The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-orga...The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-organized by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute(SAIRI),Shanghai Technology Innovation Center,Shanghai Grand Neobay Investment Development Group,and Organizing Committee of AI Journey Conference.Asian Association of Business Incubation(AABI)and SAIRI served as the international partners.展开更多
Background:Telehealth has emerged as a powerful tool for managing chronic diseases and mental health conditions,offering increased access to care and improved patient outcomes.However,inequities in digital connectivit...Background:Telehealth has emerged as a powerful tool for managing chronic diseases and mental health conditions,offering increased access to care and improved patient outcomes.However,inequities in digital connectivity and technological resources have created significant disparities in access to these potentially life-changing services,disproportionately impacting marginalized and minoritized communities across the globe.Methods:Data on 473,716 telehealth encounters occurring between January 1,2022,and June 30,2023 were retrieved from the electronic health records(EHR)system used by University Hospitals.These encounters were classified into three groups:attended,canceled,and no-show.Relative risk was calculated based on age,sex,and race,and a multivariate linear regression was performed with age,sex,and race as inputs,to determine their effect on the encounter outcome.Results:Our analysis identified significant differences in relative risk between demographic groups.Patients 20-39 years of age had a high relative risk of cancellation and no-show,and Black patients demonstrated the highest relative risk for cancellation and no-show.The regression analysis illustrated a statistically significant link between no-shows and patients with a cellular plan with no other internet subscription(p<0.001),smartphone ownership(p<0.001),and not having a computer(p<0.05).Conclusions:This study highlights the clinical repercussions of the digital divide,as patients relying on a mobile phone and data plan to attend telehealth visits were more likely to no-show.Current disparities in digital connectivity for historically marginalized populations heightens the risk of creating a digital underclass.There is evidence this study may be applicable in multiple countries across the world.Further research on the causes of the observed no-shows is necessary to ensure equitable delivery of digital healthcare services.展开更多
Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable se...Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable security risks.Current spam detection techniques often struggle to keep pace with the evolving tactics employed by spammers,resulting in user dissatisfaction and potential data breaches.To address this issue,we introduce the Divide and Conquer-Generative Adversarial Network Squeeze and Excitation-Based Framework(DaC-GANSAEBF),an innovative deep-learning model designed to identify spam emails.This framework incorporates cutting-edge technologies,such as Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN),Squeeze and Excitation(SAE)modules,and a newly formulated Light Dual Attention(LDA)mechanism,which effectively utilizes both global and local attention to discern intricate patterns within textual data.This approach significantly improves efficiency and accuracy by segmenting scanned email content into smaller,independently evaluated components.The model underwent training and validation using four publicly available benchmark datasets,achieving an impressive average accuracy of 98.87%,outperforming leading methods in the field.These findings underscore the resilience and scalability of DaC-GANSAEBF,positioning it as a viable solution for contemporary spam detection systems.The framework can be easily integrated into existing technologies to enhance user security and reduce the risks associated with spam.展开更多
As the most important large-scale communication infrastructure in the world today,submarine cable can profoundly reflect the global Internet communication pattern,and is of great significance for understanding the glo...As the most important large-scale communication infrastructure in the world today,submarine cable can profoundly reflect the global Internet communication pattern,and is of great significance for understanding the global digital divide.We used multi-scale and network analysis methods to depict the distribution pattern,network structure and spatio-temporal evolution of global submarine cables at the national and landing point scales,in order to analyze the current situation,challenges and main directions of global digital divide governance.Results show that:(1)spatial distribution of global submarine cables is unbalanced,the United States and Europe are the concentrated distribution areas of submarine cables and global information flow centers;(2)core connections of the global submarine cable network are only composed of a tiny minority of countries or regions or landing points,and have strong geographical proximity and clustered-type characteristic,noting that multitudinous landing points of developed countries are at the semi-periphery or even periphery of the network;(3)submarine cables can alleviate the global digital divide through the three paths of infrastructure universalization,digital ecosystem reconstruction and economic empowerment,and the global digital divide governance still faces the dilemma of the differences in digital strategy development and the lack of a governance system.However,due to the increasingly important position of cities in developing countries in the international communication pattern,the global digital divide problem is being alleviated.展开更多
Drainage divide migration refers to the shifting boundaries between adjacent drainage basins over time,driven by processes such as tectonic uplift,differential erosion,stream capture,and lithological variations.This p...Drainage divide migration refers to the shifting boundaries between adjacent drainage basins over time,driven by processes such as tectonic uplift,differential erosion,stream capture,and lithological variations.This phenomenon has a significant impact on water flow patterns and basin extents,serving as an indicator of the landscape's response to active tectonic forces.One of the key drivers of divide migration is asymmetric uplift,which causes divides to shift from areas of lower uplift to regions experiencing higher uplift.Drainage divides are inherently dynamic,evolving over time as drainage networks develop and adjust to changing conditions.This study focuses on the migration of the main drainage divide along Karιncalιda?,located between Bozdo?an and Karacasu.It employs geomorphic analyses using metrics such as the normalized steepness index(ksn),Chi(χ),and Gilbert metrics.The main divide is categorized into four segments(D1–D4),with the Karacasu Fault,situated along the mountain's north-eastern boundary,identified as the primary factor influencing divide dynamics.Secondary factors include the relatively low elevation of Karιncalιda?,uniform lithology,and consistent rainfall patterns across the region.The results indicate that the main divide is currently stable,suggesting a balance between uplift and erosion.However,higherχvalues in the D4 segment suggest that future erosion may dominate,potentially causing the divide to migrate toward the Bozdo?an Basin.These findings highlight the dynamic nature of drainage divides and the complex interplay of tectonic,erosional,and lithological processes that shape their evolution.Continued monitoring and advanced geomorphic analysis are essential for understanding the long-term stability of the divide and its response to future tectonic activity and erosional modifications.展开更多
Achieving efficient adsorption and separation of C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)mixtures is a goal that people have always pursued to improve the situation of high energy consumption brought by traditional separation technologies i...Achieving efficient adsorption and separation of C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)mixtures is a goal that people have always pursued to improve the situation of high energy consumption brought by traditional separation technologies in industry today.High-nuclearity metal cluster-based MOFs with different functionalities are promising for this separation,but it is a complicated and difficult task to precisely control their structures.The strategy of pore-space partition(PSP)is a powerful way to construct this type MOFs,which has the characteristic of isostructural relationship,and can be resulted in a similar performance for them.Therefore,it is an interesting work to explore the effect of MOFs property by adjusting the size of PSP dividers.Herein,three tetranuclear Cu(Ⅱ)cluster-based MOFs(FJU-112/113/114)with dual functionalities has been successfully obtained by PSP strategy with various lengths of divider units.With the highest microporosity and unique functional site,FJU-114 realized a good improvement in the adsorption and separation performance of C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2).The gas adsorption and lab-scale C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)breakthrough experiments demonstrated that FJU-114 exhibits the highest adsorption uptake of 77 cm^(3)/g for C_(2)H_(2),and shows the best separation factor of 4.2 among three MOFs.The GCMC simulation reveals that a stronger adsorption binding site of C_(2)H_(2)in FJU-114a located in the cage II near the unchanged tetranuclear copper node,combined with its high microporosity to achieve the effect of dual functionalities for the improvement performance of C_(2)H_(2)adsorption and separation.展开更多
Aims:Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics.While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options,they have limitations when dealing ...Aims:Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics.While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options,they have limitations when dealing with large lesions.This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid.Methods:This retrospective study included 10 patients(5 males,5 females)with a mean age of 23.7 years(9-54 years).All underwent CO_(2)laser excision and were followed up for 12 months.Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates,evaluated using digital photography.Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period.Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire.Results:All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid,with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm(mean:3.93 mm).Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions.At the 12-month follow-up,a 100%clearance rate was achieved,with no recurrence observed in any patient.All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity.Complications were minimal,with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients,hyperpigmentation in 2 patients,and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient.No severe complications,such as ectropion,eyelid margin notching,corneal erosion,or significant scar hypertrophy,were reported.All patients expressed being"very satisfied"with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire.Conclusions:CO_(2)laser excision offers a simple,precise,and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid.This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process,achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes,and eliminates the need for skin grafting,making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.展开更多
The continuously updated database of failures and censored data of numerous products has become large, and on some covariates, information regarding the failure times is missing in the database. As the dataset is larg...The continuously updated database of failures and censored data of numerous products has become large, and on some covariates, information regarding the failure times is missing in the database. As the dataset is large and has missing information, the analysis tasks become complicated and a long time is required to execute the programming codes. In such situations, the divide and recombine (D&R) approach, which has a practical computational performance for big data analysis, can be applied. In this study, the D&R approach was applied to analyze the real field data of an automobile component with incomplete information on covariates using the Weibull regression model. Model parameters were estimated using the expectation maximization algorithm. The results of the data analysis and simulation demonstrated that the D&R approach is applicable for analyzing such datasets. Further, the percentiles and reliability functions of the distribution under different covariate conditions were estimated to evaluate the component performance of these covariates. The findings of this study have managerial implications regarding design decisions, safety, and reliability of automobile components.展开更多
Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is sti...Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.展开更多
A programmable multi-modulus frequency divider is designed and implemented in a 0. 35μm CMOS process. The multi-modulus frequency divider is a single chip with two dividers in series,which are divided by 4 or 5 presc...A programmable multi-modulus frequency divider is designed and implemented in a 0. 35μm CMOS process. The multi-modulus frequency divider is a single chip with two dividers in series,which are divided by 4 or 5 prescaler and by 128-255 multi-modulus frequency divider. In the circuit design, power and speed trade-offs are analyzed for the prescaler, and power optimization techniques are used according to the input frequency of each divider cell for the 128-255 multimodulus frequency divider. The chip is designed with ESD protected I/O PAD. The dividers chain can work as high as 2.4GHz with a single ended input signal and beyond 2.6GHz with differential input signals. The dual-modulus prescaler consumes 11mA of current while the 128-255 multi-modulus frequency divider consumes 17mA of current with a 3.3V power supply. The core area of the die without PAD is 0.65mm × 0.3mm. This programmable multi-modulus frequency divider can be used for 2.4GHz ISM band PLL-based frequency synthesizers. To our knowledge, this is the first reported multi-modulus frequency divider with this structure in China.展开更多
An integrated low power CMOS VCO and its divide by 2 dividers for WLAN transceivers are presented.The VCO is based on on chip symmetrical spiral inductor and differential diode and the divide by 2 dividers are b...An integrated low power CMOS VCO and its divide by 2 dividers for WLAN transceivers are presented.The VCO is based on on chip symmetrical spiral inductor and differential diode and the divide by 2 dividers are based on the ILFD technique.Due to differential LC tanks and ILFD techniques,power consumption is low.The circuit is implemented in a 0 18μm CMOS process.Measurements show the proposed circuit could produce 3 6/1 8GHz dual band LO signals with a wide tuning range and low phase noise.1 8GHz LO signals are quadrature.It consumes 5mA at V DD =1 5V.The size of die area is only 1 0mm×1 0mm.展开更多
The implementation of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for digital video broadcastingterrestrial （DVB-T） and other modem communi...The implementation of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for digital video broadcastingterrestrial （DVB-T） and other modem communication systems, is presented. By cooperating with a dual-modulus prescaler, this divider can realize an integer frequency division from 926 to 1 387. Besides the traditional standard cell design flow, such as logic synthesis, placement and routing, the interactions between front-end and back-end are also considered to optimize the design flow under deep submicron technology. By back-annotating the back-end information to front-end design, a custom wire-load model is created which is more practical compared with the default model. This divider has been fabricated in TSMC 0. 18μm CMOS technology using Artisan standard cell library. The chip area is 675 μm × 475 μm and the power consumption is about 2 mW under a 1.8 V power supply. Measurement results show that it works correctly and can realize a frequency division with high precision.展开更多
A fractional frequency divider based on phase switching and negative feedback delta-sigma modulator(NF-DSM) is presented. The phase switching circuit, realized by switching 8 signals generated by a divider-by-4 circui...A fractional frequency divider based on phase switching and negative feedback delta-sigma modulator(NF-DSM) is presented. The phase switching circuit, realized by switching 8 signals generated by a divider-by-4 circuit, is adopted to reduce the frequency division step. The NF-DSM, which can obtain smooth output spectra, is proposed to generate the fractional part of the division ratio, moreover, the integer part of the division ratio is realized by a divider-by-2/3 circuit chain. Fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm RF CMOS technology, the fractional frequency divider achieves a measured operation frequency from 0.5 GHz to 8 GHz. With a 1.8 V supply voltage, the maximum current consumption of the whole divider is 17.5 mA, and the chip area is 0.58 mm^2, including the pads.展开更多
United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps (available at the USGS National Map website) are used to determine development of the asymmetric South Platte River drainage basin (south of Denver) by noting lo...United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps (available at the USGS National Map website) are used to determine development of the asymmetric South Platte River drainage basin (south of Denver) by noting low points (referred to as divide crossings) where south-oriented floodwater channels once crossed the South Platte-Arkansas River drainage divide. Twelve groups of observed divide crossings are described most of which show evidence for flood-formed diverging and converging channels including where divide crossings are cut across Thirtynine Mile volcanic field ejectamenta. A new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm requires southeast- and south-oriented floods to have flowed across what is now the east-west continental divide to reach the southeast-oriented Arkansas River valley and to have eroded the divide crossings before north-oriented South Platte River valley headward erosion captured the flow. Such floods are not consistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history interpretations, but are consistent with new paradigm interpretations (developed to explain Missouri River drainage basin topographic map drainage system evidence) in which a thick continental ice sheet (located where large continental ice sheets are usually reported to have been) deeply eroded the underlying bedrock and caused crustal uplift to create a deep “hole” with a deep “hole” rim segment roughly following today’s Wyoming and northern Colorado east-west continental divide and then continuing eastward along what is now the Missouri-Arkansas River drainage divide. The new paradigm results in a Cenozoic geologic and glacial history in which immense south-oriented continental ice sheet meltwater floods first flowed in a south direction across the rising deep “hole” rim and were then forced by rim uplift to flow along the rim and subsequently in north directions into the developing deep “hole”.展开更多
An 1∶8 frequency divider is designed and realized in a 0 35μm standard CMOS technology.The chip consists of three stages of 1∶2 divider cells,which are constructed with source couple logic (SCL) flip flops.By rev...An 1∶8 frequency divider is designed and realized in a 0 35μm standard CMOS technology.The chip consists of three stages of 1∶2 divider cells,which are constructed with source couple logic (SCL) flip flops.By revising the traditional topology of SCL flip flop,a divider with better performances is got.The results of measurement show that the whole chip achieves the frequency division at more than 8 5GHz.Each 1∶2 divider consumes about 11mW from a 3 3V supply.The divider can be used in RF and optic fiber transceivers and other high speed systems.展开更多
The developments in the field of Information and Communication Technology （ICT） in the country has rapidly happen after year 2009 .Government has developed many programs and initiations to develop ICT in the country...The developments in the field of Information and Communication Technology （ICT） in the country has rapidly happen after year 2009 .Government has developed many programs and initiations to develop ICT in the country after three decades of war was ended up. As a result disabled community can make many opportunities to use the ICT and at the same time create a gap, which is commonly referred to as Disability Digital Divide. The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the current status of adoption of ICT and in turn the digital divide resulting from which in the disability community in Sri Lanka and the factors affecting this behavior. A questionnaire and Interviewed based survey （n = 107） was carried out to collect the data from the disabled people who used ICT in the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kaluthara district. An empirical model was developed to show the relationship between the level of adoption of 10 basic, intermediate, and advanced ICT facilities and a number of factors to reflect the WWW, Smart phones, and Computer usage aspects of disabled community. Based on the Innovatiotr---Diffusion Theory, the status of Digital Divide of a disabled community was specified by means of an Index. The results show that this community did not become innovators or early-adopters of ICT by adopting WWW or computer related technologies but was mostly confined to the smart phone related facilities. The results from this study highlight that the income of a disabled person, awareness about the information and technology, interest of new technology usage, social and cultural background of a person, use of English language in day-to-day life give a significant impact on the adoption oflCT by the disabled community.展开更多
This article reviews the concept of digital divide and particularly discusses the digital divide among K-12 students in rural and urban China,as well as the e-learning strategies initiated by the Chinese government th...This article reviews the concept of digital divide and particularly discusses the digital divide among K-12 students in rural and urban China,as well as the e-learning strategies initiated by the Chinese government that were designed to minimize this digital divide in China.This article concludes by explaining the issue of skills on effective e-learning and correspondingly making suggestions for English teachers in K-12 schools in China.展开更多
A novel edge-triggered D-flip-flop based on a resonant tunneling diode （RTD） is proposed and used to construct a binary frequency divider. The design is discussed in detail and the performance of the circuit is veri...A novel edge-triggered D-flip-flop based on a resonant tunneling diode （RTD） is proposed and used to construct a binary frequency divider. The design is discussed in detail and the performance of the circuit is verified using SPICE. Relying on the nonlinear characteristics of RTD,we reduced the number of components used in our DFF circuit to only half of that required using conventional CMOS SCFL technology.展开更多
The design of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for transmitter and receiver in IEEE 802. 11 a standard, is investigated. The main ...The design of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for transmitter and receiver in IEEE 802. 11 a standard, is investigated. The main steps in very large-scale integration （VLSI） design flow such as logic synthesis, floorplan and placement ＆ routing （P ＆ R） are introduced. By back-annotating the back-end information to the front-end design, the custom wire-load model is created and used for optimizing the design flow under deep submicron technology. The programmable frequency divider is implemented based on Artisan TSMC （Taiwan Semicoductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd. ）0. 18μm CMOS （complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor） standard cells and fabricated. The Chip area is 1 360. 5μm^2 and can work in the range of 100 to 200 MHz. The measurement results indicate that the design conforms to the frequency division precision.展开更多
In this paper,massive state-of-theart planar power dividers are presented and discussed. The innovations of these superiorly-performanced power dividers lie in the performance breakthrough,physical configurations and ...In this paper,massive state-of-theart planar power dividers are presented and discussed. The innovations of these superiorly-performanced power dividers lie in the performance breakthrough,physical configurations and function integrations. Eventually,based on the trend presented,the future of the power dividers is predicted. This paper might have inspiration significance to illuminate the way for the development of power dividers.展开更多
文摘The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-organized by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute(SAIRI),Shanghai Technology Innovation Center,Shanghai Grand Neobay Investment Development Group,and Organizing Committee of AI Journey Conference.Asian Association of Business Incubation(AABI)and SAIRI served as the international partners.
文摘Background:Telehealth has emerged as a powerful tool for managing chronic diseases and mental health conditions,offering increased access to care and improved patient outcomes.However,inequities in digital connectivity and technological resources have created significant disparities in access to these potentially life-changing services,disproportionately impacting marginalized and minoritized communities across the globe.Methods:Data on 473,716 telehealth encounters occurring between January 1,2022,and June 30,2023 were retrieved from the electronic health records(EHR)system used by University Hospitals.These encounters were classified into three groups:attended,canceled,and no-show.Relative risk was calculated based on age,sex,and race,and a multivariate linear regression was performed with age,sex,and race as inputs,to determine their effect on the encounter outcome.Results:Our analysis identified significant differences in relative risk between demographic groups.Patients 20-39 years of age had a high relative risk of cancellation and no-show,and Black patients demonstrated the highest relative risk for cancellation and no-show.The regression analysis illustrated a statistically significant link between no-shows and patients with a cellular plan with no other internet subscription(p<0.001),smartphone ownership(p<0.001),and not having a computer(p<0.05).Conclusions:This study highlights the clinical repercussions of the digital divide,as patients relying on a mobile phone and data plan to attend telehealth visits were more likely to no-show.Current disparities in digital connectivity for historically marginalized populations heightens the risk of creating a digital underclass.There is evidence this study may be applicable in multiple countries across the world.Further research on the causes of the observed no-shows is necessary to ensure equitable delivery of digital healthcare services.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia under Grant No.(GPIP:71-829-2024).
文摘Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable security risks.Current spam detection techniques often struggle to keep pace with the evolving tactics employed by spammers,resulting in user dissatisfaction and potential data breaches.To address this issue,we introduce the Divide and Conquer-Generative Adversarial Network Squeeze and Excitation-Based Framework(DaC-GANSAEBF),an innovative deep-learning model designed to identify spam emails.This framework incorporates cutting-edge technologies,such as Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN),Squeeze and Excitation(SAE)modules,and a newly formulated Light Dual Attention(LDA)mechanism,which effectively utilizes both global and local attention to discern intricate patterns within textual data.This approach significantly improves efficiency and accuracy by segmenting scanned email content into smaller,independently evaluated components.The model underwent training and validation using four publicly available benchmark datasets,achieving an impressive average accuracy of 98.87%,outperforming leading methods in the field.These findings underscore the resilience and scalability of DaC-GANSAEBF,positioning it as a viable solution for contemporary spam detection systems.The framework can be easily integrated into existing technologies to enhance user security and reduce the risks associated with spam.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371175。
文摘As the most important large-scale communication infrastructure in the world today,submarine cable can profoundly reflect the global Internet communication pattern,and is of great significance for understanding the global digital divide.We used multi-scale and network analysis methods to depict the distribution pattern,network structure and spatio-temporal evolution of global submarine cables at the national and landing point scales,in order to analyze the current situation,challenges and main directions of global digital divide governance.Results show that:(1)spatial distribution of global submarine cables is unbalanced,the United States and Europe are the concentrated distribution areas of submarine cables and global information flow centers;(2)core connections of the global submarine cable network are only composed of a tiny minority of countries or regions or landing points,and have strong geographical proximity and clustered-type characteristic,noting that multitudinous landing points of developed countries are at the semi-periphery or even periphery of the network;(3)submarine cables can alleviate the global digital divide through the three paths of infrastructure universalization,digital ecosystem reconstruction and economic empowerment,and the global digital divide governance still faces the dilemma of the differences in digital strategy development and the lack of a governance system.However,due to the increasingly important position of cities in developing countries in the international communication pattern,the global digital divide problem is being alleviated.
文摘Drainage divide migration refers to the shifting boundaries between adjacent drainage basins over time,driven by processes such as tectonic uplift,differential erosion,stream capture,and lithological variations.This phenomenon has a significant impact on water flow patterns and basin extents,serving as an indicator of the landscape's response to active tectonic forces.One of the key drivers of divide migration is asymmetric uplift,which causes divides to shift from areas of lower uplift to regions experiencing higher uplift.Drainage divides are inherently dynamic,evolving over time as drainage networks develop and adjust to changing conditions.This study focuses on the migration of the main drainage divide along Karιncalιda?,located between Bozdo?an and Karacasu.It employs geomorphic analyses using metrics such as the normalized steepness index(ksn),Chi(χ),and Gilbert metrics.The main divide is categorized into four segments(D1–D4),with the Karacasu Fault,situated along the mountain's north-eastern boundary,identified as the primary factor influencing divide dynamics.Secondary factors include the relatively low elevation of Karιncalιda?,uniform lithology,and consistent rainfall patterns across the region.The results indicate that the main divide is currently stable,suggesting a balance between uplift and erosion.However,higherχvalues in the D4 segment suggest that future erosion may dominate,potentially causing the divide to migrate toward the Bozdo?an Basin.These findings highlight the dynamic nature of drainage divides and the complex interplay of tectonic,erosional,and lithological processes that shape their evolution.Continued monitoring and advanced geomorphic analysis are essential for understanding the long-term stability of the divide and its response to future tectonic activity and erosional modifications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975044,21971038,21922810 and 22271046)the Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Nos.2023J01355,2023J011106 and 2022R1022001).
文摘Achieving efficient adsorption and separation of C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)mixtures is a goal that people have always pursued to improve the situation of high energy consumption brought by traditional separation technologies in industry today.High-nuclearity metal cluster-based MOFs with different functionalities are promising for this separation,but it is a complicated and difficult task to precisely control their structures.The strategy of pore-space partition(PSP)is a powerful way to construct this type MOFs,which has the characteristic of isostructural relationship,and can be resulted in a similar performance for them.Therefore,it is an interesting work to explore the effect of MOFs property by adjusting the size of PSP dividers.Herein,three tetranuclear Cu(Ⅱ)cluster-based MOFs(FJU-112/113/114)with dual functionalities has been successfully obtained by PSP strategy with various lengths of divider units.With the highest microporosity and unique functional site,FJU-114 realized a good improvement in the adsorption and separation performance of C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2).The gas adsorption and lab-scale C_(2)H_(2)/CO_(2)breakthrough experiments demonstrated that FJU-114 exhibits the highest adsorption uptake of 77 cm^(3)/g for C_(2)H_(2),and shows the best separation factor of 4.2 among three MOFs.The GCMC simulation reveals that a stronger adsorption binding site of C_(2)H_(2)in FJU-114a located in the cage II near the unchanged tetranuclear copper node,combined with its high microporosity to achieve the effect of dual functionalities for the improvement performance of C_(2)H_(2)adsorption and separation.
文摘Aims:Divided nevus of the eyelid is a congenital pigmented nevus that impacts eyelid function and aesthetics.While surgical excision and laser ablation are current treatment options,they have limitations when dealing with large lesions.This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))laser excision treatment for divided nevus of the eyelid.Methods:This retrospective study included 10 patients(5 males,5 females)with a mean age of 23.7 years(9-54 years).All underwent CO_(2)laser excision and were followed up for 12 months.Treatment outcomes were assessed through clearance and recurrence rates,evaluated using digital photography.Postoperative complications were closely monitored throughout the 12-month follow-up period.Patient satisfaction was assessed using a comprehensive questionnaire.Results:All patients presented with unilateral divided nevus of the eyelid,with lesion diameters ranging from 25 to 50 mm and heights ranging from 0.3 to 6 mm(mean:3.93 mm).Patients received between 1 and 5 laser treatment sessions.At the 12-month follow-up,a 100%clearance rate was achieved,with no recurrence observed in any patient.All patients maintained a continuous eyelid margin with acceptable irregularity.Complications were minimal,with partial eyelash loss in 8 patients,hyperpigmentation in 2 patients,and mild upper eyelid trichiasis in 1 patient.No severe complications,such as ectropion,eyelid margin notching,corneal erosion,or significant scar hypertrophy,were reported.All patients expressed being"very satisfied"with the functional and cosmetic outcomes in a questionnaire.Conclusions:CO_(2)laser excision offers a simple,precise,and effective treatment approach for divided nevus of the eyelid.This innovative technique simplifies the treatment process,achieves excellent cosmetic outcomes,and eliminates the need for skin grafting,making it a promising option for the management of large divided nevus.
文摘The continuously updated database of failures and censored data of numerous products has become large, and on some covariates, information regarding the failure times is missing in the database. As the dataset is large and has missing information, the analysis tasks become complicated and a long time is required to execute the programming codes. In such situations, the divide and recombine (D&R) approach, which has a practical computational performance for big data analysis, can be applied. In this study, the D&R approach was applied to analyze the real field data of an automobile component with incomplete information on covariates using the Weibull regression model. Model parameters were estimated using the expectation maximization algorithm. The results of the data analysis and simulation demonstrated that the D&R approach is applicable for analyzing such datasets. Further, the percentiles and reliability functions of the distribution under different covariate conditions were estimated to evaluate the component performance of these covariates. The findings of this study have managerial implications regarding design decisions, safety, and reliability of automobile components.
文摘Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.
文摘A programmable multi-modulus frequency divider is designed and implemented in a 0. 35μm CMOS process. The multi-modulus frequency divider is a single chip with two dividers in series,which are divided by 4 or 5 prescaler and by 128-255 multi-modulus frequency divider. In the circuit design, power and speed trade-offs are analyzed for the prescaler, and power optimization techniques are used according to the input frequency of each divider cell for the 128-255 multimodulus frequency divider. The chip is designed with ESD protected I/O PAD. The dividers chain can work as high as 2.4GHz with a single ended input signal and beyond 2.6GHz with differential input signals. The dual-modulus prescaler consumes 11mA of current while the 128-255 multi-modulus frequency divider consumes 17mA of current with a 3.3V power supply. The core area of the die without PAD is 0.65mm × 0.3mm. This programmable multi-modulus frequency divider can be used for 2.4GHz ISM band PLL-based frequency synthesizers. To our knowledge, this is the first reported multi-modulus frequency divider with this structure in China.
文摘An integrated low power CMOS VCO and its divide by 2 dividers for WLAN transceivers are presented.The VCO is based on on chip symmetrical spiral inductor and differential diode and the divide by 2 dividers are based on the ILFD technique.Due to differential LC tanks and ILFD techniques,power consumption is low.The circuit is implemented in a 0 18μm CMOS process.Measurements show the proposed circuit could produce 3 6/1 8GHz dual band LO signals with a wide tuning range and low phase noise.1 8GHz LO signals are quadrature.It consumes 5mA at V DD =1 5V.The size of die area is only 1 0mm×1 0mm.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60472057)
文摘The implementation of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for digital video broadcastingterrestrial （DVB-T） and other modem communication systems, is presented. By cooperating with a dual-modulus prescaler, this divider can realize an integer frequency division from 926 to 1 387. Besides the traditional standard cell design flow, such as logic synthesis, placement and routing, the interactions between front-end and back-end are also considered to optimize the design flow under deep submicron technology. By back-annotating the back-end information to front-end design, a custom wire-load model is created which is more practical compared with the default model. This divider has been fabricated in TSMC 0. 18μm CMOS technology using Artisan standard cell library. The chip area is 675 μm × 475 μm and the power consumption is about 2 mW under a 1.8 V power supply. Measurement results show that it works correctly and can realize a frequency division with high precision.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61674037)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0800400)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘A fractional frequency divider based on phase switching and negative feedback delta-sigma modulator(NF-DSM) is presented. The phase switching circuit, realized by switching 8 signals generated by a divider-by-4 circuit, is adopted to reduce the frequency division step. The NF-DSM, which can obtain smooth output spectra, is proposed to generate the fractional part of the division ratio, moreover, the integer part of the division ratio is realized by a divider-by-2/3 circuit chain. Fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm RF CMOS technology, the fractional frequency divider achieves a measured operation frequency from 0.5 GHz to 8 GHz. With a 1.8 V supply voltage, the maximum current consumption of the whole divider is 17.5 mA, and the chip area is 0.58 mm^2, including the pads.
文摘United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps (available at the USGS National Map website) are used to determine development of the asymmetric South Platte River drainage basin (south of Denver) by noting low points (referred to as divide crossings) where south-oriented floodwater channels once crossed the South Platte-Arkansas River drainage divide. Twelve groups of observed divide crossings are described most of which show evidence for flood-formed diverging and converging channels including where divide crossings are cut across Thirtynine Mile volcanic field ejectamenta. A new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm requires southeast- and south-oriented floods to have flowed across what is now the east-west continental divide to reach the southeast-oriented Arkansas River valley and to have eroded the divide crossings before north-oriented South Platte River valley headward erosion captured the flow. Such floods are not consistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history interpretations, but are consistent with new paradigm interpretations (developed to explain Missouri River drainage basin topographic map drainage system evidence) in which a thick continental ice sheet (located where large continental ice sheets are usually reported to have been) deeply eroded the underlying bedrock and caused crustal uplift to create a deep “hole” with a deep “hole” rim segment roughly following today’s Wyoming and northern Colorado east-west continental divide and then continuing eastward along what is now the Missouri-Arkansas River drainage divide. The new paradigm results in a Cenozoic geologic and glacial history in which immense south-oriented continental ice sheet meltwater floods first flowed in a south direction across the rising deep “hole” rim and were then forced by rim uplift to flow along the rim and subsequently in north directions into the developing deep “hole”.
文摘An 1∶8 frequency divider is designed and realized in a 0 35μm standard CMOS technology.The chip consists of three stages of 1∶2 divider cells,which are constructed with source couple logic (SCL) flip flops.By revising the traditional topology of SCL flip flop,a divider with better performances is got.The results of measurement show that the whole chip achieves the frequency division at more than 8 5GHz.Each 1∶2 divider consumes about 11mW from a 3 3V supply.The divider can be used in RF and optic fiber transceivers and other high speed systems.
文摘The developments in the field of Information and Communication Technology （ICT） in the country has rapidly happen after year 2009 .Government has developed many programs and initiations to develop ICT in the country after three decades of war was ended up. As a result disabled community can make many opportunities to use the ICT and at the same time create a gap, which is commonly referred to as Disability Digital Divide. The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the current status of adoption of ICT and in turn the digital divide resulting from which in the disability community in Sri Lanka and the factors affecting this behavior. A questionnaire and Interviewed based survey （n = 107） was carried out to collect the data from the disabled people who used ICT in the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kaluthara district. An empirical model was developed to show the relationship between the level of adoption of 10 basic, intermediate, and advanced ICT facilities and a number of factors to reflect the WWW, Smart phones, and Computer usage aspects of disabled community. Based on the Innovatiotr---Diffusion Theory, the status of Digital Divide of a disabled community was specified by means of an Index. The results show that this community did not become innovators or early-adopters of ICT by adopting WWW or computer related technologies but was mostly confined to the smart phone related facilities. The results from this study highlight that the income of a disabled person, awareness about the information and technology, interest of new technology usage, social and cultural background of a person, use of English language in day-to-day life give a significant impact on the adoption oflCT by the disabled community.
文摘This article reviews the concept of digital divide and particularly discusses the digital divide among K-12 students in rural and urban China,as well as the e-learning strategies initiated by the Chinese government that were designed to minimize this digital divide in China.This article concludes by explaining the issue of skills on effective e-learning and correspondingly making suggestions for English teachers in K-12 schools in China.
文摘A novel edge-triggered D-flip-flop based on a resonant tunneling diode （RTD） is proposed and used to construct a binary frequency divider. The design is discussed in detail and the performance of the circuit is verified using SPICE. Relying on the nonlinear characteristics of RTD,we reduced the number of components used in our DFF circuit to only half of that required using conventional CMOS SCFL technology.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60472057)
文摘The design of a programmable frequency divider, which is one of the components of the phase-locked loop （PLL） frequency synthesizer for transmitter and receiver in IEEE 802. 11 a standard, is investigated. The main steps in very large-scale integration （VLSI） design flow such as logic synthesis, floorplan and placement ＆ routing （P ＆ R） are introduced. By back-annotating the back-end information to the front-end design, the custom wire-load model is created and used for optimizing the design flow under deep submicron technology. The programmable frequency divider is implemented based on Artisan TSMC （Taiwan Semicoductor Manufacturing Co. Ltd. ）0. 18μm CMOS （complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor） standard cells and fabricated. The Chip area is 1 360. 5μm^2 and can work in the range of 100 to 200 MHz. The measurement results indicate that the design conforms to the frequency division precision.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2014CB339900)National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.61422103,No.61671084,and No.61327806)
文摘In this paper,massive state-of-theart planar power dividers are presented and discussed. The innovations of these superiorly-performanced power dividers lie in the performance breakthrough,physical configurations and function integrations. Eventually,based on the trend presented,the future of the power dividers is predicted. This paper might have inspiration significance to illuminate the way for the development of power dividers.
