Social Welfare and
文摘BACKGROUND Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal method of long-term renal replacement therapy.Minimally invasive donor nephrectomy techniques,such as robot-assisted(RALDN)and hand-assisted(HALDN)laparoscopic procedures,are well-established in high-income countries and are being increasingly adopted worldwide.Nevertheless,no studies have reported surgical outcomes of RALDN donor nephrectomy from a United Kingdom center to date.AIM To compare surgical outcomes between RALDN and HALDN laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in a United Kingdom high-volume living kidney donor transplant program.METHODS A case-control matching analysis was performed based on the following parameters:Sex,age,body mass index,procedure laterality,number of renal arteries,and previous abdominal surgeries.Key surgical outcomes,including primary warm ischemia time,operative duration,and post-operative recovery,were evaluated.RESULTS In this cohort of 140 living donors(70 RALDN vs 70 HALDN),donor and recipient outcomes were equivalent across key metrics:Pain scores,overall complication rates,readmissions,reoperations,and creatinine levels at 30 days and 1 year.Recipient long-term renal function did not differ between groups.Operative time for RALDN decreased significantly over the study period,indicating progressive improvement along the learning curve.Although RALDN was associated with a modestly longer mean warm ischaemia time(3.53 minutes vs 2.76 minutes,P<0.001)and extended hospital stay(4.21 days vs 3.17 days,P<0.001),these did not translate into any disadvantage in clinical outcomes.CONCLUSION In this first United Kingdom comparative cohort,RALDN demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy,even in the early phase of our programme,matching the outcomes of the well-established,gold-standard HALDN approach.Moreover,the pronounced learning-curve trajectory suggests considerable potential for further improvements in robotic surgical outcomes as the programme matures.
基金Acknowledgements We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their many insightful and constructive suggestions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （71372166, 71502174） and the Research Base on Low-carbon Economy for Guangzhou Area.
文摘This paper explores how the influences corporate donations, based on political identity of top managers upper echelons theory （UET）. The results show that the political identity of the top manager has a significant impact on the donation behavior of a company, especially in areas with poor institutional environments. Corporate donations depend not only on whether the top manager has a political identity but also the type of this identity. Furthermore, the impact differs significantly between companies with different ownership structures. This study enriches our knowledge of corporate philanthropy by demonstrating that corporate donation practices are shaped by a range of contextual factors. Corporate giving behaviors in emerging economies such as China are differently motivated according to the fundamentally different aspects of their institutional settings.
文摘The commonly held belief among most people is that acts of charity are carried out with no thought of getting something in return, or of attaching conditions to those who receive donations. It’s perhaps for this rea- son that events surrounding the Henan Charity Federation’s recent decision to add an agenda to students’ financial aid caused such a public outcry.
文摘The dust is slowly settling after the Sichuan quake and as restructuring work gets into full swing,the billions of yuan in donations is slowly finding their way to the
基金financial support from the China National Social Science Foundation Key Research Project (Project No.17ZDA086)
文摘According to the risk management and reputation insurance theory of corporate social responsibility, corporate donations can help a company to repair its reputation after a crisis.This study uses a propensity score matching–difference in difference(PSM + DID) methodology to investigate the charitable donation activities of companies that have been subject to regulatory penalties.The analysis of a sample of A-share listed companies in the 2004–2016 period shows that companies significantly increase their charitable donations after regulatory penalties, but this effect weakens over time.Further analysis reveals that non-state-owned companies, companies with higher ownership concentrations, and companies receiving severer penalties are more motivated to make donations after regulatory penalties.By studying the reputation repair behavior of companies that have been subject to regulatory penalties, this study offers further support for the risk management and reputation insurance theory of corporate social responsibility.It also enriches our understanding of companies’ active responses to regulatory penalties and provides insights into companies’ motives for making charitable donations.
文摘April 2025 China has over 7 million registered organ donors More than 7.05 million people in China have registered as voluntary organ donors,according to data released during an awareness-raising event for organ donation held on April 1.To date,58,000 posthumous organ donation surgeries,more than 63,000 body donations and over 110,000 corneal donations have been carried out.These donations have saved the lives of more than 170,000 people experiencing organ failure,and restored sight to over 100,000 individuals.To honor the donors,over 280 memorial sites have been established around China.During the Qingming Festival each year,commemorative events will be held across the country to promote awareness of and encourage greater public participation in this life-saving initiative.
文摘The reform stems from honesty and determination. Since 2005, organ donation and transplantation in China has undergone thorough reform, which complies with legislation requirements and ethical principles established by the World Health Organization(WHO). Reform in China has demonstrated the unwavering confidence and utmost determination of the Chinese government and the Chinese transplantation community. The year 2015 marked a historic turning point when voluntary donations from Chinese citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplantation. Since 2015, China has gradually established and refined the “Chinese Mode” and “China System” for organ donation and transplantation, fulfilling its political pledge of reform, and has garnered international recognition, and fostered a social culture which promotes organ donation. This article reviewed the history of reform on organ donation and transplantation in China, presented a new pattern of establishment of organ donation system in the new era of the country, and the direction of advances in the future.
文摘Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.
文摘BACKGROUNDLimited research exists on attitudes and barriers to organ donation in the UnitedArab Emirates, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of public perceptionsand challenges.AIMTo assess the attitudes and barriers toward organ donation.METHODSA cross-sectional study was adopted and included 607 samples consisting ofstudents, faculty, and staff who were selected from three universities in Ajmanand who had signed consent forms. A validated self-administered questionnairethat included 13 attitudes and 14 barrier items was used as a tool. The reliabilityof the tool was 0.89 (Cronbach's alpha). In the analysis of attitude scores, responseswere rated on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 representing 'strongly disagree'and 4 representing 'strongly agree' for supportive attitudes towards organdonation. Participants with a total attitude score of 39 or higher indicated agreementor strong agreement with all items, reflecting a generally supportiveattitude toward organ donation. Lower scores suggested that the respondent wasneutral or disagreed with one or more items, indicating a less supportive attitudetoward organ donation. Knowledge about organ donation was assessed by selfadministeredquestionnaire that included 13 items. Analysis was done using SPSSversion 29. χ2 was used to assess associations between variables.RESULTSMost participants were young (≤ 30 years old, 83.7%), female (79.2%), from World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (69.5%), Muslim (82.4%), students (80.6%), single(83.9%), and from a nursing college (33.1%). The majority had no personal or family history of organ donation(93.2% and 93.9%, respectively). Supportive attitudes toward organ donation were significantly associated withreligion (P = 0.003), working status (P = 0.009), university (P = 0.019), and knowledge (P < 0.001). Additionally,those with a personal or family history of organ donation were significantly more supportive (56.8% vs 33.3%, P =0.004). Lack of awareness was the most reported barrier for organ donation (64.1%) followed by being afraid oforgan donation due to medical procedures required (51.9%).CONCLUSIONThe findings suggest that supportive attitudes toward organ donation are influenced by demographic factors,personal experiences, and knowledge levels. Lack of awareness and fear of medical procedures were the mostreported barriers to organ donation. These results highlight the need for targeted educational programs to increaseawareness and promote positive attitudes toward organ donation.
