In this study the partially divorced eutectic microstructure ofα-Mg andβ-Mg17Al12was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and phase-field modeling in hypoeutectic Mg-Al a...In this study the partially divorced eutectic microstructure ofα-Mg andβ-Mg17Al12was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and phase-field modeling in hypoeutectic Mg-Al alloys.The orientation relationships between the individual eutecticαgrains,eutecticβphase,and primaryαgrains were investigated.While the amount of eutectic morphology is primarily determined by the Al content,the in-depth microstructure analyses and the phase-field simulation suggest non-interactive nucleation and growth of eutecticαphase in theβphase grown on the interdendritic primaryαdendrites.Also,phase-field simulations showed a preferred nucleation sequence where theβphase nucleates first and subsequently triggers the nucleation of eutecticαphase at the movingβphase solidification front,which supports the microstructural analysis results.展开更多
The morphology and content of the divorced eutectic in the microstructure of high pressure die casting(HPDC) magnesium alloy have a great influence on the final performance of castings. Based on the previous work conc...The morphology and content of the divorced eutectic in the microstructure of high pressure die casting(HPDC) magnesium alloy have a great influence on the final performance of castings. Based on the previous work concerning simulation of the nucleation and dendritic growth of primary α-Mg during the solidification of magnesium alloy under HPDC process, an extension was made to the formerly established CA(Cellular Automaton) model with the purpose of modeling the nucleation and growth of Mg-Al eutectic. With a temperature field and solute field obtained during simulation of the primary α-Mg dendrites as the initial condition of the modified CA model, modeling of the Mg-Al eutectic with a divorced morphology was achieved. Moreover, the simulated results were in accordance with the experimental ones regarding the distribution and content of the divorced eutectic. Taking a "cover-plate" die casting with AM60 magnesium alloy as an example, the rapid solidification with a high cooling rate at the surface layer of the casting led to a fine and uniform grain size of primary α-Mg, while the divorced eutectic at the grain boundary revealed a more dispersed and granular morphology. Islands of divorced eutectic were observed at the central region of the casting, due to the existence of ESCs(Externally Solidified Crystals) which contributed to a coarse and non-uniform grain size of primary α-Mg. The volume percentage of the eutectic β-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase is about 2%-6% in the die casting as a whole. The numerical model established in this study is of great significance to the study of the divorced eutectic in the microstructure of die cast magnesium alloy.展开更多
国人有句俗话:家和万事兴。看来。此言的外延意义非常丰富。本文告诉我们:Divorced Men More Likely to Commit Suicide。文章里出现了一句:do not have the same support networks,其中的same support networks生动形象。汉译却不易。】
Under the cold-chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) process, samples were produced with AM60B magnesium alloy to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the eutectics, especially focusing on the constitu...Under the cold-chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) process, samples were produced with AM60B magnesium alloy to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the eutectics, especially focusing on the constitution, morphology and distribution of the eutectics over cross section of the castings. Attentions were also paid to study the effect of heat treatment on the eutectics in the die castings. Based on experimental analysis using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), it was determined that fully divorced eutectics consisting of c^-Mg and l%MglzA112 appeared at the grain boundary of the primary c^-Mg in the as-cast microstructure. Islands and networks of β-Mg17Al12 phase were observed in the central region of the castings, while the β-Mg17Al12 phase revealed a more dispersed and granular morphology on the surface layer. The two phases ratio β/α in the central region of the castings was approximately 10%, which was higher than that on the surface layer. Besides, the defect bands contained a higher percentage of the eutectics than the adjacent regions. After aging treatment (T6), only α-Mg phase was detected by XRD in the AM60B magnesium alloy, though a small amount of precipitated β-MgITAI12 phase was observed at the grain boundary. In contrast to the microstructure of die cast AZ91D magnesium alloy under the same T0 heat treatment, no discontinuous precipitation of the β-MgITAI12 phase was observed in AMO0B magnesium alloy die castings.展开更多
This study unpicks the influence of the glass tube suction casting(GTSC)with different inner diameters(8,10,12 and 14 mm)on the solidification process of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy(A390)and dissects the underlying ...This study unpicks the influence of the glass tube suction casting(GTSC)with different inner diameters(8,10,12 and 14 mm)on the solidification process of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy(A390)and dissects the underlying mechanisms of the Al-Si divorced eutectic and refinement degree of the primary silicon particles(PSPs).The results show that a smaller inner diameter of the glass tube is more favorable for achieving Al-Si divorced eutectic in GTSC A390 alloy.Conversely,a larger inner diameter is more conducive to the formation of the lamellar eutectic Si.The GTSC A390 alloy with an inner diameter of 10 mm achieves the smallest average equivalent diameter(approximately 7.4μm)of the PSPs.Being the prior diffusion channels for solute atoms,the grain boundaries and twin growth grooves of PSPs attract solute atoms(Cu,Mg,etc.)to enrich.The enriched solute atoms occupy the diffusion destinations of some Si atoms,which limits the overall growth of PSPs.These findings provide new insights into developing a simple and effective manufacturing process to refine the primary and eutectic Si phases in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys.展开更多
A high specific Young’s modulus steel could be achieved by introducing a large fraction of kappa-carbides(κ-carbide),and its ductility was improved by efficiency divorced eutectoid transformation(DET)treatment.For t...A high specific Young’s modulus steel could be achieved by introducing a large fraction of kappa-carbides(κ-carbide),and its ductility was improved by efficiency divorced eutectoid transformation(DET)treatment.For this steel,carbon and aluminum contents affect not only the carbide fraction,but also the type and morphology of carbides,and consequently the mechanical properties.In this work,the alloy was designed by considering both the carbide morphology and Young’s modulus,and the carbides in the high specific Young’s modulus steels were adjusted by controlling carbon content in a suitable range for achieving a good combination of strength and ductility.The detailed microstructure evolution process during DET reaction was studied,and it was found that a higher austenitizing temperature and the cooling rate lower than 300℃h^(−1)are suitable.The blocky carbides could be avoided by designing the carbon content in a limited content range.The microstructure-property relationship of the experimental steels was also discussed for giving an impetus to the future development of high specific Young’s modulus steels.展开更多
This paper analyzes the impacts of urbanization and unemployment rate on China's divorce rate with the panel data of 31Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2011.The study manifests as follows.First,the significant influ...This paper analyzes the impacts of urbanization and unemployment rate on China's divorce rate with the panel data of 31Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2011.The study manifests as follows.First,the significant influence of urbanization cannot be observed on the rising breakdown since the latter is not the inevitable result of the former.In the second place,unemployment rate has a significant negative influence on divorce rate,namely,with the former increasing,the latter will decrease,which echoes the perspective of divorce cost.And finally,this paper also finds positive effects of per capita fixed investment,old-age dependency rate,average household size,the proportion of floating population and population density,and negative correlation of average education attainment on divorce rate.展开更多
Herzog is one of the most successful novels written by the Jewish Nobel Prize winner Saul Bellow. Herzog, the protagonist of the novel, has experienced a spiritual and emotional collapse, triggered by the breakup of h...Herzog is one of the most successful novels written by the Jewish Nobel Prize winner Saul Bellow. Herzog, the protagonist of the novel, has experienced a spiritual and emotional collapse, triggered by the breakup of his second marriage and his contemplation of the wasteland of modern life. In the novel, he has divorced twice respectively because he is bored and boring. The characteristics of the two ex-wives are in sharp contrast. Deep analysis of the two women and their marital relationships with Erich Fromm's theory can facilitate our understanding of the novel, the writer as well as the modern world.展开更多
Divorce can have a significant effect on children’s health emotionally and practically.It can be crucial for the whole family to deal with divorce.There are many factors that come about when this situation is discuss...Divorce can have a significant effect on children’s health emotionally and practically.It can be crucial for the whole family to deal with divorce.There are many factors that come about when this situation is discussed,for example,its effect on children,the possible probability of transmission of depression from parent to children,and its effect on children’s school achievements.This paper focuses on the discussion of the answers to two questions.Firstly,how does divorce affect the school achievement of children whose parents are divorced?Secondly,how does divorce affect depression levels among children?The research finds interesting facts that children’s schools achievements get affected due to divorce but also reveals that gender plays a role as a factor,such as boys are more likely to suffer an effect on their school achievement more than girls.On the other hand,it is also found that children,especially girls,can experience depression transmitted from their depressed mothers but divorce in parents is not the only reason for children’s depression.展开更多
In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has ...In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming ＂traditional＂ society to ＂modern＂ one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years （i.e., 2000-2009） with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.展开更多
For the Arab Moslem citizens of Israel, the Shari＇a court is the supreme judicial body competent to adjudicate and rule onmatters of divorce, custody, adoption, and custodianship. Under Shari＇a law, a boy will be in...For the Arab Moslem citizens of Israel, the Shari＇a court is the supreme judicial body competent to adjudicate and rule onmatters of divorce, custody, adoption, and custodianship. Under Shari＇a law, a boy will be in the custody of his mother until the ageof seven and the girl, until the age of nine; at the end of this period, the children are transferred to the father＇s custody. In cases wherethere is no father, they are transferred to the custody of the grandfather. In cases of dispute between the parents regarding custody,the Shari＇a court is called upon to rule, and for this purpose, it seeks a professional psychological evaluation of parenting competenceIt should be noted that this evaluation in Arab Moslem society involves professional and ethical issues since it is culturally-biased interms of Moslem culture： （l） Arab society is a collective comprised of extended families （hamula = clans）; （2） Men have apreferential status over women; （3） The functions of the father and the mother with respect to the child＇s needs （instrumental,emotional, and educational） are distinct from each other. It is further noteworthy that the psychological evaluation is made bydiagnostic information and accredited tools of evaluation. In the present situation there are no psychological tests that were adaptedfor the Arab population. The test must be reliable and reflect the reality being tested. Lack of standardization for tests makes themirrelevant. Furthermore, it must be said that in the Arab world there is no consensus about the tools constructed for this purpose in theWest. Psycho-diagnostic tools including evaluations that deal with testing the level of general intellectual functioning are found innearly every psychological service or mental health clinic, but it is obvious to everyone that at the end of the testing, one must relyalso on the tester＇s experience and professional ability in order to determine the etiology or to make a diagnosis that will reflect thesubject＇s innermost emotional or mental state. Therefore the model for evaluating parenting competence in general Israel society isnot applicable in Arab Moslem society, since it is culturally-biased and the two cultures are different from each other. Therefore it isnecessary to build a model for evaluation that is grounded upon： （1） Shari＇a law; （2） Reference to the extended family; （3）Differential roles of father and mother; （4） Psychological tests adapted to the culture being examined.展开更多
Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied ...Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.展开更多
Like other democratic societies,Portugal has known an important reduction of gender inequalities,mainly by the action of women’s social movements and some political forces.However,recent(inter)national studies confir...Like other democratic societies,Portugal has known an important reduction of gender inequalities,mainly by the action of women’s social movements and some political forces.However,recent(inter)national studies confirm the social borders and inequalities persistence in many contexts(work,values and symbolic regulations,institutional frames,and daily interactions).In this paper,the authors will focus their analysis on the conjugal dissolution processes and unequal distribution of power between men and women.Regarding these matters,there is an extended debate,where they propose an articulation between the concepts of gender and class.The authors assume as fruitful an articulation of the Marxist model with the feminist one and,indirectly,a critical and synthetic crossing between(neo)Marxism and Weberianism,being this one also articulated with symbolic interactionism.Based on official statistics,in the analysis of some interviews about the motivations for/in divorce,and in the empirical evidence from the divorce judicial processes,the authors present some preliminary results of a collective project held on some regions of Portugal named:“Gender inequalities in work and private life:from the norms to social practices”.The central hypothesis of this project is that the forms of gender inequality and domination are tributaries of macro‐economic and institutional mechanisms but they are also playing at the micro level(family,business,public and private institutions),involving both variables,namely,in a crossing of Weberian‐Marxist perspectives,the presence/absence of certain level of empowerment by social actors.That means that women’s position depends and/or differs in function of factors such as available resources and rewards,the place in the organizational and(re)productive sphere of the family,and the place in the interactions and in roles negotiation.展开更多
This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claim...This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.展开更多
Using the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study dataset (PRMIHS), the predictors of relationship status were examined via probit regression. The strongest predictors of relationship status found were interacti...Using the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study dataset (PRMIHS), the predictors of relationship status were examined via probit regression. The strongest predictors of relationship status found were interactions between bi-nary variables for the age that a respondent first had sexual intercourse and for the age that a respondent first entered into a union (N = 1452). This paper con-cludes by arguing that the results provide support for viewing union status as being primarily dependent on the people involved in the union instead of being primarily dependent on factors external to the people themselves.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Korea Institute of Materials Science(PNK7760 and PNK7770)the National Research Foundation of Korea(2020R1A2C2008416 and 2021M3H4A6A01049712)。
文摘In this study the partially divorced eutectic microstructure ofα-Mg andβ-Mg17Al12was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and phase-field modeling in hypoeutectic Mg-Al alloys.The orientation relationships between the individual eutecticαgrains,eutecticβphase,and primaryαgrains were investigated.While the amount of eutectic morphology is primarily determined by the Al content,the in-depth microstructure analyses and the phase-field simulation suggest non-interactive nucleation and growth of eutecticαphase in theβphase grown on the interdendritic primaryαdendrites.Also,phase-field simulations showed a preferred nucleation sequence where theβphase nucleates first and subsequently triggers the nucleation of eutecticαphase at the movingβphase solidification front,which supports the microstructural analysis results.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2017IVA036)111 Project(B17034)State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die&Mould Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology(P2018-003)
文摘The morphology and content of the divorced eutectic in the microstructure of high pressure die casting(HPDC) magnesium alloy have a great influence on the final performance of castings. Based on the previous work concerning simulation of the nucleation and dendritic growth of primary α-Mg during the solidification of magnesium alloy under HPDC process, an extension was made to the formerly established CA(Cellular Automaton) model with the purpose of modeling the nucleation and growth of Mg-Al eutectic. With a temperature field and solute field obtained during simulation of the primary α-Mg dendrites as the initial condition of the modified CA model, modeling of the Mg-Al eutectic with a divorced morphology was achieved. Moreover, the simulated results were in accordance with the experimental ones regarding the distribution and content of the divorced eutectic. Taking a "cover-plate" die casting with AM60 magnesium alloy as an example, the rapid solidification with a high cooling rate at the surface layer of the casting led to a fine and uniform grain size of primary α-Mg, while the divorced eutectic at the grain boundary revealed a more dispersed and granular morphology. Islands of divorced eutectic were observed at the central region of the casting, due to the existence of ESCs(Externally Solidified Crystals) which contributed to a coarse and non-uniform grain size of primary α-Mg. The volume percentage of the eutectic β-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase is about 2%-6% in the die casting as a whole. The numerical model established in this study is of great significance to the study of the divorced eutectic in the microstructure of die cast magnesium alloy.
文摘国人有句俗话:家和万事兴。看来。此言的外延意义非常丰富。本文告诉我们:Divorced Men More Likely to Commit Suicide。文章里出现了一句:do not have the same support networks,其中的same support networks生动形象。汉译却不易。】
基金the financial support of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2009AA03Z114)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2011ZX04014-052, 2011BAE22B02 and 2010DFA72760)
文摘Under the cold-chamber high pressure die casting (HPDC) process, samples were produced with AM60B magnesium alloy to investigate the microstructure characteristics of the eutectics, especially focusing on the constitution, morphology and distribution of the eutectics over cross section of the castings. Attentions were also paid to study the effect of heat treatment on the eutectics in the die castings. Based on experimental analysis using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), it was determined that fully divorced eutectics consisting of c^-Mg and l%MglzA112 appeared at the grain boundary of the primary c^-Mg in the as-cast microstructure. Islands and networks of β-Mg17Al12 phase were observed in the central region of the castings, while the β-Mg17Al12 phase revealed a more dispersed and granular morphology on the surface layer. The two phases ratio β/α in the central region of the castings was approximately 10%, which was higher than that on the surface layer. Besides, the defect bands contained a higher percentage of the eutectics than the adjacent regions. After aging treatment (T6), only α-Mg phase was detected by XRD in the AM60B magnesium alloy, though a small amount of precipitated β-MgITAI12 phase was observed at the grain boundary. In contrast to the microstructure of die cast AZ91D magnesium alloy under the same T0 heat treatment, no discontinuous precipitation of the β-MgITAI12 phase was observed in AMO0B magnesium alloy die castings.
基金supports of the Fundamental Research Funds for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52303390)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230963)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(BE2021027)the Suzhou Science and Technology Project(SJC2023005,SZS2023023)the Jiangsu Province Graduate Practice Innovation Program(SJCX24_0194).
文摘This study unpicks the influence of the glass tube suction casting(GTSC)with different inner diameters(8,10,12 and 14 mm)on the solidification process of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy(A390)and dissects the underlying mechanisms of the Al-Si divorced eutectic and refinement degree of the primary silicon particles(PSPs).The results show that a smaller inner diameter of the glass tube is more favorable for achieving Al-Si divorced eutectic in GTSC A390 alloy.Conversely,a larger inner diameter is more conducive to the formation of the lamellar eutectic Si.The GTSC A390 alloy with an inner diameter of 10 mm achieves the smallest average equivalent diameter(approximately 7.4μm)of the PSPs.Being the prior diffusion channels for solute atoms,the grain boundaries and twin growth grooves of PSPs attract solute atoms(Cu,Mg,etc.)to enrich.The enriched solute atoms occupy the diffusion destinations of some Si atoms,which limits the overall growth of PSPs.These findings provide new insights into developing a simple and effective manufacturing process to refine the primary and eutectic Si phases in hypereutectic Al-Si alloys.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51804072 and 52171108)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2007012)+1 种基金the 111 Project(No.B16009)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.xlyc1907128).
文摘A high specific Young’s modulus steel could be achieved by introducing a large fraction of kappa-carbides(κ-carbide),and its ductility was improved by efficiency divorced eutectoid transformation(DET)treatment.For this steel,carbon and aluminum contents affect not only the carbide fraction,but also the type and morphology of carbides,and consequently the mechanical properties.In this work,the alloy was designed by considering both the carbide morphology and Young’s modulus,and the carbides in the high specific Young’s modulus steels were adjusted by controlling carbon content in a suitable range for achieving a good combination of strength and ductility.The detailed microstructure evolution process during DET reaction was studied,and it was found that a higher austenitizing temperature and the cooling rate lower than 300℃h^(−1)are suitable.The blocky carbides could be avoided by designing the carbon content in a limited content range.The microstructure-property relationship of the experimental steels was also discussed for giving an impetus to the future development of high specific Young’s modulus steels.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[grant number JBK1407001]
文摘This paper analyzes the impacts of urbanization and unemployment rate on China's divorce rate with the panel data of 31Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2011.The study manifests as follows.First,the significant influence of urbanization cannot be observed on the rising breakdown since the latter is not the inevitable result of the former.In the second place,unemployment rate has a significant negative influence on divorce rate,namely,with the former increasing,the latter will decrease,which echoes the perspective of divorce cost.And finally,this paper also finds positive effects of per capita fixed investment,old-age dependency rate,average household size,the proportion of floating population and population density,and negative correlation of average education attainment on divorce rate.
文摘Herzog is one of the most successful novels written by the Jewish Nobel Prize winner Saul Bellow. Herzog, the protagonist of the novel, has experienced a spiritual and emotional collapse, triggered by the breakup of his second marriage and his contemplation of the wasteland of modern life. In the novel, he has divorced twice respectively because he is bored and boring. The characteristics of the two ex-wives are in sharp contrast. Deep analysis of the two women and their marital relationships with Erich Fromm's theory can facilitate our understanding of the novel, the writer as well as the modern world.
文摘Divorce can have a significant effect on children’s health emotionally and practically.It can be crucial for the whole family to deal with divorce.There are many factors that come about when this situation is discussed,for example,its effect on children,the possible probability of transmission of depression from parent to children,and its effect on children’s school achievements.This paper focuses on the discussion of the answers to two questions.Firstly,how does divorce affect the school achievement of children whose parents are divorced?Secondly,how does divorce affect depression levels among children?The research finds interesting facts that children’s schools achievements get affected due to divorce but also reveals that gender plays a role as a factor,such as boys are more likely to suffer an effect on their school achievement more than girls.On the other hand,it is also found that children,especially girls,can experience depression transmitted from their depressed mothers but divorce in parents is not the only reason for children’s depression.
文摘In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming ＂traditional＂ society to ＂modern＂ one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years （i.e., 2000-2009） with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.
文摘For the Arab Moslem citizens of Israel, the Shari＇a court is the supreme judicial body competent to adjudicate and rule onmatters of divorce, custody, adoption, and custodianship. Under Shari＇a law, a boy will be in the custody of his mother until the ageof seven and the girl, until the age of nine; at the end of this period, the children are transferred to the father＇s custody. In cases wherethere is no father, they are transferred to the custody of the grandfather. In cases of dispute between the parents regarding custody,the Shari＇a court is called upon to rule, and for this purpose, it seeks a professional psychological evaluation of parenting competenceIt should be noted that this evaluation in Arab Moslem society involves professional and ethical issues since it is culturally-biased interms of Moslem culture： （l） Arab society is a collective comprised of extended families （hamula = clans）; （2） Men have apreferential status over women; （3） The functions of the father and the mother with respect to the child＇s needs （instrumental,emotional, and educational） are distinct from each other. It is further noteworthy that the psychological evaluation is made bydiagnostic information and accredited tools of evaluation. In the present situation there are no psychological tests that were adaptedfor the Arab population. The test must be reliable and reflect the reality being tested. Lack of standardization for tests makes themirrelevant. Furthermore, it must be said that in the Arab world there is no consensus about the tools constructed for this purpose in theWest. Psycho-diagnostic tools including evaluations that deal with testing the level of general intellectual functioning are found innearly every psychological service or mental health clinic, but it is obvious to everyone that at the end of the testing, one must relyalso on the tester＇s experience and professional ability in order to determine the etiology or to make a diagnosis that will reflect thesubject＇s innermost emotional or mental state. Therefore the model for evaluating parenting competence in general Israel society isnot applicable in Arab Moslem society, since it is culturally-biased and the two cultures are different from each other. Therefore it isnecessary to build a model for evaluation that is grounded upon： （1） Shari＇a law; （2） Reference to the extended family; （3）Differential roles of father and mother; （4） Psychological tests adapted to the culture being examined.
文摘Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.
文摘Like other democratic societies,Portugal has known an important reduction of gender inequalities,mainly by the action of women’s social movements and some political forces.However,recent(inter)national studies confirm the social borders and inequalities persistence in many contexts(work,values and symbolic regulations,institutional frames,and daily interactions).In this paper,the authors will focus their analysis on the conjugal dissolution processes and unequal distribution of power between men and women.Regarding these matters,there is an extended debate,where they propose an articulation between the concepts of gender and class.The authors assume as fruitful an articulation of the Marxist model with the feminist one and,indirectly,a critical and synthetic crossing between(neo)Marxism and Weberianism,being this one also articulated with symbolic interactionism.Based on official statistics,in the analysis of some interviews about the motivations for/in divorce,and in the empirical evidence from the divorce judicial processes,the authors present some preliminary results of a collective project held on some regions of Portugal named:“Gender inequalities in work and private life:from the norms to social practices”.The central hypothesis of this project is that the forms of gender inequality and domination are tributaries of macro‐economic and institutional mechanisms but they are also playing at the micro level(family,business,public and private institutions),involving both variables,namely,in a crossing of Weberian‐Marxist perspectives,the presence/absence of certain level of empowerment by social actors.That means that women’s position depends and/or differs in function of factors such as available resources and rewards,the place in the organizational and(re)productive sphere of the family,and the place in the interactions and in roles negotiation.
文摘This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.
文摘Using the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study dataset (PRMIHS), the predictors of relationship status were examined via probit regression. The strongest predictors of relationship status found were interactions between bi-nary variables for the age that a respondent first had sexual intercourse and for the age that a respondent first entered into a union (N = 1452). This paper con-cludes by arguing that the results provide support for viewing union status as being primarily dependent on the people involved in the union instead of being primarily dependent on factors external to the people themselves.
