Purpose Interventions are essential for the management of built heritage because they extend the lifespan of buildings and enable them to be enjoyed by multiple generations.International organisations and institutions...Purpose Interventions are essential for the management of built heritage because they extend the lifespan of buildings and enable them to be enjoyed by multiple generations.International organisations and institutions,such as UNESCO and ICOMOS,have adopted doctrinal documents over time,stimulating best practices in built heritage management worldwide.Although these documents are often referenced in academic work,they are seldom systematically researched.Which interventions are referenced or omitted?Are they defned?What trends are noted in the understanding of best practices as interventions?Design/methodology/approach This research consists of a systematic content analysis of nine international doctrinal documents,which were selected from nearly seventy international doctrinal documents—mainly adopted by UNESCO and ICOMOS.The main aim is to reveal and compare the concepts used for reference interventions and further use the defnitions to reveal and discuss the relationships between them.The trends of these interventions being used were determined based on the frequency of mentions per intervention term in the selected documents.Findings Regarding the defnition of the intervention concepts,there are three main fndings.First,instead of being treated as a single concept,‘conservation’has been presented as an umbrella concept for other interventions and thus has been the most popular concept since the frst version(1992)of the New Zealand Charter was implemented.In contrast,‘preservation’remains a single concept,among the highest scales,to maintain the integrity of built heritage,including use.Second,‘repair’was found to play a paradoxical role between‘restoration’and‘reconstruction’,which created divergent opinions in the documents.Third,since the notions of‘use’have expanded from the functions of monuments(International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites:The Venice Charter,1964)to the‘associations of places’(The Burra Charter:The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Signifcance,with associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence,1999;The Burra Charter:The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Signifcance,2013),which include activities,traditional habits,accessibility,etc.,the complexity of mentioning diferent forms of‘use’has led to some(re)interventions,such as‘adaptation’,‘adaptive reuse’,and‘rehabilitation’,being put into grey areas and used interchangeably.Originality This research advances the current understanding of intervention concepts and their relationships,as well as diferences and similarities in defnitions.展开更多
The purpose of this qualitative inquiry is to explore Jesus Christ's teachings through the lens of the Spiritism Doctrine(SD),a relatively novel Christian religion.Further,SD literature is fundamentally rooted in ...The purpose of this qualitative inquiry is to explore Jesus Christ's teachings through the lens of the Spiritism Doctrine(SD),a relatively novel Christian religion.Further,SD literature is fundamentally rooted in the faith in the hereafter;the spirits'messages and teachings through mediums;Jesus Christ's teachings(the Gospel)as well as His behavior as a role model that must be followed by all human beings;and the practice of charity.Overall,the findings showed a rich body of knowledge,teachings,and lessons aiming to help the spiritual progress of humankind.That is,it was identified three larger themes,i.e.,mankind,who is Jesus,and His legacy,which shape a theoretical contribution of Jesus Christ's spiritual legacy in our lives.Jesus Christ carried out an authentic work-applied management through which He conveyed a new vision and superior values that continue inspiring us to change the way we think and behave.Furthermore,Jesus Christ's life and message may certainly help us handle the sensitive situations that may affect our lives on the planet,including the way our organizations and institutions are run as well as our professional careers are approached by inspiring new paths and wisdom behavior.展开更多
In an age when political thinkers were writing books full of quotations of ancient and modern authors,Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury(1588-1679)developed a philosophical system which was based on scientific method rather ...In an age when political thinkers were writing books full of quotations of ancient and modern authors,Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury(1588-1679)developed a philosophical system which was based on scientific method rather than on the authority of books.He emphasized that the absurdities that philosophers fall into are actually due precisely to a lack of method and to the habit of quoting other thinkers as if the truth was to be found in their words.It is certainly not inappropriate to read what philosophers,historians,and poets wrote,whether for pure amusement or to find intellectual spurs useful for one’s own research and speculation;but the written word should not be confused with the truth.In the investigation aimed at discovering the truth in political matters,the philosopher must use his own intellect,relying on the strength of reasoning.Thus,political philosophy becomes a science:the science of“consequences from the accidents of politic bodies”.With his reflections on scientia civilis,Thomas Hobbes may be considered the inventor of political science.展开更多
Ⅰ.文学常识1.Calvinism (加尔文主义) -It is the theological system of John Calvin. Its key principle is that God, not man, is central and supreme. Hence scripture is the source of doctrine.2. original sin (原罪)-In Chr...Ⅰ.文学常识1.Calvinism (加尔文主义) -It is the theological system of John Calvin. Its key principle is that God, not man, is central and supreme. Hence scripture is the source of doctrine.2. original sin (原罪)-In Christian theology, it is the state of sinfulness in which all mankind展开更多
The Journey to the West has adopted a conventional theme--life is a journey;in order to deliver one's soul,one has to go on the path of salvation.The purpose of this paper is to examine what steps the author has t...The Journey to the West has adopted a conventional theme--life is a journey;in order to deliver one's soul,one has to go on the path of salvation.The purpose of this paper is to examine what steps the author has taken to enlighten the readers as to the progress of spiritual salvation.In view of this purpose,the analysis will be focused on the preaching of religious doctrines and the criticism of social realities in the novel.展开更多
John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress has been written to preach the Christian doctrines of salvation.Therefore its allegorical protagonists have gradually gone through four stages of development on the path to...John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress has been written to preach the Christian doctrines of salvation.Therefore its allegorical protagonists have gradually gone through four stages of development on the path to salvation.This paper is focused on the earlier two stages,that is,the repentance of sins and the temptations after conversion.展开更多
Through a comparative analysis of The Pilgrim's Progress and The Journey to the West, the paper aims to reveal what common ground is shared by the two novels and what light is thrown on the theme of spiritual salv...Through a comparative analysis of The Pilgrim's Progress and The Journey to the West, the paper aims to reveal what common ground is shared by the two novels and what light is thrown on the theme of spiritual salvation. The fruit of the study leads to a conclusion that both novels have employed religious doctrines and social criticisms to make the theme of spiritual salvation more palatable for their readers.展开更多
ObjectiveTo observe the clinical therapeutic effect on subthreshold depression of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency treated with acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind combined with th...ObjectiveTo observe the clinical therapeutic effect on subthreshold depression of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency treated with acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind combined with the well-timed auricular acupressure.MethodsA total of 34 patients were treated with acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind combined with well-timed auricular acupressure.In acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind,main acupoints included Baihui(BL20),Neiguan(PC6)and Taichong(LR3),and supplementary acupoints included Sishencong(EX-HN1),Shenting(GV24),Benshen(GB13),Zusanli(ST36),Ganshu(BL18)and Pishu(BL20).Acupuncture was given three times a week as one course and 4 courses of treatment were required.In well-timed auricular acupressure,auricular points included Xin(CO15),Pizhixia(AT4),Shenmen(TF4),Gan(CO12)and Pi(CO13).Acupressure with herbal seeds at those auricular points was applied at three time divisions,i.e.9:00 to 11:00,11:00 to 13:00 and 15:00 to 17:00 successively.The auricular acupressure with herbal seeds was given once every 3 days,the treatment for 1 week was 1 course and 4 courses were required.At the end of treatment and in 3 months of follow-up,the score of Hamilton depression scale-24(HAMD-24),syndrome score of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the score of Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale(CES-D)and the score of Short-form 36 item health survey(SF-36)were adopted to evaluate clinical therapeutic effect.ResultsAfter treatment and in three months of follow-up,HAMD-24 score,TCM syndrome score and CES-D score were all reduced as compared with the scores before treatment(all P<0.05)and SF-36 score was higher than the score before treatment,respectively(both P<0.05).In comparison of the scores after treatment with those in 3 months of follow-up,differences were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).Of 34 patients with subthreshold depression,8 cases were cured,15 cases effective remarkably,9 cases improved and 2 cases no effect.The total effective rate was 94.12%.ConclusionThe combined treatment of acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind with the well-timed auricular acupressure can be benefit for relieving the symptoms and improves the quality of life in the patients with subthreshold depression of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency.展开更多
Chinese leaders have time and again talked about the wish to build a"harmonious world."The authors believe that this can be seen as a new attempt to deal with world affairs using the doctrine of idealism or ...Chinese leaders have time and again talked about the wish to build a"harmonious world."The authors believe that this can be seen as a new attempt to deal with world affairs using the doctrine of idealism or neo-idealism.Unlike the failed idealism of the early years in last century, the authors believe that this time neo-idealism has a fairly good chance of succeeding due to changes of the international environment.展开更多
Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“other...Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.展开更多
The doctrine of channels and collaterals isone of the key theories of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM). It has been guiding the clini-cal practice of every department of TCM andruns through the physiology, pathology,...The doctrine of channels and collaterals isone of the key theories of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM). It has been guiding the clini-cal practice of every department of TCM andruns through the physiology, pathology, diag-nostics and therapeutics of TCM. According展开更多
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics is an important testimony to understand Plato’s philosophy.In fact,Alexander uses some lost Aristotelian books,especially a work On the Good,from whi...Alexander of Aphrodisias’s Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics is an important testimony to understand Plato’s philosophy.In fact,Alexander uses some lost Aristotelian books,especially a work On the Good,from which we learn that Plato’s metaphysics is adialectical metaphysics,founded on an original opposition of two principles that shapes the whole reality—these principles being the One and the indefinite Dyad.Sensible things participate in ideas(they receive their being from ideas)and the intermediate mathematical entities lie between these two realities.However,ideas can be traced back to ideal numbers and the principles of ideal numbers are the One and the indefinite Dyad.Thus,these principles constitute their metaphysical foundation of ideas and,through the ideas,of the whole reality.展开更多
In 2000 Russian Orthodox Church adopted“The Basis of Social Concept of Russian Orthodox Church”.Until now the mentioned document remains the only social doctrine officially accepted by any Orthodox Church.The articl...In 2000 Russian Orthodox Church adopted“The Basis of Social Concept of Russian Orthodox Church”.Until now the mentioned document remains the only social doctrine officially accepted by any Orthodox Church.The article tries to understand the reasons behind the elaboration of the mentioned doctrine and analyzes its content.The document fails to grasp fully the ongoing processes in the secular society and in the wider world.The present acute social problems,e.g.,unemployment,corruption,public finance embezzlement,are either slightly touched upon or avoided.The approaches towards socio-economic issues are general and broad lacking the necessary insights.The meanings of economic activities are archaic.The doctrine does not negate entrepreneurship and wealth but is critical to the purpose and forms of the economic activity.It is quite odd that there is no analysis of secularity which has seriously undermined the position of the church.The doctrine demonstrates the softer approach towards the wealth-creation criticizes the idle poverty and highlights the position of the church as an opponent of income inequality.Conclusion is that despite the shortcomings,“The Basis of Social Concept of Russian Orthodox Church”is a strategic document,an attempt of the Russian Orthodox Church to define its earthly place within the dynamic modern society.The social doctrine is not finished product but rather a process of thought and lays foundation for the further construction of the social doctrine.展开更多
The Doctrine of Human Personality wants to be the main political doctrine of mankind, which wishes to begin a new era of political, economical and social relations worldwide. A New World Order is ultimately necessary ...The Doctrine of Human Personality wants to be the main political doctrine of mankind, which wishes to begin a new era of political, economical and social relations worldwide. A New World Order is ultimately necessary because the age of National States has passed long ago and all relations among the citizens of Earth are influenced and dominated by Globalization, thus it needs a single world Government and a global Parliament. For too long darkness kept a tight grip on mankind, now it is the time to put an end to this darkness and let humanity begin its true evolution through this new doctrine, the Doctrine of Human Personality.展开更多
This paper deals with US-Libya relations in the context of the Arab Spring. The US foreign policy and its contradictions both in Libya and the Arab World are critically examined. The specific international relations i...This paper deals with US-Libya relations in the context of the Arab Spring. The US foreign policy and its contradictions both in Libya and the Arab World are critically examined. The specific international relations issue in question is that of intervention based on the principle of the Responsibility to Protect （R2P）. The paper sheds light on how this principle was applied to justify the US and North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO） military intervention in Libya in 2011 and argues that despite the noble aim of getting rid of a nasty dictator like Muammar Gaddafi, the R2P was actually abused for the interests of the intervening powers. The US tried to ＂hit two birds with a single stone＂： getting rid of Gaddafi and supportive of simultaneous of the Libyan people and their long yearning for democracy. However, the results provide a testimony that discredits the primacy of any noble assertions since the intervention has actually undermined the genuine popular uprising in Libya.展开更多
A recent U.S.attack against China,fueled by President Donald Trump’s belligerent rhetoric,uses the law as a weapon.Trump blames China for the novel coronavirus pandemic by calling COVID-19“Chinese virus.”In doing s...A recent U.S.attack against China,fueled by President Donald Trump’s belligerent rhetoric,uses the law as a weapon.Trump blames China for the novel coronavirus pandemic by calling COVID-19“Chinese virus.”In doing so,he assumed to be freed from all risks and responsibilities,and encouraged Sinophobia in his country,where the Chinese represent the second-largest immigrant group after the Mexicans.It was expected that the“America First”doctrine would lead to a protectionism foreign policy,even unilateralist policy in some issues.However,such doctrine should not be implemented without considering the minimum standards of good diplomacy and international law.展开更多
The ＂Pictorial＂ or ＂Iconic Turn＂ is a central issue in the contemporary theory of images and visual cultural studies. Should the theories concerning the ＂Iconic Turn＂ and formulated in the last 20 years by schol...The ＂Pictorial＂ or ＂Iconic Turn＂ is a central issue in the contemporary theory of images and visual cultural studies. Should the theories concerning the ＂Iconic Turn＂ and formulated in the last 20 years by scholars such as Gottfried Boehm, William Mitchell, Hans Belting be taken as critical theories of crisis？ Is the currently experienced ＂turn towards images＂ （and their progressive rehabilitation after a long standing philosophical and theological rejection） a sign and symptom of some crisis of people＇s relation with images, language and, generally speaking, with the representation forms of reality？ The main hypothesis of this essay envisages two sets of problems： first, the analysis of the relation between the possible idea of turning point and the concept of crisis; secondly, the thorough investigation of the relation connecting the iconic turn to the project of ＂critical iconology＂ or ＂critique of visual culture,＂ as outlined by Hans Belting and William Mitchell. From the interpretation of the ＂Iconic Turn＂ as situation of crisis and aesthetic, anthropological, and epistemological transformation follows the need for the sciences of image to provide a ＂critical iconology＂ in order to be able to theoretically reformulate the ideological and political presuppositions of some dominant contemporary forms of visual representation.展开更多
文摘Purpose Interventions are essential for the management of built heritage because they extend the lifespan of buildings and enable them to be enjoyed by multiple generations.International organisations and institutions,such as UNESCO and ICOMOS,have adopted doctrinal documents over time,stimulating best practices in built heritage management worldwide.Although these documents are often referenced in academic work,they are seldom systematically researched.Which interventions are referenced or omitted?Are they defned?What trends are noted in the understanding of best practices as interventions?Design/methodology/approach This research consists of a systematic content analysis of nine international doctrinal documents,which were selected from nearly seventy international doctrinal documents—mainly adopted by UNESCO and ICOMOS.The main aim is to reveal and compare the concepts used for reference interventions and further use the defnitions to reveal and discuss the relationships between them.The trends of these interventions being used were determined based on the frequency of mentions per intervention term in the selected documents.Findings Regarding the defnition of the intervention concepts,there are three main fndings.First,instead of being treated as a single concept,‘conservation’has been presented as an umbrella concept for other interventions and thus has been the most popular concept since the frst version(1992)of the New Zealand Charter was implemented.In contrast,‘preservation’remains a single concept,among the highest scales,to maintain the integrity of built heritage,including use.Second,‘repair’was found to play a paradoxical role between‘restoration’and‘reconstruction’,which created divergent opinions in the documents.Third,since the notions of‘use’have expanded from the functions of monuments(International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites:The Venice Charter,1964)to the‘associations of places’(The Burra Charter:The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Signifcance,with associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence,1999;The Burra Charter:The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Signifcance,2013),which include activities,traditional habits,accessibility,etc.,the complexity of mentioning diferent forms of‘use’has led to some(re)interventions,such as‘adaptation’,‘adaptive reuse’,and‘rehabilitation’,being put into grey areas and used interchangeably.Originality This research advances the current understanding of intervention concepts and their relationships,as well as diferences and similarities in defnitions.
文摘The purpose of this qualitative inquiry is to explore Jesus Christ's teachings through the lens of the Spiritism Doctrine(SD),a relatively novel Christian religion.Further,SD literature is fundamentally rooted in the faith in the hereafter;the spirits'messages and teachings through mediums;Jesus Christ's teachings(the Gospel)as well as His behavior as a role model that must be followed by all human beings;and the practice of charity.Overall,the findings showed a rich body of knowledge,teachings,and lessons aiming to help the spiritual progress of humankind.That is,it was identified three larger themes,i.e.,mankind,who is Jesus,and His legacy,which shape a theoretical contribution of Jesus Christ's spiritual legacy in our lives.Jesus Christ carried out an authentic work-applied management through which He conveyed a new vision and superior values that continue inspiring us to change the way we think and behave.Furthermore,Jesus Christ's life and message may certainly help us handle the sensitive situations that may affect our lives on the planet,including the way our organizations and institutions are run as well as our professional careers are approached by inspiring new paths and wisdom behavior.
文摘In an age when political thinkers were writing books full of quotations of ancient and modern authors,Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury(1588-1679)developed a philosophical system which was based on scientific method rather than on the authority of books.He emphasized that the absurdities that philosophers fall into are actually due precisely to a lack of method and to the habit of quoting other thinkers as if the truth was to be found in their words.It is certainly not inappropriate to read what philosophers,historians,and poets wrote,whether for pure amusement or to find intellectual spurs useful for one’s own research and speculation;but the written word should not be confused with the truth.In the investigation aimed at discovering the truth in political matters,the philosopher must use his own intellect,relying on the strength of reasoning.Thus,political philosophy becomes a science:the science of“consequences from the accidents of politic bodies”.With his reflections on scientia civilis,Thomas Hobbes may be considered the inventor of political science.
文摘Ⅰ.文学常识1.Calvinism (加尔文主义) -It is the theological system of John Calvin. Its key principle is that God, not man, is central and supreme. Hence scripture is the source of doctrine.2. original sin (原罪)-In Christian theology, it is the state of sinfulness in which all mankind
文摘The Journey to the West has adopted a conventional theme--life is a journey;in order to deliver one's soul,one has to go on the path of salvation.The purpose of this paper is to examine what steps the author has taken to enlighten the readers as to the progress of spiritual salvation.In view of this purpose,the analysis will be focused on the preaching of religious doctrines and the criticism of social realities in the novel.
文摘John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress has been written to preach the Christian doctrines of salvation.Therefore its allegorical protagonists have gradually gone through four stages of development on the path to salvation.This paper is focused on the earlier two stages,that is,the repentance of sins and the temptations after conversion.
文摘Through a comparative analysis of The Pilgrim's Progress and The Journey to the West, the paper aims to reveal what common ground is shared by the two novels and what light is thrown on the theme of spiritual salvation. The fruit of the study leads to a conclusion that both novels have employed religious doctrines and social criticisms to make the theme of spiritual salvation more palatable for their readers.
基金Supported by 2020 Shandong Inheritance Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Academic School:Shandong Health:2020-132。
文摘ObjectiveTo observe the clinical therapeutic effect on subthreshold depression of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency treated with acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind combined with the well-timed auricular acupressure.MethodsA total of 34 patients were treated with acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind combined with well-timed auricular acupressure.In acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind,main acupoints included Baihui(BL20),Neiguan(PC6)and Taichong(LR3),and supplementary acupoints included Sishencong(EX-HN1),Shenting(GV24),Benshen(GB13),Zusanli(ST36),Ganshu(BL18)and Pishu(BL20).Acupuncture was given three times a week as one course and 4 courses of treatment were required.In well-timed auricular acupressure,auricular points included Xin(CO15),Pizhixia(AT4),Shenmen(TF4),Gan(CO12)and Pi(CO13).Acupressure with herbal seeds at those auricular points was applied at three time divisions,i.e.9:00 to 11:00,11:00 to 13:00 and 15:00 to 17:00 successively.The auricular acupressure with herbal seeds was given once every 3 days,the treatment for 1 week was 1 course and 4 courses were required.At the end of treatment and in 3 months of follow-up,the score of Hamilton depression scale-24(HAMD-24),syndrome score of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the score of Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale(CES-D)and the score of Short-form 36 item health survey(SF-36)were adopted to evaluate clinical therapeutic effect.ResultsAfter treatment and in three months of follow-up,HAMD-24 score,TCM syndrome score and CES-D score were all reduced as compared with the scores before treatment(all P<0.05)and SF-36 score was higher than the score before treatment,respectively(both P<0.05).In comparison of the scores after treatment with those in 3 months of follow-up,differences were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).Of 34 patients with subthreshold depression,8 cases were cured,15 cases effective remarkably,9 cases improved and 2 cases no effect.The total effective rate was 94.12%.ConclusionThe combined treatment of acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind with the well-timed auricular acupressure can be benefit for relieving the symptoms and improves the quality of life in the patients with subthreshold depression of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency.
文摘Chinese leaders have time and again talked about the wish to build a"harmonious world."The authors believe that this can be seen as a new attempt to deal with world affairs using the doctrine of idealism or neo-idealism.Unlike the failed idealism of the early years in last century, the authors believe that this time neo-idealism has a fairly good chance of succeeding due to changes of the international environment.
文摘Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.
文摘The doctrine of channels and collaterals isone of the key theories of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM). It has been guiding the clini-cal practice of every department of TCM andruns through the physiology, pathology, diag-nostics and therapeutics of TCM. According
文摘Alexander of Aphrodisias’s Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics is an important testimony to understand Plato’s philosophy.In fact,Alexander uses some lost Aristotelian books,especially a work On the Good,from which we learn that Plato’s metaphysics is adialectical metaphysics,founded on an original opposition of two principles that shapes the whole reality—these principles being the One and the indefinite Dyad.Sensible things participate in ideas(they receive their being from ideas)and the intermediate mathematical entities lie between these two realities.However,ideas can be traced back to ideal numbers and the principles of ideal numbers are the One and the indefinite Dyad.Thus,these principles constitute their metaphysical foundation of ideas and,through the ideas,of the whole reality.
文摘In 2000 Russian Orthodox Church adopted“The Basis of Social Concept of Russian Orthodox Church”.Until now the mentioned document remains the only social doctrine officially accepted by any Orthodox Church.The article tries to understand the reasons behind the elaboration of the mentioned doctrine and analyzes its content.The document fails to grasp fully the ongoing processes in the secular society and in the wider world.The present acute social problems,e.g.,unemployment,corruption,public finance embezzlement,are either slightly touched upon or avoided.The approaches towards socio-economic issues are general and broad lacking the necessary insights.The meanings of economic activities are archaic.The doctrine does not negate entrepreneurship and wealth but is critical to the purpose and forms of the economic activity.It is quite odd that there is no analysis of secularity which has seriously undermined the position of the church.The doctrine demonstrates the softer approach towards the wealth-creation criticizes the idle poverty and highlights the position of the church as an opponent of income inequality.Conclusion is that despite the shortcomings,“The Basis of Social Concept of Russian Orthodox Church”is a strategic document,an attempt of the Russian Orthodox Church to define its earthly place within the dynamic modern society.The social doctrine is not finished product but rather a process of thought and lays foundation for the further construction of the social doctrine.
文摘The Doctrine of Human Personality wants to be the main political doctrine of mankind, which wishes to begin a new era of political, economical and social relations worldwide. A New World Order is ultimately necessary because the age of National States has passed long ago and all relations among the citizens of Earth are influenced and dominated by Globalization, thus it needs a single world Government and a global Parliament. For too long darkness kept a tight grip on mankind, now it is the time to put an end to this darkness and let humanity begin its true evolution through this new doctrine, the Doctrine of Human Personality.
文摘This paper deals with US-Libya relations in the context of the Arab Spring. The US foreign policy and its contradictions both in Libya and the Arab World are critically examined. The specific international relations issue in question is that of intervention based on the principle of the Responsibility to Protect （R2P）. The paper sheds light on how this principle was applied to justify the US and North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO） military intervention in Libya in 2011 and argues that despite the noble aim of getting rid of a nasty dictator like Muammar Gaddafi, the R2P was actually abused for the interests of the intervening powers. The US tried to ＂hit two birds with a single stone＂： getting rid of Gaddafi and supportive of simultaneous of the Libyan people and their long yearning for democracy. However, the results provide a testimony that discredits the primacy of any noble assertions since the intervention has actually undermined the genuine popular uprising in Libya.
文摘A recent U.S.attack against China,fueled by President Donald Trump’s belligerent rhetoric,uses the law as a weapon.Trump blames China for the novel coronavirus pandemic by calling COVID-19“Chinese virus.”In doing so,he assumed to be freed from all risks and responsibilities,and encouraged Sinophobia in his country,where the Chinese represent the second-largest immigrant group after the Mexicans.It was expected that the“America First”doctrine would lead to a protectionism foreign policy,even unilateralist policy in some issues.However,such doctrine should not be implemented without considering the minimum standards of good diplomacy and international law.
文摘The ＂Pictorial＂ or ＂Iconic Turn＂ is a central issue in the contemporary theory of images and visual cultural studies. Should the theories concerning the ＂Iconic Turn＂ and formulated in the last 20 years by scholars such as Gottfried Boehm, William Mitchell, Hans Belting be taken as critical theories of crisis？ Is the currently experienced ＂turn towards images＂ （and their progressive rehabilitation after a long standing philosophical and theological rejection） a sign and symptom of some crisis of people＇s relation with images, language and, generally speaking, with the representation forms of reality？ The main hypothesis of this essay envisages two sets of problems： first, the analysis of the relation between the possible idea of turning point and the concept of crisis; secondly, the thorough investigation of the relation connecting the iconic turn to the project of ＂critical iconology＂ or ＂critique of visual culture,＂ as outlined by Hans Belting and William Mitchell. From the interpretation of the ＂Iconic Turn＂ as situation of crisis and aesthetic, anthropological, and epistemological transformation follows the need for the sciences of image to provide a ＂critical iconology＂ in order to be able to theoretically reformulate the ideological and political presuppositions of some dominant contemporary forms of visual representation.
