The congruent tri-doped Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystal has been grown by Czochralski method. Some crystal samples are reduced in Li 2CO 3 powder at 500 ℃ for 24 hours or oxidized for 10 hours at 1100 ℃ in Nb 2O 5 powder. ...The congruent tri-doped Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystal has been grown by Czochralski method. Some crystal samples are reduced in Li 2CO 3 powder at 500 ℃ for 24 hours or oxidized for 10 hours at 1100 ℃ in Nb 2O 5 powder. Compared with As-grown Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3, the absorption edge in UV-Vis. absorption spectrum of the oxidized sample and the reduced shifts to the violet and the red, respectively. Reduction increases the absorption of crystals in visible light region. In two-wave coupling experiments, the writing time, maximum diffraction efficiency and the erasure time of crystal samples in the same conditions are determined. The results indicate that oxidation and reduction disposing has great effect on the holographic recording properties of these crystals. The reduced crystal exhibits the fastest response time of 160 s among the crystal series. The mechanism of post-disposing effect on the holographic recording properties of Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals are investigated.展开更多
Pesticide packaging wastes pose a serious hazard to the agricultural production environment and the quality of agricultural products. The investigation for 2 consecutive years in Jietou Region of Tengchong County, a m...Pesticide packaging wastes pose a serious hazard to the agricultural production environment and the quality of agricultural products. The investigation for 2 consecutive years in Jietou Region of Tengchong County, a major tobacco planting area in Yunan, showed that： ① More than 80% of the pesticides purchased by farmers were used for tobacco cultivation, which was 4 times that of conventional crops planting, and most of the packaging materials were plastic bags; ② The main way for farmers to dispose plastic bags was to burn or discard them in the field garbage collection baskets; ③ In combination with field surveys, an average of 4.54 pieces of pesticide packaging wastes were scattered around every 667 m^2 of tobacco field. In addition, the number reduced significantly after carrying out pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project at the local smoke station. At the same time, the average number of pesticide packaging wastes in the field collection baskets increased. Therefore, it can effectively control pesticide packaging wastes by changing the type of pesticide packaging, encouraging the establishment of recycling system and strengthening the cognitive training of farmers.展开更多
BACKGROUND Conventional reusable endoscopes have high disinfection costs because of their large size.In this study,we compared the effectiveness,safety,and operation performance of the portable disposable large-channe...BACKGROUND Conventional reusable endoscopes have high disinfection costs because of their large size.In this study,we compared the effectiveness,safety,and operation performance of the portable disposable large-channel endoscope that we developed with those of a conventional gastroscope in endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).AIM To compare two gastroscopes in ESD for effectiveness and safety.METHODS Ten Bama pigs were subjected to gastroscopy and ESD after general anesthesia.The experiment was completed by four experienced endoscopists.First,two endoscopists randomly selected the portable disposable large-channel or conventional gastroscope to complete gastroscopy procedures.The other two endoscopists assessed the quality of endoscopic images.After endoscopy,all of the endoscopists randomly used the portable disposable large-channel endoscope or the conventional gastroscope for ESD.Endoscopic operation performance,submucosal dissection time,total procedure time,total submucosal injection volume,specimen size,success rate of en bloc resection,muscular injury rate,and complications were compared between the endoscopes.RESULTS No significant differences in gastroscopy duration or in the integrity,sharpness,saturation,and brightness of the gastroscopic images were observed between the gastroscopes.For ESD,no significant differences in endoscopic operation performance,incision time,submucosal dissection time,total procedure time,total submucosal injection volume,specimen size,or success rate of en bloc resection were observed between the gastroscopes.Neither gastroscope caused muscular injury or treatment-related complica-tions.CONCLUSION The portable disposable large-channel endoscope can be used safely and effectively for gastroscopy and treatment.展开更多
This work is devoted to numerical analysis of thermo-hydromechanical problem and cracking process in saturated porous media in the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste.The fundamental background of...This work is devoted to numerical analysis of thermo-hydromechanical problem and cracking process in saturated porous media in the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste.The fundamental background of thermo-poro-elastoplasticity theory is first summarized.The emphasis is put on the effect of pore fluid pressure on plastic deformation.A micromechanics-based elastoplastic model is then presented for a class of clayey rocks considered as host rock.Based on linear and nonlinear homogenization techniques,the proposed model is able to systematically account for the influences of porosity and mineral composition on macroscopic elastic properties and plastic yield strength.The initial anisotropy and time-dependent deformation are also taken into account.The induced cracking process is described by using a non-local damage model.A specific hybrid formulation is proposed,able to conveniently capture tensile,shear and mixed cracks.In particular,the influences of pore pressure and confining stress on the shear cracking mechanism are taken into account.The proposed model is applied to investigating thermo-hydromechanical responses and induced damage evolution in laboratory tests at the sample scale.In the last part,an in situ heating experiment is analyzed by using the proposed model.Numerical results are compared with experimental data and field measurements in terms of temperature variation,pore fluid pressure change and induced damaged zone.展开更多
Mine water pollution caused by improper discharge of industrial wastewater,waste liquid and waste residue into minedout areas is a new form of pollution occurred in China in recent years.This kind of pollution is buri...Mine water pollution caused by improper discharge of industrial wastewater,waste liquid and waste residue into minedout areas is a new form of pollution occurred in China in recent years.This kind of pollution is buried deeply,and it is difficult to control,dispose and repair.Deep contaminated mine water from abandoned mining areas may even enter the ocean,posing a great threat to marine ecosystems.In this study,using a water pollution incident occurred in a coal field at a depth of 80 m in Shandong Province,China,in 2015,as an example,the methods of engineering block disposal and groundwater remediation are reported,and the remediation effects are tested and evaluated by in-situ chemical detection and geophysical surveys.The test results showed that engineering blocking measures such as cut-off walls can obviously block the DNAPL diffusion process in mine water,but the blocking effect on organic pollutants dissolved in water was limited.It can slow down the diffusion process of organic gas.The presence of mining tunnels and mined-out areas in the contaminated zone enhances the diffusion speed of various pollutants,especially during the remediation process when pollutants rapidly spread throughout the entire contaminated area.Groundwater circulation extraction and oxidation methods have a significant degradation effect on pollutants like dichloromethane,but they may generate a large amount of secondary gaseous pollutants.These gaseous pollutants may migrate to the shallow subsurface through structures such as faults,leading to secondary subsurface contamination.When designing remediation plans,it is crucial to strike a balance between blocking and guiding in the context of both blocking and restoration projects for achieving effective remediation.展开更多
Erythromycin fermentation residue(EFR)represents a typical hazardous waste produced by the microbial pharmaceutical industry.Although electrolysis is promising for EFR disposal,its microbial threats remain unclear.Her...Erythromycin fermentation residue(EFR)represents a typical hazardous waste produced by the microbial pharmaceutical industry.Although electrolysis is promising for EFR disposal,its microbial threats remain unclear.Herein,metagenomics was coupled with the random forest technique to decipher the antibiotic resistance patterns of electrochemically treated EFR.Results showed that 95.75%of erythromycin could be removed in 2 hr.Electrolysis temporarily influenced EFRmicrobiota,where the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased,while those of Fusobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidetes decreased.A total of 505 antibiotic resistance gene(ARG)subtypes encoding resistance to 21 antibiotic types and 150 mobile genetic elements(MGEs),mainly including plasmid(72)and transposase(52)were assembled in EFR.Significant linear regression models were identified among microbial richness,ARG subtypes,and MGE numbers(r^(2)=0.50-0.81,p<0.001).Physicochemical factors of EFR(Total nitrogen,total organic carbon,protein,and humus)regulated ARG and MGE assembly(%IncMSE value=5.14-14.85).The core ARG,MGE,and microbe sets(93.08%-99.85%)successfully explained 89.71%-92.92%of total ARG and MGE abundances.Specifically,gene aph(3 )-I,transposase tnpA,and Mycolicibacterium were the primary drivers of the resistance dissemination system.This study also proposes efficient resistance mitigation measures,and provides recommendations for future management of antibiotic fermentation residue.展开更多
Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become ...Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become a hot topic in the environmental protection field.Traditional plastic straws are difficult to degrade,imposing a severe burden on the environment.Meanwhile,existing alternatives like paper straws and PLA(polylactic acid)straws also have numerous drawbacks.展开更多
Colloids are prevalent in nuclear waste repositories,with bentonite colloids posing an uncontrollable risk factor for nuclide migration processes.In this study,static adsorption experiments were coupled with dynamic s...Colloids are prevalent in nuclear waste repositories,with bentonite colloids posing an uncontrollable risk factor for nuclide migration processes.In this study,static adsorption experiments were coupled with dynamic shower experiments to comprehensively investigate the influence of bentonite colloids on Sr^(2+)migration in granite,considering adsorption capacity.Bentonite colloids have a considerably greater adsorption capacity than both bentonite and granite,with a maximum adsorption of 30.303 mg/g.The adsorption behavior of bentonite colloids on Sr^(2+)is well described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models,indicating that a single-layer chemical adsorption process is controlled by the site activation energy.The adsorbed Sr^(2+)is unevenly distributed on the colloids,and the adsorption mechanism may involve ion exchange with Ca.Bentonite colloids exhibit superior adsorption in neutral environments.The cations in groundwater inhibit Sr^(2+)adsorption,and the inhibition efficacy decreases in the order Fe^(3+)>Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>K^(+).The presence of bentonite colloids in a granite column slightly influences the retention of Sr^(2+)in the column while markedly reducing the Sr^(2+)penetration time from 70 h to 18 h.However,the coexistence of Co^(2+),Ni^(2+),and Cs^(+)in a multinuclide system weakens the ability of the colloids to promote Sr^(2+)migration.In comigration of colloid and multinuclide systems,the adsorption of nuclides by bentonite colloids causes the nuclide migration speed to decrease in the order Sr^(2+)>Cs^(+)>Ni^(2+)>Co^(2+).This study provides insights into Sr^(2+)migration in cave repositories for low-and medium-level radioactive waste.展开更多
Predicting the gas breakthrough pressure of saturated compacted bentonite is crucial for ensuring the long-term safe operation of deep geological repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes....Predicting the gas breakthrough pressure of saturated compacted bentonite is crucial for ensuring the long-term safe operation of deep geological repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes.In this work,the swelling pressure,water injection,gas injection and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests on saturated compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite specimens with a dry density of 1.3 Mg/m^(3),1.4 Mg/m^(3),1.5 Mg/m^(3),1.6 Mg/m^(3) and 1.7 Mg/m^(3) were conducted.Subsequently,the relationships between the swelling pressure and average inter-particle distance,as well as between the gas entry pressure and the maximum effective pore size were analyzed and established.Considering that gas migration and breakthrough are all closely related to the pore structures of the tested geomaterials,a novel gas breakthrough pressure prediction model based on the pore size distribution(PSD)curve was constructed using an existing prediction model based on gas entry pressure and swelling pressure.Finally,based on the test results of the specimens 1.5 Mg/m^(3),1.6 Mg/m^(3) and 1.7 Mg/m^(3),gas breakthrough pressures of the specimens with dry densities of 1.3 Mg/m^(3) and 1.4 Mg/m^(3) were predicted.The results show that the calculated gas breakthrough pressures of 0.76 MPa and 1.28 MPa are very close to the measured values of 0.80 MPa and 1.30 MPa,validating the accuracy of the proposed model.展开更多
In the context of global COVID-19 epidemic preparedness,the extensive use of disposable surgical masks(DSM)may lead to its emergence as a main new source of microplastics in the environment.Nowadays,DSMs have become a...In the context of global COVID-19 epidemic preparedness,the extensive use of disposable surgical masks(DSM)may lead to its emergence as a main new source of microplastics in the environment.Nowadays,DSMs have become a non-negligible source of plastic waste in aquatic environment,however,less research has been done on DSM after biofilm colonization in freshwater environment.The study investigated the microbial community of DSM-associated biofilms by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Analysis of the microbial community in the middle and inner/outer layers of the DSM showed that the middle layer was different from the remaining two layers and that potential pathogens were enriched only in the middle layer of the DSM.Herein,we focused on the middle layer and explored the characterization properties and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)components changes during biofilm formation.The results showed that the EPS components varied with the biofilm incubation time.As the formation of biofilm,the protein(PN)and polysaccharide(PS)in EPS showed an overall increasing trend,and the growth of PS was well synchronized with PN.Three fluorescent components of EPS were determined by the three-dimensional excitation emission matrix(3D-EEM),including humic acid-like,fulvic acid-like,and aromatic protein-like components.The percentage of fluorescent components varied with increasing biofilm development time and then stabilized.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)characterization results elucidated the emergence of oxygen-containing functional groups during biofilm formation.Moreover,the hydrophilicity increased with biofilm development.In conclusion,the environmental behavior and ecological risks of DSM in aquatic environment deserve urgent attention in future studies.展开更多
In July 2025,Claudio Descalzi,CEO of Italian oil company Eni,stated in an interview with the Financial Times that Eni’s low-carbon business operating profits would equal those of its oil and gas business by 2035 and ...In July 2025,Claudio Descalzi,CEO of Italian oil company Eni,stated in an interview with the Financial Times that Eni’s low-carbon business operating profits would equal those of its oil and gas business by 2035 and exceed oil and gas business profits by 2040.Meanwhile,British oil company bp is scaling back its low-carbon business under shareholder pressure,returning to traditional oil and gas operations,and plans to gradually dispose of USD 20 billion worth of low-carbon business assets such as onshore wind farms,aiming to increase oil and gas production to 2.3−2.5 million boe per day by 2030.Two European oil companies are heading in completely different strategic directions.In the future,whether Eni can achieve its expected goals of making renewable energy business a key core business,as well as what development strategies oil and gas companies should implement and adhere to,are questions worthy of deep consideration.展开更多
An important challenge in ensuring the long-term effectiveness of geological nuclear waste disposal is predicting the transportation of decay heat and gases released from nuclear waste canisters.In this study,thermo-h...An important challenge in ensuring the long-term effectiveness of geological nuclear waste disposal is predicting the transportation of decay heat and gases released from nuclear waste canisters.In this study,thermo-hydromechanical(THM)coupled simulations were conducted using the TOUGH + FLAC3D simulator to predict the THM behaviors of a generic nuclear waste repository over 100,000 years following closure.The designed engineered barrier system(EBS)consists of the waste canister,backfill,and concrete liner.The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term performance of the repository in the presence of continued hydrogen(H_(2))and heat release around the canister.The simulation results show that thermal pressurization and gas accumulation significantly raise the pore pressure within the EBS and surrounding host rock,while the peak pore pressure is not likely to exceed the lithostatic stress so that there is no risk of widespread hydro-fracturing in the host rock.However,tension failure and fracturing can occur at the tunnel scale because of internal gas buildup.Meanwhile,the generated H_(2) continuously migrates outward and tends to accumulate in the concrete liner and excavation disturbed zone surrounding the tunnel because of lower capillary pressure.Nevertheless,the fluids that may contain radionuclides will not leach into the confining units over a 100,000-year time frame.Our analysis indicates that for the assumed disposal system in Opalinus Clay,the generated heat and gas can gradually be transported through the host rock without significantly disturbing the isolation characteristics of the repository.展开更多
In recent years,the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has fostered deep integration between large AI models and robotic technology.Robots such as robotic dogs capable of carrying heavy loads on mountaino...In recent years,the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has fostered deep integration between large AI models and robotic technology.Robots such as robotic dogs capable of carrying heavy loads on mountainous terrain or performing waste disposal tasks and humanoid robots that can execute high-precision component installations have gradually reached the public eye,raising expectations for embodied intelligent robots.展开更多
In recent years,there has been an intensifying focus within the soil contamination prevention and remediation sector,both domestically and internationally,on the off-site disposal of contaminated soils.The United Stat...In recent years,there has been an intensifying focus within the soil contamination prevention and remediation sector,both domestically and internationally,on the off-site disposal of contaminated soils.The United States and Japan,as pioneers in this field,have formulated and implemented a suite of policy standards and practical measures for the regional collaborative management of off-site soil disposal.This paper meticulously reviews and evaluates the existing research on the regional collaborative management of off-site soil disposal,analyzing the experiences and strategies of the United States and Japan from the perspectives of regulatory systems and practical implementation.In light of China’s specific circumstances,it proposes a series of strategic recommendations for the adaptation of these international experiences to the Chinese context.These include enhancement of Chinese legal standards for the regional collaborative management of contaminated land soil off-site disposal,improvement of risk control standards for soil pollution and specific regulations for off-site disposal,as well as delineation of objective criteria to define the scope of collaborative management.展开更多
Stability analysis of underground constructions requires a model study of rock masses’ long-term performance. Creep tests under different stress conditions was conducted on intact granite and granite samples fracture...Stability analysis of underground constructions requires a model study of rock masses’ long-term performance. Creep tests under different stress conditions was conducted on intact granite and granite samples fractured at 30° and 45° angles. The experimental results indicate that the steady creep strain rates of intact and fractured rock present an exponential increase trend with the increase of stress level. A nonlinear creep model is developed based on the experimental results, in which the initial damage caused by fracture together with the damage caused by constant load have been taken into consideration. The fitting analysis results indicated that the model proposed is more accurate at identifying the full creep regions in fractured granite, especially the accelerated stage of creep deformation. The least-square fit error of the proposed creep model is significantly lower than that of Nishihara model by almost an order of magnitude. An analysis of the effects of elastic modulus, viscosity coefficient, and damage factors on fractured rock strain rate and creep strain is conducted. If no consideration is given to the effects of the damage, the proposed nonlinear creep model can degenerate into to the classical Nishihara model.展开更多
In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Coun...In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics.However,no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegrad-able versus traditional plastic products.This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products(BPPs)over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives.Four scenarios-namely,the traditional method,chemical recycling,industrial composting,and anaerobic digestion-are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs(WBPPs).The analysis takes China as a case study.The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000traditional plastic products(plastic bags,lunch boxes,cups,etc.)were52.09-150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram(kg CO_(2)eq),with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%-50.77%.In comparison,1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06-56.86 kg CO_(2)eq,approximately 13.53%-62.19%lower than traditional plastic prod-ucts.The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal,and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage.Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact,and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs.However,the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use.This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradableplastics industry.展开更多
Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offe...Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the entire disposal framework for R-LIBs,encompassing a broad spectrum of activities,including screening,repurposing and recycling.Firstly,we delve deeply into a thorough examination of current screening technologies,shifting the focus from a mere enumeration of screening methods to the exploration of the strategies for enhancing screening efficiency.Secondly,we outline battery repurposing with associated key factors,summarizing stationary applications and sizing methods for R-LIBs in their second life.A particular light is shed on available reconditioning solutions,demonstrating their great potential in facilitating battery safety and lifetime in repurposing scenarios and identifying their techno-economic issues.In the realm of battery recycling,we present an extensive survey of pre-treatment options and subsequent material recovery technologies.Particularly,we introduce several global leading recyclers to illustrate their industrial processes and technical intricacies.Furthermore,relevant challenges and evolving trends are investigated in pursuit of a sustainable end-of-life management and disposal framework.We hope that this study can serve as a valuable resource for researchers,industry professionals and policymakers in this field,ultimately facilitating the adoption of proper disposal practices.展开更多
BACKGROUND In recent years,the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes(T1DM)patients has gradually increased.Insulin resistance in T1DM deserves attention.It is necessary to clarify the relatio...BACKGROUND In recent years,the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes(T1DM)patients has gradually increased.Insulin resistance in T1DM deserves attention.It is necessary to clarify the relationship between body composition,metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in T1DM to guide clinical treatment and intervention.AIM To assess body composition(BC)in T1DM patients and evaluate the relationship between BC,metabolic syndrome(MS),and insulin resistance in these indi-viduals.METHODS A total of 101 subjects with T1DM,aged 10 years or older,and with a disease duration of over 1 year were included.Bioelectrical impedance analysis using the Tsinghua-Tongfang BC Analyzer BCA-1B was employed to measure various BC parameters.Clinical and laboratory data were collected,and insulin resistance was calculated using the estimated glucose disposal rate(eGDR).RESULTS MS was diagnosed in 16/101 patients(15.84%),overweight in 16/101 patients(15.84%),obesity in 4/101(3.96%),hypertension in 34/101(33.66%%)and dyslip-idemia in 16/101 patients(15.84%).Visceral fat index(VFI)and trunk fat mass were significantly and negatively correlated with eGDR(both P<0.001).Female patients exhibited higher body fat percentage and visceral fat ratio compared to male patients.Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that significant factors for MS included eGDR[P=0.017,odds ratio(OR)=0.109],VFI(P=0.030,OR=3.529),and a family history of diabetes(P=0.004,OR=0.228).Significant factors for hypertension included eGDR(P<0.001,OR=0.488)and skeletal muscle mass(P=0.003,OR=1.111).Significant factors for dyslipidemia included trunk fat mass(P=0.033,OR=1.202)and eGDR(P=0.037,OR=0.708).CONCLUSION Visceral fat was found to be a superior predictor of MS compared to conventional measures such as body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in Chinese individuals with T1DM.BC analysis,specifically identifying visceral fat(trunk fat),may play an important role in identifying the increased risk of MS in non-obese patients with T1DM.展开更多
Safe emplacement of high-level nuclear waste(HLNW)arising from the utilization of nuclear power is a frequently en-countered and considerably challenging issue.The widely accepted and feasible approach for the permane...Safe emplacement of high-level nuclear waste(HLNW)arising from the utilization of nuclear power is a frequently en-countered and considerably challenging issue.The widely accepted and feasible approach for the permanent disposal of HLNW involves housing it in a corrosion-resistant container and subsequently burying it deep in a geologic repository.The focus lies on ensuring the dur-ability and integrity of the container in this process.This review introduces various techniques and strategies employed in controlling the corrosion of used fuel containers(UFCs)using copper(Cu)as corrosion barrier in the context of deep geological disposal.Overall,these corrosion prevention techniques and methods have been effectively implemented and employed to successfully mitigate the corrosion challenges encountered during the permanent disposal of Cu containers(e.g.,corrosion mechanisms and corrosion parameters)in deep geologic repositories.The primary objective of this review is to provide an extensive examination of the alteration in the corrosion envir-onment encountered by the UFCs when subjected to deep geologic repository conditions and focusing on addressing the potential corro-sion scenarios.展开更多
The technology of expansion fracturing with liquid CO_(2)(EFLCO_(2))has attracted increasing attention due to reduced vibration and damage.The disposable fracturing tube has been developed and is gradually replacing t...The technology of expansion fracturing with liquid CO_(2)(EFLCO_(2))has attracted increasing attention due to reduced vibration and damage.The disposable fracturing tube has been developed and is gradually replacing the Cardox tube.However,there is a lack of impact pressure testing of disposable tubes under real working conditions,selection of gas explosion design parameters,and systematic analysis of blasting vibration.This limitation has constrained the widespread application of disposable fracturing tubes in engineering.A joint monitoring of the pressure-time curves in the disposable tubes and boreholes was conducted.The rock-breaking effect of varying hole spacing parameters in the EFLCO_(2)design was analyzed,and a systematic study was carried out on the vibration peak value,frequency,and energy characteristics.The results show that(1)the pressure distribution characteristics,stress peak value,and duration in the disposable tubes are different from those of Cardox tubes,which show multi-peak distribution,low-pressure peak value,and short duration.The correlation between the pressure in the disposable tube,filling pressure,and liquid CO_(2)weight is established,and a theoretical calculation method for the borehole wall pressure is proposed;(2)The hole spacing in rocks of different hardness is suggested;and(3)At the same scale distance,the peak particle velocity(PPV)caused by EFLCO_(2)(PPVCO_(2))is significantly smaller than that caused by blasting(PPVexplosive).The ratio of PPVexplosive to PPVCO_(2)is a power function related to scale distance,and a distance-related zonality exist in this relationship.The frequency composition of the vibration signal caused by EFLCO_(2)is relatively simple with a narrow frequency band.Its PPV and energy are mainly concentrated in the low-frequency band.This research contributes to the optimization of disposable fracturing tubes,gas explosion design,and vibration hazard control.展开更多
基金The subject has been supported by Chinese National Advanced Technology 863 Project(Grant No.8632001AA31304)Chinese National 973 Project(Grant No.G19990330).
文摘The congruent tri-doped Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystal has been grown by Czochralski method. Some crystal samples are reduced in Li 2CO 3 powder at 500 ℃ for 24 hours or oxidized for 10 hours at 1100 ℃ in Nb 2O 5 powder. Compared with As-grown Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3, the absorption edge in UV-Vis. absorption spectrum of the oxidized sample and the reduced shifts to the violet and the red, respectively. Reduction increases the absorption of crystals in visible light region. In two-wave coupling experiments, the writing time, maximum diffraction efficiency and the erasure time of crystal samples in the same conditions are determined. The results indicate that oxidation and reduction disposing has great effect on the holographic recording properties of these crystals. The reduced crystal exhibits the fastest response time of 160 s among the crystal series. The mechanism of post-disposing effect on the holographic recording properties of Mg:Mn:Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals are investigated.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunan Tobacco Co.,Ltd.(2015YN36)
文摘Pesticide packaging wastes pose a serious hazard to the agricultural production environment and the quality of agricultural products. The investigation for 2 consecutive years in Jietou Region of Tengchong County, a major tobacco planting area in Yunan, showed that： ① More than 80% of the pesticides purchased by farmers were used for tobacco cultivation, which was 4 times that of conventional crops planting, and most of the packaging materials were plastic bags; ② The main way for farmers to dispose plastic bags was to burn or discard them in the field garbage collection baskets; ③ In combination with field surveys, an average of 4.54 pieces of pesticide packaging wastes were scattered around every 667 m^2 of tobacco field. In addition, the number reduced significantly after carrying out pesticide packaging wastes recycling and control project at the local smoke station. At the same time, the average number of pesticide packaging wastes in the field collection baskets increased. Therefore, it can effectively control pesticide packaging wastes by changing the type of pesticide packaging, encouraging the establishment of recycling system and strengthening the cognitive training of farmers.
文摘BACKGROUND Conventional reusable endoscopes have high disinfection costs because of their large size.In this study,we compared the effectiveness,safety,and operation performance of the portable disposable large-channel endoscope that we developed with those of a conventional gastroscope in endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).AIM To compare two gastroscopes in ESD for effectiveness and safety.METHODS Ten Bama pigs were subjected to gastroscopy and ESD after general anesthesia.The experiment was completed by four experienced endoscopists.First,two endoscopists randomly selected the portable disposable large-channel or conventional gastroscope to complete gastroscopy procedures.The other two endoscopists assessed the quality of endoscopic images.After endoscopy,all of the endoscopists randomly used the portable disposable large-channel endoscope or the conventional gastroscope for ESD.Endoscopic operation performance,submucosal dissection time,total procedure time,total submucosal injection volume,specimen size,success rate of en bloc resection,muscular injury rate,and complications were compared between the endoscopes.RESULTS No significant differences in gastroscopy duration or in the integrity,sharpness,saturation,and brightness of the gastroscopic images were observed between the gastroscopes.For ESD,no significant differences in endoscopic operation performance,incision time,submucosal dissection time,total procedure time,total submucosal injection volume,specimen size,or success rate of en bloc resection were observed between the gastroscopes.Neither gastroscope caused muscular injury or treatment-related complica-tions.CONCLUSION The portable disposable large-channel endoscope can be used safely and effectively for gastroscopy and treatment.
基金supported by the French National Agency for radioactive waste management(ANDRA).
文摘This work is devoted to numerical analysis of thermo-hydromechanical problem and cracking process in saturated porous media in the context of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste.The fundamental background of thermo-poro-elastoplasticity theory is first summarized.The emphasis is put on the effect of pore fluid pressure on plastic deformation.A micromechanics-based elastoplastic model is then presented for a class of clayey rocks considered as host rock.Based on linear and nonlinear homogenization techniques,the proposed model is able to systematically account for the influences of porosity and mineral composition on macroscopic elastic properties and plastic yield strength.The initial anisotropy and time-dependent deformation are also taken into account.The induced cracking process is described by using a non-local damage model.A specific hybrid formulation is proposed,able to conveniently capture tensile,shear and mixed cracks.In particular,the influences of pore pressure and confining stress on the shear cracking mechanism are taken into account.The proposed model is applied to investigating thermo-hydromechanical responses and induced damage evolution in laboratory tests at the sample scale.In the last part,an in situ heating experiment is analyzed by using the proposed model.Numerical results are compared with experimental data and field measurements in terms of temperature variation,pore fluid pressure change and induced damaged zone.
基金supported by the Polluted Site Remediation Project of Gao Village,Puji Street,Zhangqiu District,Jinan City,Shandong Provincefinancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42072331,U1906209)the Taishan Scholar Foundation(No.tstp20230626)。
文摘Mine water pollution caused by improper discharge of industrial wastewater,waste liquid and waste residue into minedout areas is a new form of pollution occurred in China in recent years.This kind of pollution is buried deeply,and it is difficult to control,dispose and repair.Deep contaminated mine water from abandoned mining areas may even enter the ocean,posing a great threat to marine ecosystems.In this study,using a water pollution incident occurred in a coal field at a depth of 80 m in Shandong Province,China,in 2015,as an example,the methods of engineering block disposal and groundwater remediation are reported,and the remediation effects are tested and evaluated by in-situ chemical detection and geophysical surveys.The test results showed that engineering blocking measures such as cut-off walls can obviously block the DNAPL diffusion process in mine water,but the blocking effect on organic pollutants dissolved in water was limited.It can slow down the diffusion process of organic gas.The presence of mining tunnels and mined-out areas in the contaminated zone enhances the diffusion speed of various pollutants,especially during the remediation process when pollutants rapidly spread throughout the entire contaminated area.Groundwater circulation extraction and oxidation methods have a significant degradation effect on pollutants like dichloromethane,but they may generate a large amount of secondary gaseous pollutants.These gaseous pollutants may migrate to the shallow subsurface through structures such as faults,leading to secondary subsurface contamination.When designing remediation plans,it is crucial to strike a balance between blocking and guiding in the context of both blocking and restoration projects for achieving effective remediation.
基金supported by the Special Project of Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes (No.2019YSKY-027).
文摘Erythromycin fermentation residue(EFR)represents a typical hazardous waste produced by the microbial pharmaceutical industry.Although electrolysis is promising for EFR disposal,its microbial threats remain unclear.Herein,metagenomics was coupled with the random forest technique to decipher the antibiotic resistance patterns of electrochemically treated EFR.Results showed that 95.75%of erythromycin could be removed in 2 hr.Electrolysis temporarily influenced EFRmicrobiota,where the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased,while those of Fusobacteria,Firmicutes,and Bacteroidetes decreased.A total of 505 antibiotic resistance gene(ARG)subtypes encoding resistance to 21 antibiotic types and 150 mobile genetic elements(MGEs),mainly including plasmid(72)and transposase(52)were assembled in EFR.Significant linear regression models were identified among microbial richness,ARG subtypes,and MGE numbers(r^(2)=0.50-0.81,p<0.001).Physicochemical factors of EFR(Total nitrogen,total organic carbon,protein,and humus)regulated ARG and MGE assembly(%IncMSE value=5.14-14.85).The core ARG,MGE,and microbe sets(93.08%-99.85%)successfully explained 89.71%-92.92%of total ARG and MGE abundances.Specifically,gene aph(3 )-I,transposase tnpA,and Mycolicibacterium were the primary drivers of the resistance dissemination system.This study also proposes efficient resistance mitigation measures,and provides recommendations for future management of antibiotic fermentation residue.
文摘Against the backdrop of the global push for environmental protection and the reduction of plastic pollution,the research and development of alternatives to daily disposable plastic products such as straws have become a hot topic in the environmental protection field.Traditional plastic straws are difficult to degrade,imposing a severe burden on the environment.Meanwhile,existing alternatives like paper straws and PLA(polylactic acid)straws also have numerous drawbacks.
基金supported by the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42377413).
文摘Colloids are prevalent in nuclear waste repositories,with bentonite colloids posing an uncontrollable risk factor for nuclide migration processes.In this study,static adsorption experiments were coupled with dynamic shower experiments to comprehensively investigate the influence of bentonite colloids on Sr^(2+)migration in granite,considering adsorption capacity.Bentonite colloids have a considerably greater adsorption capacity than both bentonite and granite,with a maximum adsorption of 30.303 mg/g.The adsorption behavior of bentonite colloids on Sr^(2+)is well described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models,indicating that a single-layer chemical adsorption process is controlled by the site activation energy.The adsorbed Sr^(2+)is unevenly distributed on the colloids,and the adsorption mechanism may involve ion exchange with Ca.Bentonite colloids exhibit superior adsorption in neutral environments.The cations in groundwater inhibit Sr^(2+)adsorption,and the inhibition efficacy decreases in the order Fe^(3+)>Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>K^(+).The presence of bentonite colloids in a granite column slightly influences the retention of Sr^(2+)in the column while markedly reducing the Sr^(2+)penetration time from 70 h to 18 h.However,the coexistence of Co^(2+),Ni^(2+),and Cs^(+)in a multinuclide system weakens the ability of the colloids to promote Sr^(2+)migration.In comigration of colloid and multinuclide systems,the adsorption of nuclides by bentonite colloids causes the nuclide migration speed to decrease in the order Sr^(2+)>Cs^(+)>Ni^(2+)>Co^(2+).This study provides insights into Sr^(2+)migration in cave repositories for low-and medium-level radioactive waste.
基金the National Natural Science Foundationof China (Grant No. 42030714).
文摘Predicting the gas breakthrough pressure of saturated compacted bentonite is crucial for ensuring the long-term safe operation of deep geological repositories for the disposal of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes.In this work,the swelling pressure,water injection,gas injection and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests on saturated compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite specimens with a dry density of 1.3 Mg/m^(3),1.4 Mg/m^(3),1.5 Mg/m^(3),1.6 Mg/m^(3) and 1.7 Mg/m^(3) were conducted.Subsequently,the relationships between the swelling pressure and average inter-particle distance,as well as between the gas entry pressure and the maximum effective pore size were analyzed and established.Considering that gas migration and breakthrough are all closely related to the pore structures of the tested geomaterials,a novel gas breakthrough pressure prediction model based on the pore size distribution(PSD)curve was constructed using an existing prediction model based on gas entry pressure and swelling pressure.Finally,based on the test results of the specimens 1.5 Mg/m^(3),1.6 Mg/m^(3) and 1.7 Mg/m^(3),gas breakthrough pressures of the specimens with dry densities of 1.3 Mg/m^(3) and 1.4 Mg/m^(3) were predicted.The results show that the calculated gas breakthrough pressures of 0.76 MPa and 1.28 MPa are very close to the measured values of 0.80 MPa and 1.30 MPa,validating the accuracy of the proposed model.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2022MD115,ZR202111160067)。
文摘In the context of global COVID-19 epidemic preparedness,the extensive use of disposable surgical masks(DSM)may lead to its emergence as a main new source of microplastics in the environment.Nowadays,DSMs have become a non-negligible source of plastic waste in aquatic environment,however,less research has been done on DSM after biofilm colonization in freshwater environment.The study investigated the microbial community of DSM-associated biofilms by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Analysis of the microbial community in the middle and inner/outer layers of the DSM showed that the middle layer was different from the remaining two layers and that potential pathogens were enriched only in the middle layer of the DSM.Herein,we focused on the middle layer and explored the characterization properties and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)components changes during biofilm formation.The results showed that the EPS components varied with the biofilm incubation time.As the formation of biofilm,the protein(PN)and polysaccharide(PS)in EPS showed an overall increasing trend,and the growth of PS was well synchronized with PN.Three fluorescent components of EPS were determined by the three-dimensional excitation emission matrix(3D-EEM),including humic acid-like,fulvic acid-like,and aromatic protein-like components.The percentage of fluorescent components varied with increasing biofilm development time and then stabilized.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)characterization results elucidated the emergence of oxygen-containing functional groups during biofilm formation.Moreover,the hydrophilicity increased with biofilm development.In conclusion,the environmental behavior and ecological risks of DSM in aquatic environment deserve urgent attention in future studies.
文摘In July 2025,Claudio Descalzi,CEO of Italian oil company Eni,stated in an interview with the Financial Times that Eni’s low-carbon business operating profits would equal those of its oil and gas business by 2035 and exceed oil and gas business profits by 2040.Meanwhile,British oil company bp is scaling back its low-carbon business under shareholder pressure,returning to traditional oil and gas operations,and plans to gradually dispose of USD 20 billion worth of low-carbon business assets such as onshore wind farms,aiming to increase oil and gas production to 2.3−2.5 million boe per day by 2030.Two European oil companies are heading in completely different strategic directions.In the future,whether Eni can achieve its expected goals of making renewable energy business a key core business,as well as what development strategies oil and gas companies should implement and adhere to,are questions worthy of deep consideration.
基金Funding was provided by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Nuclear Energy,Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition,under Contract Number DE-AC02-05CH11231 with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(LBNL).
文摘An important challenge in ensuring the long-term effectiveness of geological nuclear waste disposal is predicting the transportation of decay heat and gases released from nuclear waste canisters.In this study,thermo-hydromechanical(THM)coupled simulations were conducted using the TOUGH + FLAC3D simulator to predict the THM behaviors of a generic nuclear waste repository over 100,000 years following closure.The designed engineered barrier system(EBS)consists of the waste canister,backfill,and concrete liner.The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term performance of the repository in the presence of continued hydrogen(H_(2))and heat release around the canister.The simulation results show that thermal pressurization and gas accumulation significantly raise the pore pressure within the EBS and surrounding host rock,while the peak pore pressure is not likely to exceed the lithostatic stress so that there is no risk of widespread hydro-fracturing in the host rock.However,tension failure and fracturing can occur at the tunnel scale because of internal gas buildup.Meanwhile,the generated H_(2) continuously migrates outward and tends to accumulate in the concrete liner and excavation disturbed zone surrounding the tunnel because of lower capillary pressure.Nevertheless,the fluids that may contain radionuclides will not leach into the confining units over a 100,000-year time frame.Our analysis indicates that for the assumed disposal system in Opalinus Clay,the generated heat and gas can gradually be transported through the host rock without significantly disturbing the isolation characteristics of the repository.
文摘In recent years,the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)has fostered deep integration between large AI models and robotic technology.Robots such as robotic dogs capable of carrying heavy loads on mountainous terrain or performing waste disposal tasks and humanoid robots that can execute high-precision component installations have gradually reached the public eye,raising expectations for embodied intelligent robots.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20&ZD091)the National Social Science Fund on the Spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(Grant No.22ZDA109)+1 种基金the 2024 Innovative Talents International Cooperation Training Program of the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202406720002)the the 2024 Hunan Provincial Education Department Graduate Innovation Research Project(Grant No.CX20240485).
文摘In recent years,there has been an intensifying focus within the soil contamination prevention and remediation sector,both domestically and internationally,on the off-site disposal of contaminated soils.The United States and Japan,as pioneers in this field,have formulated and implemented a suite of policy standards and practical measures for the regional collaborative management of off-site soil disposal.This paper meticulously reviews and evaluates the existing research on the regional collaborative management of off-site soil disposal,analyzing the experiences and strategies of the United States and Japan from the perspectives of regulatory systems and practical implementation.In light of China’s specific circumstances,it proposes a series of strategic recommendations for the adaptation of these international experiences to the Chinese context.These include enhancement of Chinese legal standards for the regional collaborative management of contaminated land soil off-site disposal,improvement of risk control standards for soil pollution and specific regulations for off-site disposal,as well as delineation of objective criteria to define the scope of collaborative management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42307258)the technological research projects in Sichuan Province(No.2022YFSY0007)the China Atomic Energy Authority(CAEA)through the Geological Disposal Program.
文摘Stability analysis of underground constructions requires a model study of rock masses’ long-term performance. Creep tests under different stress conditions was conducted on intact granite and granite samples fractured at 30° and 45° angles. The experimental results indicate that the steady creep strain rates of intact and fractured rock present an exponential increase trend with the increase of stress level. A nonlinear creep model is developed based on the experimental results, in which the initial damage caused by fracture together with the damage caused by constant load have been taken into consideration. The fitting analysis results indicated that the model proposed is more accurate at identifying the full creep regions in fractured granite, especially the accelerated stage of creep deformation. The least-square fit error of the proposed creep model is significantly lower than that of Nishihara model by almost an order of magnitude. An analysis of the effects of elastic modulus, viscosity coefficient, and damage factors on fractured rock strain rate and creep strain is conducted. If no consideration is given to the effects of the damage, the proposed nonlinear creep model can degenerate into to the classical Nishihara model.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100157,52176197,and 52100156)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1601100).
文摘In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics.However,no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegrad-able versus traditional plastic products.This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products(BPPs)over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives.Four scenarios-namely,the traditional method,chemical recycling,industrial composting,and anaerobic digestion-are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs(WBPPs).The analysis takes China as a case study.The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000traditional plastic products(plastic bags,lunch boxes,cups,etc.)were52.09-150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram(kg CO_(2)eq),with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%-50.77%.In comparison,1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06-56.86 kg CO_(2)eq,approximately 13.53%-62.19%lower than traditional plastic prod-ucts.The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal,and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage.Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact,and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs.However,the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use.This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradableplastics industry.
基金supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship offered to the first author of this study。
文摘Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the entire disposal framework for R-LIBs,encompassing a broad spectrum of activities,including screening,repurposing and recycling.Firstly,we delve deeply into a thorough examination of current screening technologies,shifting the focus from a mere enumeration of screening methods to the exploration of the strategies for enhancing screening efficiency.Secondly,we outline battery repurposing with associated key factors,summarizing stationary applications and sizing methods for R-LIBs in their second life.A particular light is shed on available reconditioning solutions,demonstrating their great potential in facilitating battery safety and lifetime in repurposing scenarios and identifying their techno-economic issues.In the realm of battery recycling,we present an extensive survey of pre-treatment options and subsequent material recovery technologies.Particularly,we introduce several global leading recyclers to illustrate their industrial processes and technical intricacies.Furthermore,relevant challenges and evolving trends are investigated in pursuit of a sustainable end-of-life management and disposal framework.We hope that this study can serve as a valuable resource for researchers,industry professionals and policymakers in this field,ultimately facilitating the adoption of proper disposal practices.
基金Supported by the“SDF-sweet doctor cultivation”Project of Sinocare Diabetes Foundation,No.2022SD11 and No.2021SD09.
文摘BACKGROUND In recent years,the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes(T1DM)patients has gradually increased.Insulin resistance in T1DM deserves attention.It is necessary to clarify the relationship between body composition,metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in T1DM to guide clinical treatment and intervention.AIM To assess body composition(BC)in T1DM patients and evaluate the relationship between BC,metabolic syndrome(MS),and insulin resistance in these indi-viduals.METHODS A total of 101 subjects with T1DM,aged 10 years or older,and with a disease duration of over 1 year were included.Bioelectrical impedance analysis using the Tsinghua-Tongfang BC Analyzer BCA-1B was employed to measure various BC parameters.Clinical and laboratory data were collected,and insulin resistance was calculated using the estimated glucose disposal rate(eGDR).RESULTS MS was diagnosed in 16/101 patients(15.84%),overweight in 16/101 patients(15.84%),obesity in 4/101(3.96%),hypertension in 34/101(33.66%%)and dyslip-idemia in 16/101 patients(15.84%).Visceral fat index(VFI)and trunk fat mass were significantly and negatively correlated with eGDR(both P<0.001).Female patients exhibited higher body fat percentage and visceral fat ratio compared to male patients.Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that significant factors for MS included eGDR[P=0.017,odds ratio(OR)=0.109],VFI(P=0.030,OR=3.529),and a family history of diabetes(P=0.004,OR=0.228).Significant factors for hypertension included eGDR(P<0.001,OR=0.488)and skeletal muscle mass(P=0.003,OR=1.111).Significant factors for dyslipidemia included trunk fat mass(P=0.033,OR=1.202)and eGDR(P=0.037,OR=0.708).CONCLUSION Visceral fat was found to be a superior predictor of MS compared to conventional measures such as body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in Chinese individuals with T1DM.BC analysis,specifically identifying visceral fat(trunk fat),may play an important role in identifying the increased risk of MS in non-obese patients with T1DM.
基金study received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B2065),EditChecks(https://editchecks.com.cn/)for providing linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
文摘Safe emplacement of high-level nuclear waste(HLNW)arising from the utilization of nuclear power is a frequently en-countered and considerably challenging issue.The widely accepted and feasible approach for the permanent disposal of HLNW involves housing it in a corrosion-resistant container and subsequently burying it deep in a geologic repository.The focus lies on ensuring the dur-ability and integrity of the container in this process.This review introduces various techniques and strategies employed in controlling the corrosion of used fuel containers(UFCs)using copper(Cu)as corrosion barrier in the context of deep geological disposal.Overall,these corrosion prevention techniques and methods have been effectively implemented and employed to successfully mitigate the corrosion challenges encountered during the permanent disposal of Cu containers(e.g.,corrosion mechanisms and corrosion parameters)in deep geologic repositories.The primary objective of this review is to provide an extensive examination of the alteration in the corrosion envir-onment encountered by the UFCs when subjected to deep geologic repository conditions and focusing on addressing the potential corro-sion scenarios.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0711802)the Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau of China(Grant No.2023020201010081)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U22A20239).
文摘The technology of expansion fracturing with liquid CO_(2)(EFLCO_(2))has attracted increasing attention due to reduced vibration and damage.The disposable fracturing tube has been developed and is gradually replacing the Cardox tube.However,there is a lack of impact pressure testing of disposable tubes under real working conditions,selection of gas explosion design parameters,and systematic analysis of blasting vibration.This limitation has constrained the widespread application of disposable fracturing tubes in engineering.A joint monitoring of the pressure-time curves in the disposable tubes and boreholes was conducted.The rock-breaking effect of varying hole spacing parameters in the EFLCO_(2)design was analyzed,and a systematic study was carried out on the vibration peak value,frequency,and energy characteristics.The results show that(1)the pressure distribution characteristics,stress peak value,and duration in the disposable tubes are different from those of Cardox tubes,which show multi-peak distribution,low-pressure peak value,and short duration.The correlation between the pressure in the disposable tube,filling pressure,and liquid CO_(2)weight is established,and a theoretical calculation method for the borehole wall pressure is proposed;(2)The hole spacing in rocks of different hardness is suggested;and(3)At the same scale distance,the peak particle velocity(PPV)caused by EFLCO_(2)(PPVCO_(2))is significantly smaller than that caused by blasting(PPVexplosive).The ratio of PPVexplosive to PPVCO_(2)is a power function related to scale distance,and a distance-related zonality exist in this relationship.The frequency composition of the vibration signal caused by EFLCO_(2)is relatively simple with a narrow frequency band.Its PPV and energy are mainly concentrated in the low-frequency band.This research contributes to the optimization of disposable fracturing tubes,gas explosion design,and vibration hazard control.
