The destruction of backfill under strong disturbances can be regarded as the result of stress waves propagating in the filling medium;however,accurately quantifying the stress wave attenuation and energy dissipation c...The destruction of backfill under strong disturbances can be regarded as the result of stress waves propagating in the filling medium;however,accurately quantifying the stress wave attenuation and energy dissipation conversion process in backfill materials remains at an exploratory stage.The split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)experimental system is employed in this study to conduct dynamic compression tests on backfill materials with different media,encompassing various strain rates.The relative dissipation factor,defined as the ratio of the wave attenuation coefficient to the energy dissipation coefficient,is utilized to establish dimensionless empirical formulas incorporating influencing factors such as the strain rate through a dimensional analysis method.Furthermore,the transformation process of stress wave propagation and energy dissipation within the backfill is thoroughly analyzed.The experimental results demonstrate that the strain rate and wave impedance affect the stress wave propagation and dynamic mechanical properties of the material.At a constant strain rate,a smaller sample wave impedance leads to a larger reflected wave and a smaller transmitted wave.Additionally,the backfill does not affect the normalized spectra of the incident and transmitted waves along the propagation path.When the wave impedance is constant,both the peak stress and peak strain increase with increasing strain rate.Samples subjected to strain rates of 34.51 and 68.34 s^(-1)exhibit“double peaks”in their stress-strain curves,indicating prolonged plastic flow behavior.Furthermore,a negative correlation is observed between the model data and original data with respect to the peak stress and density,whereas positive correlations are observed for the wave impedance and strain rate.This study provides a new method for analyzing the stress wave propagation and energy dissipation of cemented tailings backfill(CTB)materials under strong disturbances,which can provide a comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanism of CTB materials under impact loads.展开更多
The equivalent circuit with complex physical constants for a piezoelectric ceramic in thickness mode is established. In the equivalent circuit, electric components （equivalent circuit parameters） are connected to re...The equivalent circuit with complex physical constants for a piezoelectric ceramic in thickness mode is established. In the equivalent circuit, electric components （equivalent circuit parameters） are connected to real and imaginary parts of complex physical coefficients of piezoelectric materials. Based on definitions of dissipation factors, three of them （dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric dissipation factors） are represented by equivalent circuit parameters. Since the equivalent circuit parameters are detectable, the dissipation factors can be easily obtained. In the experiments, the temperature and the stress responses of the three dissipation factors are measured.展开更多
Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters ...Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters at the breast height(DBH) A. georgei var. smithii samples were monitored continuously with the thermal dissipation probe for the entire growing period in order to understand the water transportation mechanism and the effects of environmental factors on its transpiration and growth. Relative environment factors, temperature and humidity of air, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and wind speed, soil moisture, etc. were measured by the automatic weather stations. Diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate with the different stem diameters and their correlations with meteorological factors were analyzed. The diurnal change in sap flow velocity showed a single-peak curve at the daily time scale, whereas a lower sap flow velocity can be observed in the largest DBH sample tree at night. The maximum average velocity was observed in August, whereas the minimum velocity was observed in January, and a large amount of water evaporated in summer owing to the higher sap flow velocity. In addition, sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in the micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing significant linear correlations with air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit of air and soil moisture. Therefore, some measures, improving the light and temperature conditions, should be taken for protecting A. georgei var. smithii population in the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
Destress blasting(DB)implemented along the perimeter of safety pillars is a special application of destressing in coal longwall mining.The goal is to separate relatively more deformed mined areas from safety pillars,s...Destress blasting(DB)implemented along the perimeter of safety pillars is a special application of destressing in coal longwall mining.The goal is to separate relatively more deformed mined areas from safety pillars,such as shaft pillars or cross-cut pillars,to reduce the transfer of high stresses to the protective pillar.This case study aims to numerically simulate selected destress blasts in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and examine its impact on stress transfer to the safety pillar area.To separate the area between the protective pillar and the longwall(LW),two fans of five 93-mm blast holes(length of 93e100 m)were drilled from the gate roads into the overburden strata.Each set of blast holes was fired separately in two stages without time delay.The explosive charge(gelatin-type of explosive)of each stage is 3450 kg.The two DB stages were fired when the longwall face was approximately 158 m and 152 m away from the blast.A 3D mine-wide model is built and validated with in situ stress measured with hydrofracturing.Mining and destressing in three 5-m thick coal seams are simulated in the region.Numerical modeling of DB is successfully conducted using a rock fragmentation factor a of 0.05 and a stress reduction/dissipation factor β of 0.95.Buffering of transfer of additional stress from the mining area into the safety pillar is evaluated by comparison of yielding volume before and after DB.It is shown that yielding volume drops after DB by nearly 80%in the area of the destressing panel and near the safety shaft pillar.展开更多
The series of Cr-Zn nano ferrites having the general composition Cr<sub>x</sub>ZnFe<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) have been synthesized successfully in the nanocrystall...The series of Cr-Zn nano ferrites having the general composition Cr<sub>x</sub>ZnFe<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) have been synthesized successfully in the nanocrystalline form using the sol-gel method. The samples were sintered at 900°C for 3 hours. The effect of chromium substitution on dielectric properties of Zn-ferrites is reported in this paper. The analysis of XRD patterns revealed the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure for all the Cr-Zn ferrite samples. The FTIR spectra show two strong absorption bands in the range of 400 - 600 cm<sup>-1</sup>, which corroborate the spinel structure of the samples. The average grain size was found to be in the nanometer range and of the order of 43 - 63 nm obtained using TEM images. The lattice parameter and crystallite size decrease with increase in Cr concentration (x). The investigation on dielectric constant (ε'), dissipation factor (D) and ac conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>) was carried out at a fixed frequency 1 kHz and in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature using LCR meter. The plots of dielectric constant (ε') versus frequency show the normal dielectric behavior of spinel ferrites. The value of ac conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>) increases with increase in frequency for all the compositions. The appearance of the peak for each composition in the dissipation factor versus frequency curve suggests the presence of relaxing dipoles in the Cr-Zn nano ferrite samples. It is also found that the shifting of the relaxation peak towards lower frequency side with an increase in chromium content (x) is due to the strengthening of dipole-dipole interactions. The composition and frequency dependence of the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac-conductivity are explained based on the Koop’s two-layer model, Maxwell-Wagner polarization process, and Debye relaxation theory.展开更多
Petroleum based oils,the so-called mineral oils,are used for impregnating solid insulations or filling products of very large number of electric materials:transformers,reactors,cables,bushings,circuit breakers,tap cha...Petroleum based oils,the so-called mineral oils,are used for impregnating solid insulations or filling products of very large number of electric materials:transformers,reactors,cables,bushings,circuit breakers,tap changers, etc.In these equipments,oil is exposed to electrical stress and may experience electrical discharges under certain circumstances.Since the electrical stress is unavoidable in power equipments,the ability of oil to resist decomposition under electrical stress is of great importance for the safety of these devices.Electrical stress together with heat and moisture,in the presence of oxygen,oxidises the oil producing free radicals,acids and sludge that are deleterious to the transformer.In this paper,the effect of electrical discharges on oil properties is reported.The results indicate that quality of oil is considerably affected with increasing voltage stress.Comparing oil properties before and after voltage application allows assessing the outcome of random secondary chemical reactions between large oil born free radicals.展开更多
Assessing and using tree species （exotic or native） with superior tolerance to environmental stresses （such as drought and high temperature） play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study,...Assessing and using tree species （exotic or native） with superior tolerance to environmental stresses （such as drought and high temperature） play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study, stem sap flow characteristics and responses to ambient meteo- rological factors of three tree species, Albizzia kalkora （native）, Azadirachta indica （exotic）, and Acacia auriculaeformis （exotic）, in a dry-hot valley （Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China） were investigated using thermal dissipation probes. The diurnal dynamics of sap flow in three studied species displayed an obvious circadian rhythm during the wet and dry seasons, with the exception of A. indica during the dry season. The sap flow velocity （SFV） in A. kalkora and A. auriculaeformis was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, air temperature, vapour pressure deficit （VPD） and wind speed, but negatively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity over the two seasons. The cross-corre- lation analysis also revealed that the SFV of the three species was significantly correlated with PAR and VPD （P 〈 0.001）. Additionally, stem sap flow lagged behind PAR but ahead of VPD, and the diurnal sap flow was more dependent on PAR than on VPD. However, we found that the dominant climatic factor influencing the stem sap flow differed between daytime and nighttime. PAR was more influential than other meteorological factors during the daytime, while VPD or other factors were more influential overnight. When the nighttime refilling ability of the three tree species was compared, our results suggest that A. indica has higher drought resistance and better for afforestation of the studied region.展开更多
As the proportion of renewable energy sources continues to increase,the local damping contributions of sources in power system decrease,posing a challenge to the power system stability.Therefore,online tracking of the...As the proportion of renewable energy sources continues to increase,the local damping contributions of sources in power system decrease,posing a challenge to the power system stability.Therefore,online tracking of the damping contributions of each source is crucial for the prevention of low-frequency oscillations.This paper proposes an online tracking method of local damping under ambient data.The proposed method is based on dissipation energy spectrum analysis(DESA)and the energy dissipation factor(EDF).First,the feasibility of using frequency-domain analysis for the dissipation energy of generator is analyzed.The frequency spectral function of dissipation energy of generator is then derived by integrating with Parseval’s theorem,and the EDF is defined.Second,the generator energy dissipation factor(GEDF)for the dominant oscillation mode frequency is established.The modal information of the dominant oscillation in the power system is obtained through DESA.The relationship between the frequency spectral function and eigenvalues is also established.Finally,an online tracking method of local damping is proposed based on DESA and GEDF.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations on a four-machine 11-bus power system and an actual power system in Northwest China.展开更多
基金supported by the Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation project(No.2024JC-YBQN-0507)Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Research Project(No.2023BSHYDZZ142)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20232063)。
文摘The destruction of backfill under strong disturbances can be regarded as the result of stress waves propagating in the filling medium;however,accurately quantifying the stress wave attenuation and energy dissipation conversion process in backfill materials remains at an exploratory stage.The split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)experimental system is employed in this study to conduct dynamic compression tests on backfill materials with different media,encompassing various strain rates.The relative dissipation factor,defined as the ratio of the wave attenuation coefficient to the energy dissipation coefficient,is utilized to establish dimensionless empirical formulas incorporating influencing factors such as the strain rate through a dimensional analysis method.Furthermore,the transformation process of stress wave propagation and energy dissipation within the backfill is thoroughly analyzed.The experimental results demonstrate that the strain rate and wave impedance affect the stress wave propagation and dynamic mechanical properties of the material.At a constant strain rate,a smaller sample wave impedance leads to a larger reflected wave and a smaller transmitted wave.Additionally,the backfill does not affect the normalized spectra of the incident and transmitted waves along the propagation path.When the wave impedance is constant,both the peak stress and peak strain increase with increasing strain rate.Samples subjected to strain rates of 34.51 and 68.34 s^(-1)exhibit“double peaks”in their stress-strain curves,indicating prolonged plastic flow behavior.Furthermore,a negative correlation is observed between the model data and original data with respect to the peak stress and density,whereas positive correlations are observed for the wave impedance and strain rate.This study provides a new method for analyzing the stress wave propagation and energy dissipation of cemented tailings backfill(CTB)materials under strong disturbances,which can provide a comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanism of CTB materials under impact loads.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 50278098）.
文摘The equivalent circuit with complex physical constants for a piezoelectric ceramic in thickness mode is established. In the equivalent circuit, electric components （equivalent circuit parameters） are connected to real and imaginary parts of complex physical coefficients of piezoelectric materials. Based on definitions of dissipation factors, three of them （dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric dissipation factors） are represented by equivalent circuit parameters. Since the equivalent circuit parameters are detectable, the dissipation factors can be easily obtained. In the experiments, the temperature and the stress responses of the three dissipation factors are measured.
基金supported by the Tibetan Natural Scientific Foundation of China (13-28)Tibetan Linzhi National Forest Ecological Research Station (2012-LYPT-DW-016)+1 种基金Promotion Plan of Plateau Basic Ecological Academic Team Abilitysupported by CFERN&GENE Award funds on ecological paper
文摘Abies georgei var. smithii is a dominant species playing an important role in protecting biodiversity and sustaining the forestry ecosystems in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Stem sap flows of five different diameters at the breast height(DBH) A. georgei var. smithii samples were monitored continuously with the thermal dissipation probe for the entire growing period in order to understand the water transportation mechanism and the effects of environmental factors on its transpiration and growth. Relative environment factors, temperature and humidity of air, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and wind speed, soil moisture, etc. were measured by the automatic weather stations. Diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate with the different stem diameters and their correlations with meteorological factors were analyzed. The diurnal change in sap flow velocity showed a single-peak curve at the daily time scale, whereas a lower sap flow velocity can be observed in the largest DBH sample tree at night. The maximum average velocity was observed in August, whereas the minimum velocity was observed in January, and a large amount of water evaporated in summer owing to the higher sap flow velocity. In addition, sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in the micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing significant linear correlations with air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, rainfall, and vapor pressure deficit of air and soil moisture. Therefore, some measures, improving the light and temperature conditions, should be taken for protecting A. georgei var. smithii population in the Tibetan Plateau.
文摘Destress blasting(DB)implemented along the perimeter of safety pillars is a special application of destressing in coal longwall mining.The goal is to separate relatively more deformed mined areas from safety pillars,such as shaft pillars or cross-cut pillars,to reduce the transfer of high stresses to the protective pillar.This case study aims to numerically simulate selected destress blasts in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and examine its impact on stress transfer to the safety pillar area.To separate the area between the protective pillar and the longwall(LW),two fans of five 93-mm blast holes(length of 93e100 m)were drilled from the gate roads into the overburden strata.Each set of blast holes was fired separately in two stages without time delay.The explosive charge(gelatin-type of explosive)of each stage is 3450 kg.The two DB stages were fired when the longwall face was approximately 158 m and 152 m away from the blast.A 3D mine-wide model is built and validated with in situ stress measured with hydrofracturing.Mining and destressing in three 5-m thick coal seams are simulated in the region.Numerical modeling of DB is successfully conducted using a rock fragmentation factor a of 0.05 and a stress reduction/dissipation factor β of 0.95.Buffering of transfer of additional stress from the mining area into the safety pillar is evaluated by comparison of yielding volume before and after DB.It is shown that yielding volume drops after DB by nearly 80%in the area of the destressing panel and near the safety shaft pillar.
文摘The series of Cr-Zn nano ferrites having the general composition Cr<sub>x</sub>ZnFe<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) have been synthesized successfully in the nanocrystalline form using the sol-gel method. The samples were sintered at 900°C for 3 hours. The effect of chromium substitution on dielectric properties of Zn-ferrites is reported in this paper. The analysis of XRD patterns revealed the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure for all the Cr-Zn ferrite samples. The FTIR spectra show two strong absorption bands in the range of 400 - 600 cm<sup>-1</sup>, which corroborate the spinel structure of the samples. The average grain size was found to be in the nanometer range and of the order of 43 - 63 nm obtained using TEM images. The lattice parameter and crystallite size decrease with increase in Cr concentration (x). The investigation on dielectric constant (ε'), dissipation factor (D) and ac conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>) was carried out at a fixed frequency 1 kHz and in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature using LCR meter. The plots of dielectric constant (ε') versus frequency show the normal dielectric behavior of spinel ferrites. The value of ac conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>) increases with increase in frequency for all the compositions. The appearance of the peak for each composition in the dissipation factor versus frequency curve suggests the presence of relaxing dipoles in the Cr-Zn nano ferrite samples. It is also found that the shifting of the relaxation peak towards lower frequency side with an increase in chromium content (x) is due to the strengthening of dipole-dipole interactions. The composition and frequency dependence of the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac-conductivity are explained based on the Koop’s two-layer model, Maxwell-Wagner polarization process, and Debye relaxation theory.
文摘Petroleum based oils,the so-called mineral oils,are used for impregnating solid insulations or filling products of very large number of electric materials:transformers,reactors,cables,bushings,circuit breakers,tap changers, etc.In these equipments,oil is exposed to electrical stress and may experience electrical discharges under certain circumstances.Since the electrical stress is unavoidable in power equipments,the ability of oil to resist decomposition under electrical stress is of great importance for the safety of these devices.Electrical stress together with heat and moisture,in the presence of oxygen,oxidises the oil producing free radicals,acids and sludge that are deleterious to the transformer.In this paper,the effect of electrical discharges on oil properties is reported.The results indicate that quality of oil is considerably affected with increasing voltage stress.Comparing oil properties before and after voltage application allows assessing the outcome of random secondary chemical reactions between large oil born free radicals.
基金funded by Chinese National Science and technology program(2015BAD07B0105)
文摘Assessing and using tree species （exotic or native） with superior tolerance to environmental stresses （such as drought and high temperature） play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study, stem sap flow characteristics and responses to ambient meteo- rological factors of three tree species, Albizzia kalkora （native）, Azadirachta indica （exotic）, and Acacia auriculaeformis （exotic）, in a dry-hot valley （Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China） were investigated using thermal dissipation probes. The diurnal dynamics of sap flow in three studied species displayed an obvious circadian rhythm during the wet and dry seasons, with the exception of A. indica during the dry season. The sap flow velocity （SFV） in A. kalkora and A. auriculaeformis was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, air temperature, vapour pressure deficit （VPD） and wind speed, but negatively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity over the two seasons. The cross-corre- lation analysis also revealed that the SFV of the three species was significantly correlated with PAR and VPD （P 〈 0.001）. Additionally, stem sap flow lagged behind PAR but ahead of VPD, and the diurnal sap flow was more dependent on PAR than on VPD. However, we found that the dominant climatic factor influencing the stem sap flow differed between daytime and nighttime. PAR was more influential than other meteorological factors during the daytime, while VPD or other factors were more influential overnight. When the nighttime refilling ability of the three tree species was compared, our results suggest that A. indica has higher drought resistance and better for afforestation of the studied region.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2400800).
文摘As the proportion of renewable energy sources continues to increase,the local damping contributions of sources in power system decrease,posing a challenge to the power system stability.Therefore,online tracking of the damping contributions of each source is crucial for the prevention of low-frequency oscillations.This paper proposes an online tracking method of local damping under ambient data.The proposed method is based on dissipation energy spectrum analysis(DESA)and the energy dissipation factor(EDF).First,the feasibility of using frequency-domain analysis for the dissipation energy of generator is analyzed.The frequency spectral function of dissipation energy of generator is then derived by integrating with Parseval’s theorem,and the EDF is defined.Second,the generator energy dissipation factor(GEDF)for the dominant oscillation mode frequency is established.The modal information of the dominant oscillation in the power system is obtained through DESA.The relationship between the frequency spectral function and eigenvalues is also established.Finally,an online tracking method of local damping is proposed based on DESA and GEDF.The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations on a four-machine 11-bus power system and an actual power system in Northwest China.
