Social distancing and self-isolation management are crucial preventive measures that can save millions of lives during challenging pandemics of diseases such as the Spanish u,swine u,and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID...Social distancing and self-isolation management are crucial preventive measures that can save millions of lives during challenging pandemics of diseases such as the Spanish u,swine u,and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This study describes the comprehensive and effective implementation of the Industrial Internet of Things and machine-to-machine technologies for social distancing and smart self-isolation management.These technologies can help prevent outbreaks of any disease that can disperse widely and develop into a pandemic.Initially,a smart wristband is proposed that incorporates Bluetooth beacon technology to facilitate the tracing and tracking of Bluetooth Low Energy beacon packets for smart contact tracing.Second,the connectivity of the device with Android or iOS applications using long-term evolution technology is realized to achieve mobility.Finally,mathematical formulations are proposed to measure the distance between coordinates in order to detect geo-fencing violations.These formulations are specically designed for the virtual circular and polygonal boundaries used to restrict suspected or infected persons from trespassing in predetermined areas,e.g.,at home,in a hospital,or in an isolation ward.The proposed framework outperforms existing solutions,since it is implemented on a wider scale,provides a range of functionalities,and is cost-effective.展开更多
Objectives:To measure the effect of social distancing on reducing daily deaths,infections and hospital resources needed for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients during the first wave of the pandemic in Nordic co...Objectives:To measure the effect of social distancing on reducing daily deaths,infections and hospital resources needed for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients during the first wave of the pandemic in Nordic countries.Methods:The observations of social distancing,daily deaths,infections along with the needed hospital resources for COVID-19 patient hospitalizations including the numbers of all hospital beds,beds needed in ICUs and infection wards,nursing staffs needed in ICUs and infection wards were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation(IHME)by the University of Washington.The observations of social distancing were based on the reduction in human contact relative to background levels for each location quantified by cell phone mobility data collected from IHME.The weighted data per 100,000 population gathered in a 40-day period of the first wave of the pandemic in Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway and Sweden.Statistical technique of panel data analysis is used to measure the associations between social distancing and COVID-19 indicators in long-run.Results:Results of dynamic long-run models confirm that a 1%rise in social distancing by reducing human contacts may decline daily deaths,daily infections,all hospital beds needed,beds/nurses needed in ICUs and beds/nurses needed in infection wards due COVID-19 pandemic by 1.13%,15.26%,1.10%,1.17%and 1.89%,respectively.Moreover,results of error correction models verify that if the equilibriums between these series are disrupted by a sudden change in social distancing,the lengths of restoring back to equilibrium are 67,62,40,22 and 49 days for daily deaths,daily infections,all hospital beds needed,nurses/beds needed in ICUs and nurses/beds needed in infection wards,respectively.Conclusion:Proper social distancing was a successful policy for tackling COVID-19 with falling mortality and infection rates as well as the needed hospital resources for patient hospitalizations in Nordic countries.The results alert governments of the need for continuously implementing social distancing policies while using vaccines to prevent national lockdowns and reduce the burden of patient hospitalizations.展开更多
The novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 has spread to several countries within a considerably short period.The virus gets deposited in the human nasal cavity and moves to the lungs that might be fatal.As per sa...The novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 has spread to several countries within a considerably short period.The virus gets deposited in the human nasal cavity and moves to the lungs that might be fatal.As per safety guidelines by theWorld Health Organization(WHO),social distancing has emerged as one of the major factors to avoid the spread of infection.However,different guidelines are being followed across the countries with regards to what should be the safe distance.Thus,the current work is an attempt to understand the virus deposition pattern in the realistic human nasal cavity and also to find the impact of distance that could be termed as a safety measure.This study is performed usingComputationalFluid Dynamics as a solution tool to investigate the impact of COVID-19 deposition(i)On a realistic 3D human upper airway model and(ii)2D social distancing protocol for a distance of 0.6,1.2,1.8,and 2.4 m.The results revealed that the regional deposition flux within the nasal cavity was predominantly observed in the external nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal section.Frequent flushing of these regions with saltwater substitutes can limit contamination in healthy individuals.The safe distancing limit estimated with 1 m/s airflow was about 1.8 m.The extensive deposition was observed for distances less than 1.8 m in this study,emphasizing the fact that social distancing advisories are not useful and do not take into account the external dynamics associated with airflow.展开更多
基金supported by Data and Articial Intelligence Scientic Chair at Umm Al-Qura University,Makkah City,Saudi Arabia。
文摘Social distancing and self-isolation management are crucial preventive measures that can save millions of lives during challenging pandemics of diseases such as the Spanish u,swine u,and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This study describes the comprehensive and effective implementation of the Industrial Internet of Things and machine-to-machine technologies for social distancing and smart self-isolation management.These technologies can help prevent outbreaks of any disease that can disperse widely and develop into a pandemic.Initially,a smart wristband is proposed that incorporates Bluetooth beacon technology to facilitate the tracing and tracking of Bluetooth Low Energy beacon packets for smart contact tracing.Second,the connectivity of the device with Android or iOS applications using long-term evolution technology is realized to achieve mobility.Finally,mathematical formulations are proposed to measure the distance between coordinates in order to detect geo-fencing violations.These formulations are specically designed for the virtual circular and polygonal boundaries used to restrict suspected or infected persons from trespassing in predetermined areas,e.g.,at home,in a hospital,or in an isolation ward.The proposed framework outperforms existing solutions,since it is implemented on a wider scale,provides a range of functionalities,and is cost-effective.
文摘Objectives:To measure the effect of social distancing on reducing daily deaths,infections and hospital resources needed for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients during the first wave of the pandemic in Nordic countries.Methods:The observations of social distancing,daily deaths,infections along with the needed hospital resources for COVID-19 patient hospitalizations including the numbers of all hospital beds,beds needed in ICUs and infection wards,nursing staffs needed in ICUs and infection wards were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation(IHME)by the University of Washington.The observations of social distancing were based on the reduction in human contact relative to background levels for each location quantified by cell phone mobility data collected from IHME.The weighted data per 100,000 population gathered in a 40-day period of the first wave of the pandemic in Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway and Sweden.Statistical technique of panel data analysis is used to measure the associations between social distancing and COVID-19 indicators in long-run.Results:Results of dynamic long-run models confirm that a 1%rise in social distancing by reducing human contacts may decline daily deaths,daily infections,all hospital beds needed,beds/nurses needed in ICUs and beds/nurses needed in infection wards due COVID-19 pandemic by 1.13%,15.26%,1.10%,1.17%and 1.89%,respectively.Moreover,results of error correction models verify that if the equilibriums between these series are disrupted by a sudden change in social distancing,the lengths of restoring back to equilibrium are 67,62,40,22 and 49 days for daily deaths,daily infections,all hospital beds needed,nurses/beds needed in ICUs and nurses/beds needed in infection wards,respectively.Conclusion:Proper social distancing was a successful policy for tackling COVID-19 with falling mortality and infection rates as well as the needed hospital resources for patient hospitalizations in Nordic countries.The results alert governments of the need for continuously implementing social distancing policies while using vaccines to prevent national lockdowns and reduce the burden of patient hospitalizations.
基金The authors are thankful to the Institute of Research and Consulting Studies at King Khalid University for supporting this research through Grant No.#34-67-S-2020.
文摘The novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 has spread to several countries within a considerably short period.The virus gets deposited in the human nasal cavity and moves to the lungs that might be fatal.As per safety guidelines by theWorld Health Organization(WHO),social distancing has emerged as one of the major factors to avoid the spread of infection.However,different guidelines are being followed across the countries with regards to what should be the safe distance.Thus,the current work is an attempt to understand the virus deposition pattern in the realistic human nasal cavity and also to find the impact of distance that could be termed as a safety measure.This study is performed usingComputationalFluid Dynamics as a solution tool to investigate the impact of COVID-19 deposition(i)On a realistic 3D human upper airway model and(ii)2D social distancing protocol for a distance of 0.6,1.2,1.8,and 2.4 m.The results revealed that the regional deposition flux within the nasal cavity was predominantly observed in the external nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal section.Frequent flushing of these regions with saltwater substitutes can limit contamination in healthy individuals.The safe distancing limit estimated with 1 m/s airflow was about 1.8 m.The extensive deposition was observed for distances less than 1.8 m in this study,emphasizing the fact that social distancing advisories are not useful and do not take into account the external dynamics associated with airflow.
