Mimetic seeds attract birds to disperse seeds mainly by mimicking fleshy fruits or arillate seeds,however,they provide little nutritive reward for bird dispersers.The key characteristics of mimetic seeds are conspicuo...Mimetic seeds attract birds to disperse seeds mainly by mimicking fleshy fruits or arillate seeds,however,they provide little nutritive reward for bird dispersers.The key characteristics of mimetic seeds are conspicuous seed color,hard seed coat,certain toxic secondary metabolites,and perhaps smooth waxy layer.In this review,we discuss the global distribution of mimetic seeds,the interaction of mimetic seeds with bird dispersers,and secondary metabolites that underlie key characteristics of mimetic seeds.Mimetic-seed species mainly occur in the tropics,with large numbers distributed along coastal areas.The interaction between mimetic-seed species and bird dispersers can be antagonistic,mutualistic,or both.These interactions are generally established by conspicuous visual cues and hard tactile cues from mimetic seeds.The formation and variation of key characteristics of mimetic seeds may contribute to the metabolism of several kind of secondary compounds.Here,we also discuss mimetic-seed dispersal in the context of an evolutionary game,and propose several aspects of mimetic-seed dispersal that remain unstudied.While this review is based on preliminary findings and does not account for other potential influencing factors such as climate,it is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of mimetic-seed dispersal.展开更多
In this study, the mean droplet diameter in the cavity zone and the total mass transfer area of a multi-stage highspeed disperser(HSD) reactor with different packing combinations were measured and evaluated. The effec...In this study, the mean droplet diameter in the cavity zone and the total mass transfer area of a multi-stage highspeed disperser(HSD) reactor with different packing combinations were measured and evaluated. The effects of rotational speed and packing radius, as well as the packing ring radius and numbers, on the mean droplet diameter and the total mass transfer area were evaluated. A model was established to calculate the mass transfer area in the cavity zone in the HSD reactor, and it was found that the packings contribute 61%–82% of the total mass transfer area. A correlation for predicting the mass transfer area in the packing zone was regressed by the dimensionless analysis method. An enhancement factor based on the mass transfer area in the packing zone was proposed to evaluate the effect of packing combination on mass transfer area. Two optimum packing combinations were proposed in consideration of the mean droplet diameter and the enhancement factor.展开更多
Droplet characteristics in the cavity zone of a multi-staged high speed disperser with single inlet were studied in this paper. The influences of both the operating and structural parameters on the mean droplet diamet...Droplet characteristics in the cavity zone of a multi-staged high speed disperser with single inlet were studied in this paper. The influences of both the operating and structural parameters on the mean droplet diameter, size distribution and liquid flux distribution were quantitatively analyzed. The result showed that the mean droplet diameter decreased with the increase of rotational speed and the number of rotors;whilst there is little influence on the inlet flow rate. In the experimental range, the minimum value of mean droplet diameter is 0.57 mm, 0.48 mm, 0.41 mm in the two-staged, three-staged and four-staged rotors, respectively. The Rosin–Rammler(R–R) distribution could describe the droplet size distribution appropriately, and it became uniform with the increase of rotational speed and the number of rotor, while the inlet flow rate had little effect on the droplet size distribution. The liquid flux distribution curves were always unimodal. With the increase of rotational speed, the location of maximum liquid flux ratio moved from zone 3 to zone 4 and this value decreased from 22.1% to 18.1%. Using Coefficient of Variation(CV) to indicate the uniformity of liquid flux distribution, it was found that the CV decreases from 47.5% to 22.7%when the number of rotor increased from 2 to 4.展开更多
Experiment of synthesizing a disperser for coal water slurry (CWS) by using fractions of anthracene oil from high-temperature coal tar was performed. The orthogonal test was used to investigate the influence of temper...Experiment of synthesizing a disperser for coal water slurry (CWS) by using fractions of anthracene oil from high-temperature coal tar was performed. The orthogonal test was used to investigate the influence of temperature, time, quantity of sulfonation agent and condensation agent and the interaction of these factors on properties of the disperser. The result shows that the influence of temperature, time, quantity of sulfonation agent and condensation agent, and the interaction of sulfonation time and sulfonation agent has a significant influence on the properties of disperser. The optimal condition of synthesis is that in 150g of the fractions of anthracene oil, 40 mL of sulfonation agent is added and sulfonated for 3 h at 130℃, then, 10 mL of condensing agent is added and condensated for 1.5 h at 115 ℃.展开更多
Dispersal is an individual life-history trait that can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both the source and recipient populations.Current studies of animal dispersal have paid little attention to ...Dispersal is an individual life-history trait that can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both the source and recipient populations.Current studies of animal dispersal have paid little attention to how the responses of residents in a recipient population affect the social resettlement of dispersers into a new habitat.We addressed this question in the blue-breasted quail Synoicus chinensis by designing an outsider introduction experiment to simulate a scenario of interaction between residents and dispersers.In the experiment,we introduced an unfamiliar quail into a group of 3 differently ranked residents and then examined their behavioral responses to the arrival of the outsider.We found that all residents made negative responses by pecking at the outsider to maintain their pecking order,in which high-ranked residents displayed significantly greater intensity than those of lower ranks.This result highlighted that adverse behavioral responses of residents would prevent outsiders from obtaining hierarchical dominance in the recipient group.Moreover,the residents’sex ratio,their relative ages to the outsiders,and whether outsiders counter-pecked at the residents all influenced the probability of outsiders prevailing against the residents.Those outsiders that displayed counter-peck courage were more likely to gain higher dominance and hence resettle into the recipient group successfully.Our findings suggest that resident groups may impose a selection among dispersers via adverse behavioral responses.Therefore,social factors that can influence the resettlement step of dispersers in a new habitat should be accounted for in future studies of animal dispersal.展开更多
The study of seed dispersal,biotic seed dispersal,and even less,the role of birds in it,have been almost neglected in deserts.Virtually absent from the literature on seed dispersal are the ground-jays,genus Podoces,fo...The study of seed dispersal,biotic seed dispersal,and even less,the role of birds in it,have been almost neglected in deserts.Virtually absent from the literature on seed dispersal are the ground-jays,genus Podoces,four species of the crow family that inhabit arid environments,even true deserts,from Iran to Mongolia.Although they are omnivorous,they seem to mainly depend on the seeds of desert plants during the cold season.There are suggestions in sparse literature that they may contribute to seed dispersal similarly to several corvid species of other climates,by caching seeds in useful microsites to save them for later consumption and thus actually favoring the germination of the seeds they fail to recover.Future research might benefit from comparison with the vast literature on their better-known seed-caching relatives.This paper is aimed at providing basic information on each ground-jay species and some sug-gestions for investigating their likely symbiosis with desert plants,with possible applications to the maintenance and restoration of vegetation in a very extended arid zone.展开更多
Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical ...Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical forests of Austra-lia and New Guinea,the cassowary provides a large volume,long distance dispersal service incorporating benefi-cial gut processing;however,the resultant clumped deposition might expose seeds to elevated mortality.We exam-ined the contribution of post-dispersal seed predation to cassowary dispersal effectiveness by monitoring the fate of 11 species in southern cassowary(Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Linnaeus)droppings over a period of 1 year.Across all species,the rate of predation and removal was relatively slow.After 1 month,70%of seeds remained intact and outwardly viable,while the number fell to 38%after 1 year.The proportion of seeds remaining intact in droppings varied considerably between species:soft-seeded and large-seeded species were more likely to escape removal and predation.Importantly,across all species,seeds in droppings were no more likely to be predated than those left undispersed under the parent tree.We speculate that seed predating and scatter-hoarding rodents are responsible for the vast majority of predation and removal from droppings and that the few seeds which undergo secondary dispersal survive to germination.Our findings reinforce the conclusion that the cassowary is an impor-tant seed disperser;however,dispersal effectiveness for particular plant species can be reduced by massive post-dispersal seed mortality.展开更多
Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity c...Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity carbon nanotubes(CNT)conductive materials,and electrode thickening.However,these methods are still limited due to the limitation in the capacity of high-nickel NCM,aggregation of CNT conductive materials,and nonuniform material distribution of thick-film electrodes,which ultimately damage the mechanical and electrical integrity of the electrode,leading to a decrease in electrochemical performance.Here,we present an integrated binder-CNT composite dispersion solution to realize a high-solids-content(>77 wt%)slurry for high-mass-loading electrodes and to mitigate the migration of binder and conductive additives.Indeed,the approach reduces solvent usage by approximately 30%and ensures uniform conductive additive-binder domain distribution during electrode manufacturing,resulting in improved coating quality and adhesive strength for high-mass-loading electrodes(>12 mAh cm^(−2)).In terms of various electrode properties,the presented electrode showed low resistance and excellent electrochemical properties despite the low CNT contents of 0.6 wt%compared to the pristine-applied electrode with 0.85 wt%CNT contents.Moreover,our strategy enables faster drying,which increases the coating speed,thereby offering potential energy savings and supporting carbon neutrality in wet-based electrode manufacturing processes.展开更多
One-dimensional ensemble dispersion entropy(EDE1D)is an effective nonlinear dynamic analysis method for complexity measurement of time series.However,it is only restricted to assessing the complexity of one-di-mension...One-dimensional ensemble dispersion entropy(EDE1D)is an effective nonlinear dynamic analysis method for complexity measurement of time series.However,it is only restricted to assessing the complexity of one-di-mensional time series(TS1d)with the extracted complexity features only at a single scale.Aiming at these problems,a new nonlinear dynamic analysis method termed two-dimensional composite multi-scale ensemble Gramian dispersion entropy(CMEGDE_(2D))is proposed in this paper.First,the TS_(1D) is transformed into a two-dimensional image(I_(2D))by using Gramian angular fields(GAF)with more internal data structures and geometri features,which preserve the global characteristics and time dependence of vibration signals.Second,the I2D is analyzed at multiple scales through the composite coarse-graining method,which overcomes the limitation of a single scale and provides greater stability compared to traditional coarse-graining methods.Subsequently,a new fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing is proposed based on the proposed CMEGDE_(2D) for fault feature ex-traction and the chicken swarm algorithm optimized support vector machine(CsO-SvM)for fault pattern identification.The simulation signals and two data sets of rolling bearings are utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method.The results demonstrate that the proposed method has stronger dis-crimination ability,higher fault diagnosis accuracy and better stability than the other compared methods.展开更多
The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with...The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.展开更多
Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency,distinctive geometric,and electronic configurations.However,the effica...Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency,distinctive geometric,and electronic configurations.However,the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites.Herein,we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene(ND@G)for CO oxidation.The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency(TOF)of 17.6.10^(-2)s^(-1)at significantly lower temperature(30℃),achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to singleatom Pt1/ND@G catalyst(1.5.10^(-2)s^(-1))and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions.Moreover,the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability,maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80℃without significant deactivation.The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O_(2),and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites.The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.展开更多
Nanoparticle-reinforced Mg matrix composites(NPMMCs)capitalize on the synergistic properties of nanoparticles and Mg matrix,resulting in enhanced mechanical attributes compared to matrix.Nonetheless,effective high-tem...Nanoparticle-reinforced Mg matrix composites(NPMMCs)capitalize on the synergistic properties of nanoparticles and Mg matrix,resulting in enhanced mechanical attributes compared to matrix.Nonetheless,effective high-temperature dispersion of nanoparticles remains challenging.This study employs a molten salt dispersant(NaCl-KCl-MgCl_(2))effectively mitigating the oxidation and combustion of TiC nanoparticles(TiC_(np)).Compared with the atmosphere,the molten salt facilitates the pre-dispersion of TiC_(np)through thermal motion at elevated temperatures,thereby reducing agglomeration between the TiC_(np).Simultaneously,the molten salt effectively wets and disrupts the oxide layer on the surface of Mg melt,facilitating the wetting of TiC_(np)by the Mg melt.The successful incorporation of 3 vol.%TiC_(np)into the Mg matrix is achieved by utilizing molten salt,and the addition of TiC_(np)increases the viscosity of mg melt.Further dispersed by ultrasonic dispersion,the unique distribution of TiC_(np)within ring-like structures was obtained which was attributed to the increase of viscosity.As a configurational distribution,the ring-like TiC_(np)distribution morphology significantly enhances the mechanical properties of composites,as evidenced by an approximate 50%increase in compressive strength(UCS).展开更多
This letter addresses challenges in the clinical translation of BIBR1532,a promising telomerase inhibitor,for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).BIBR1532 exerts its anti-cancer effect by activat...This letter addresses challenges in the clinical translation of BIBR1532,a promising telomerase inhibitor,for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).BIBR1532 exerts its anti-cancer effect by activating DNA damage response(ATR/CHK1 and ATM/CHK2)pathways and downregulating telomere-binding proteins.Although its therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility,solid dispersion(SD)technology may overcome this obstacle.Systematic analysis using PubChem-derived simplified molecular input line entry system identifiers and artificial intelligence-driven FormulationDT platform evaluation(oral formulation feasibility index:0.38)revealed that the SD technology,with superior scalability(32 approved products by 2021)and lower production risks,outperforms lipid-based formulations as an optimal dissolution strategy.Material analysis revealed hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)as the optimal carrier with lower hygroscopicity,higher temperature and no intestinal targeting,thus enabling ESCC therapy.HPMC-based SD enhances BIBR1532 solubility and bioavailability for effective ESCC treatment.Future studies should focus on pilot tests for SD fabrication.展开更多
In the dispersed computing environment driven by intelligent networks,intrusion detection faces significant challenges.This paper proposes a multilayer decentralized federated learning framework based on mean field ga...In the dispersed computing environment driven by intelligent networks,intrusion detection faces significant challenges.This paper proposes a multilayer decentralized federated learning framework based on mean field game theory(MFG-DFL).The framework organizes networked computing points(NCPs)into a three-layer collaborative architecture,and innovatively introduces MFG theory to model the complex dynamic interactions,which among large-scale NCPs as a game between a representative NCP and the mean field.By solving the coupled HJB and FPK equations,we design a dynamic incentive mechanism to fairly quantify and reward NCP contributions,thus aligning individual rationality with the global objectives of the system.The simulation results on the CICIoT2023 data set demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed framework.Specifically,it achieves an intrusion detection accuracy of 81.09%in highly non-IID scenarios,showcasing a well-balanced trade-off between computational efficiency and performance enhancement.展开更多
Oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)alloys are extensively used owing to high thermostability and creep strength contributed from uniformly dispersed fine oxides particles.However,the existence of these strengthening pa...Oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)alloys are extensively used owing to high thermostability and creep strength contributed from uniformly dispersed fine oxides particles.However,the existence of these strengthening particles also deteriorates the processability and it is of great importance to establish accurate processing maps to guide the thermomechanical processes to enhance the formability.In this study,we performed particle swarm optimization-based back propagation artificial neural network model to predict the high temperature flow behavior of 0.25wt%Al2O3 particle-reinforced Cu alloys,and compared the accuracy with that of derived by Arrhenius-type constitutive model and back propagation artificial neural network model.To train these models,we obtained the raw data by fabricating ODS Cu alloys using the internal oxidation and reduction method,and conducting systematic hot compression tests between 400 and800℃with strain rates of 10^(-2)-10 S^(-1).At last,processing maps for ODS Cu alloys were proposed by combining processing parameters,mechanical behavior,microstructure characterization,and the modeling results achieved a coefficient of determination higher than>99%.展开更多
To simultaneously enrich,separate,and determine five fluoroquinolone antibiotics(FQs)in marine crude drugs(MCDs),seawater and seafood,we conducted this study using vortex assisted dispersed liquid-liquid microextracti...To simultaneously enrich,separate,and determine five fluoroquinolone antibiotics(FQs)in marine crude drugs(MCDs),seawater and seafood,we conducted this study using vortex assisted dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME),followed by capillary electrophoresis(CE)-UV.A single-variable optimization was employed to examine the factors influencing the separation effect of CE and the extraction efficiency of DLLME,including buffer solution,organic solvent,separation voltage,extractant,dispersant,and sample solution pH.Under the optimal conditions,the baseline separation of the five FQs was achieved within 6 min.The analytical performance of the method was assessed using six types of actual samples,including three MCDs of hippocampus,clam,and kelp,seawater,and two seafood of prawn and pomfret,demonstrating good linearity ranging from 0.1-5 or 0.01-5μg/mL.The limits of detection(LODs)and limits of quantification(LOQs)for the five FQs in MCDs were 0.0022-0.0292 and 0.0066-0.0973μg/mL,respectively.The LODs and LOQs in seawater and seafood were 0.0009-0.0262 and 0.0029-0.0874μg/mL,respectively.The matrix effects of this method were evaluated in the hippocampus,seawater,and prawn,and the results show that DLLME could effectively eliminate matrix interference.Satisfactory recovery rates were achieved in all the six tested actual samples.This developed DLLME-CE method was proven simple to operate,accurate and reliable,with high sensitivity,making it suitable for the analysis of multiple antibiotic residues in complex matrices.展开更多
To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.T...To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.This source is based on spontaneous four-wave mixing(SFWM)in a piece of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide.Theoretical analysis shows that the waveguide dispersion could be tailored by adjusting the ridge width,enabling broadband photon pair generation by SFWM across C band and O band.The spontaneous Raman scattering(SpRS)in silicon waveguides is also investigated experimentally.It shows that there are two regions in the spectrum of generated photons from SpRS,which could be used to achieve cross-band photon pair generation.A chip of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide samples with different ridge widths has been fabricated,through which cross-band photon pair generation is demonstrated experimentally.The experimental results show that the source can be achieved using dispersion-optimized shallow-ridge silicon waveguides.This cross-band quantum light source provides a way to develop new fiber-based quantum communication functions utilizing both C band and O band and extends applications of quantum networks.展开更多
Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle...Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle to accurately capture microstructural changes.Various diffusion models have been used to study white matter in systemic lupus erythematosus;however,comparative analyses of their sensitivity and specificity for detecting microstructural changes remain insufficient.To address this,our team designed a diagnostic trial that used multimodal diffusion imaging techniques to observe white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with an aim to identify key diagnostic biomarkers for these patients.Patients with active lupus who received treatment at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,from September 2023 to March 2024 were recruited.According to the standards of the American College of Rheumatology,patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the systemic lupus erythematosus group,whereas those without neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the non-systemic lupus erythematosus group.Additionally,healthy volunteers matched by region,sex,and age were recruited as controls.All three groups underwent the same diffusion magnetic resonance imaging examination protocol to compare differences in diffusion parameters.Advanced diffusion imaging models were able to sensitively detect microstructural changes in the white matter fibers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with specific diffusion parameters showing significant abnormalities in key brain regions.In the left superior longitudinal fasciculus subregion and the right thalamic radiations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,we also identified abnormal diffusion characteristics that were clearly correlated with disease activity,suggesting that microstructural changes in these areas may reflect the dynamic process of neuroinflammatory damage.The present study addresses critical challenges in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus by identifying specific white matter imaging biomarkers and elucidating the association between microstructural damage and clinical manifestations.The main contributions of our study include:1)establishing axial regression probability parameters from mean apparent propagator magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus,particularly in the third subregion of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus;2)demonstrating that multimodal diffusion imaging may be superior to conventional diffusion tensor imaging for detecting white matter microstructural abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus;and 3)integrating tract-based spatial statistics with clinically relevant analyses to link imaging findings to pathological mechanisms.展开更多
Little is known about seeding regeneration of cultivated trees compared to wild relatives in areas where seed dispersers are shared.Here,we investigated the differences in seed fates of cultivated walnut(Juglans regia...Little is known about seeding regeneration of cultivated trees compared to wild relatives in areas where seed dispersers are shared.Here,we investigated the differences in seed fates of cultivated walnut(Juglans regia)and wild Manchurian walnut(Juglans mandshurica)trees under rodent predation and dispersal.J.regia seeds have higher nutritional value(large size,mass and kernel mass)and lower mechanical defensiveness(thin endocarp)than J.mandshurica seeds.We tracked seeds of J.regia and J.mandshurica under both enclosure and field conditions to assess differences in competing for seed dispersers of the two co-occurring tree species of the same genus.We found that rodents preferred to harvest,eat and scatter-hoard seeds of J.regia as compared to those of J.mandshurica.Seeds of J.regia were removed and scatter-hoarded faster than those of J.mandshurica.Caches of J.regia were more likely to be rediscovered by rodents than those of J.mandshurica.These results suggest that J.regia showed earlier dispersal fitness but not the ultimate dispersal fitness over J.mandshurica in seeding regeneration under rodent mediation,implying that J.regia has little effect on seeding regeneration of J.mandshurica in the field.The effects of seed traits on seed dispersal fitness may vary at different dispersal stages under animal mediation.展开更多
基金supported by the Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talents Project(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371564)+2 种基金the Key Project of Basic Research of Yunnan Province,China(202101AS070035202301AS070001)to G.ChenYunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan(202305AM070005).
文摘Mimetic seeds attract birds to disperse seeds mainly by mimicking fleshy fruits or arillate seeds,however,they provide little nutritive reward for bird dispersers.The key characteristics of mimetic seeds are conspicuous seed color,hard seed coat,certain toxic secondary metabolites,and perhaps smooth waxy layer.In this review,we discuss the global distribution of mimetic seeds,the interaction of mimetic seeds with bird dispersers,and secondary metabolites that underlie key characteristics of mimetic seeds.Mimetic-seed species mainly occur in the tropics,with large numbers distributed along coastal areas.The interaction between mimetic-seed species and bird dispersers can be antagonistic,mutualistic,or both.These interactions are generally established by conspicuous visual cues and hard tactile cues from mimetic seeds.The formation and variation of key characteristics of mimetic seeds may contribute to the metabolism of several kind of secondary compounds.Here,we also discuss mimetic-seed dispersal in the context of an evolutionary game,and propose several aspects of mimetic-seed dispersal that remain unstudied.While this review is based on preliminary findings and does not account for other potential influencing factors such as climate,it is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of mimetic-seed dispersal.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676007,21506005)
文摘In this study, the mean droplet diameter in the cavity zone and the total mass transfer area of a multi-stage highspeed disperser(HSD) reactor with different packing combinations were measured and evaluated. The effects of rotational speed and packing radius, as well as the packing ring radius and numbers, on the mean droplet diameter and the total mass transfer area were evaluated. A model was established to calculate the mass transfer area in the cavity zone in the HSD reactor, and it was found that the packings contribute 61%–82% of the total mass transfer area. A correlation for predicting the mass transfer area in the packing zone was regressed by the dimensionless analysis method. An enhancement factor based on the mass transfer area in the packing zone was proposed to evaluate the effect of packing combination on mass transfer area. Two optimum packing combinations were proposed in consideration of the mean droplet diameter and the enhancement factor.
基金Supported by ‘‘The Design and Optimisation of High Speed Rotating Mixing Nozzles for Liquid-Liquid Applications” PhD Studentship provided by Huntsman Europe(Belgium)
文摘Droplet characteristics in the cavity zone of a multi-staged high speed disperser with single inlet were studied in this paper. The influences of both the operating and structural parameters on the mean droplet diameter, size distribution and liquid flux distribution were quantitatively analyzed. The result showed that the mean droplet diameter decreased with the increase of rotational speed and the number of rotors;whilst there is little influence on the inlet flow rate. In the experimental range, the minimum value of mean droplet diameter is 0.57 mm, 0.48 mm, 0.41 mm in the two-staged, three-staged and four-staged rotors, respectively. The Rosin–Rammler(R–R) distribution could describe the droplet size distribution appropriately, and it became uniform with the increase of rotational speed and the number of rotor, while the inlet flow rate had little effect on the droplet size distribution. The liquid flux distribution curves were always unimodal. With the increase of rotational speed, the location of maximum liquid flux ratio moved from zone 3 to zone 4 and this value decreased from 22.1% to 18.1%. Using Coefficient of Variation(CV) to indicate the uniformity of liquid flux distribution, it was found that the CV decreases from 47.5% to 22.7%when the number of rotor increased from 2 to 4.
文摘Experiment of synthesizing a disperser for coal water slurry (CWS) by using fractions of anthracene oil from high-temperature coal tar was performed. The orthogonal test was used to investigate the influence of temperature, time, quantity of sulfonation agent and condensation agent and the interaction of these factors on properties of the disperser. The result shows that the influence of temperature, time, quantity of sulfonation agent and condensation agent, and the interaction of sulfonation time and sulfonation agent has a significant influence on the properties of disperser. The optimal condition of synthesis is that in 150g of the fractions of anthracene oil, 40 mL of sulfonation agent is added and sulfonated for 3 h at 130℃, then, 10 mL of condensing agent is added and condensated for 1.5 h at 115 ℃.
基金Financial support was provided by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(Grant 32071491 and 31772465)the Natural Sciences Foundation of the Tibetan(XZ202101ZR0051G).
文摘Dispersal is an individual life-history trait that can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both the source and recipient populations.Current studies of animal dispersal have paid little attention to how the responses of residents in a recipient population affect the social resettlement of dispersers into a new habitat.We addressed this question in the blue-breasted quail Synoicus chinensis by designing an outsider introduction experiment to simulate a scenario of interaction between residents and dispersers.In the experiment,we introduced an unfamiliar quail into a group of 3 differently ranked residents and then examined their behavioral responses to the arrival of the outsider.We found that all residents made negative responses by pecking at the outsider to maintain their pecking order,in which high-ranked residents displayed significantly greater intensity than those of lower ranks.This result highlighted that adverse behavioral responses of residents would prevent outsiders from obtaining hierarchical dominance in the recipient group.Moreover,the residents’sex ratio,their relative ages to the outsiders,and whether outsiders counter-pecked at the residents all influenced the probability of outsiders prevailing against the residents.Those outsiders that displayed counter-peck courage were more likely to gain higher dominance and hence resettle into the recipient group successfully.Our findings suggest that resident groups may impose a selection among dispersers via adverse behavioral responses.Therefore,social factors that can influence the resettlement step of dispersers in a new habitat should be accounted for in future studies of animal dispersal.
文摘The study of seed dispersal,biotic seed dispersal,and even less,the role of birds in it,have been almost neglected in deserts.Virtually absent from the literature on seed dispersal are the ground-jays,genus Podoces,four species of the crow family that inhabit arid environments,even true deserts,from Iran to Mongolia.Although they are omnivorous,they seem to mainly depend on the seeds of desert plants during the cold season.There are suggestions in sparse literature that they may contribute to seed dispersal similarly to several corvid species of other climates,by caching seeds in useful microsites to save them for later consumption and thus actually favoring the germination of the seeds they fail to recover.Future research might benefit from comparison with the vast literature on their better-known seed-caching relatives.This paper is aimed at providing basic information on each ground-jay species and some sug-gestions for investigating their likely symbiosis with desert plants,with possible applications to the maintenance and restoration of vegetation in a very extended arid zone.
基金This study was undertaken as part of the Rainforest CRC and conducted under CSIRO Animal Ethics Approval OB15/12 and Queensland Department of Environment Scientific Purposes Permit FO/001071/96/SAB.
文摘Post-dispersal predation is a potentially significant modifier of the distribution of recruiting plants and an often unmeasured determinant of the effectiveness of a frugivore’s dispersal service.In the wet tropical forests of Austra-lia and New Guinea,the cassowary provides a large volume,long distance dispersal service incorporating benefi-cial gut processing;however,the resultant clumped deposition might expose seeds to elevated mortality.We exam-ined the contribution of post-dispersal seed predation to cassowary dispersal effectiveness by monitoring the fate of 11 species in southern cassowary(Casuarius casuarius johnsonii Linnaeus)droppings over a period of 1 year.Across all species,the rate of predation and removal was relatively slow.After 1 month,70%of seeds remained intact and outwardly viable,while the number fell to 38%after 1 year.The proportion of seeds remaining intact in droppings varied considerably between species:soft-seeded and large-seeded species were more likely to escape removal and predation.Importantly,across all species,seeds in droppings were no more likely to be predated than those left undispersed under the parent tree.We speculate that seed predating and scatter-hoarding rodents are responsible for the vast majority of predation and removal from droppings and that the few seeds which undergo secondary dispersal survive to germination.Our findings reinforce the conclusion that the cassowary is an impor-tant seed disperser;however,dispersal effectiveness for particular plant species can be reduced by massive post-dispersal seed mortality.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022M3H4A6A0103720142)the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL24011-000)+1 种基金the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00404165)through the Korea Planning&Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(KEIT)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by the Samsung SDI Co.Ltd.and the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)institutional program(2E33942,2E3394B)。
文摘Strategies for achieving high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries include using high-capacity materials such as high-nickel NCM,increasing the active material content in the electrode by utilizing high-conductivity carbon nanotubes(CNT)conductive materials,and electrode thickening.However,these methods are still limited due to the limitation in the capacity of high-nickel NCM,aggregation of CNT conductive materials,and nonuniform material distribution of thick-film electrodes,which ultimately damage the mechanical and electrical integrity of the electrode,leading to a decrease in electrochemical performance.Here,we present an integrated binder-CNT composite dispersion solution to realize a high-solids-content(>77 wt%)slurry for high-mass-loading electrodes and to mitigate the migration of binder and conductive additives.Indeed,the approach reduces solvent usage by approximately 30%and ensures uniform conductive additive-binder domain distribution during electrode manufacturing,resulting in improved coating quality and adhesive strength for high-mass-loading electrodes(>12 mAh cm^(−2)).In terms of various electrode properties,the presented electrode showed low resistance and excellent electrochemical properties despite the low CNT contents of 0.6 wt%compared to the pristine-applied electrode with 0.85 wt%CNT contents.Moreover,our strategy enables faster drying,which increases the coating speed,thereby offering potential energy savings and supporting carbon neutrality in wet-based electrode manufacturing processes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51975004)the Outstanding Youth Fund of Universities in Anhui Province of China(Grant No.2022AH020032).
文摘One-dimensional ensemble dispersion entropy(EDE1D)is an effective nonlinear dynamic analysis method for complexity measurement of time series.However,it is only restricted to assessing the complexity of one-di-mensional time series(TS1d)with the extracted complexity features only at a single scale.Aiming at these problems,a new nonlinear dynamic analysis method termed two-dimensional composite multi-scale ensemble Gramian dispersion entropy(CMEGDE_(2D))is proposed in this paper.First,the TS_(1D) is transformed into a two-dimensional image(I_(2D))by using Gramian angular fields(GAF)with more internal data structures and geometri features,which preserve the global characteristics and time dependence of vibration signals.Second,the I2D is analyzed at multiple scales through the composite coarse-graining method,which overcomes the limitation of a single scale and provides greater stability compared to traditional coarse-graining methods.Subsequently,a new fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing is proposed based on the proposed CMEGDE_(2D) for fault feature ex-traction and the chicken swarm algorithm optimized support vector machine(CsO-SvM)for fault pattern identification.The simulation signals and two data sets of rolling bearings are utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method.The results demonstrate that the proposed method has stronger dis-crimination ability,higher fault diagnosis accuracy and better stability than the other compared methods.
基金supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos.(41975181,42325503,42375197,42575207,42205090)Y.LIU is supported by the U.S.Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research(ASR)program.
文摘The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFA1502802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21B2092, 22202213, 22402210, 22502215, 22502214, 22572200, and 22579171)+3 种基金the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (172GJHZ2022028MI)the Shenyang Bureau of Science and Technology (24-213-3-25)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2025BS0153)Zhongke Technology Achievement Transfer and Transformation Center of Henan Province 2025119
文摘Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency,distinctive geometric,and electronic configurations.However,the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites.Herein,we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene(ND@G)for CO oxidation.The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency(TOF)of 17.6.10^(-2)s^(-1)at significantly lower temperature(30℃),achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to singleatom Pt1/ND@G catalyst(1.5.10^(-2)s^(-1))and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions.Moreover,the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability,maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80℃without significant deactivation.The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O_(2),and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites.The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.
基金funded by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(grant no 2022YFB3705705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.52301142,52371107,52201115)+3 种基金the Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no LBH-11Z22167)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no HIT.OCEF.2024035)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(grant no 2022RC4012)The Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Major Special Project plan of“Taking the lead in unveiling the list”[grant nos.202201050201012].
文摘Nanoparticle-reinforced Mg matrix composites(NPMMCs)capitalize on the synergistic properties of nanoparticles and Mg matrix,resulting in enhanced mechanical attributes compared to matrix.Nonetheless,effective high-temperature dispersion of nanoparticles remains challenging.This study employs a molten salt dispersant(NaCl-KCl-MgCl_(2))effectively mitigating the oxidation and combustion of TiC nanoparticles(TiC_(np)).Compared with the atmosphere,the molten salt facilitates the pre-dispersion of TiC_(np)through thermal motion at elevated temperatures,thereby reducing agglomeration between the TiC_(np).Simultaneously,the molten salt effectively wets and disrupts the oxide layer on the surface of Mg melt,facilitating the wetting of TiC_(np)by the Mg melt.The successful incorporation of 3 vol.%TiC_(np)into the Mg matrix is achieved by utilizing molten salt,and the addition of TiC_(np)increases the viscosity of mg melt.Further dispersed by ultrasonic dispersion,the unique distribution of TiC_(np)within ring-like structures was obtained which was attributed to the increase of viscosity.As a configurational distribution,the ring-like TiC_(np)distribution morphology significantly enhances the mechanical properties of composites,as evidenced by an approximate 50%increase in compressive strength(UCS).
基金Supported by“Continuation”Project of Excellent Doctors,Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2025A04J5082Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2024A1515011236.
文摘This letter addresses challenges in the clinical translation of BIBR1532,a promising telomerase inhibitor,for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).BIBR1532 exerts its anti-cancer effect by activating DNA damage response(ATR/CHK1 and ATM/CHK2)pathways and downregulating telomere-binding proteins.Although its therapeutic potential is limited by poor aqueous solubility,solid dispersion(SD)technology may overcome this obstacle.Systematic analysis using PubChem-derived simplified molecular input line entry system identifiers and artificial intelligence-driven FormulationDT platform evaluation(oral formulation feasibility index:0.38)revealed that the SD technology,with superior scalability(32 approved products by 2021)and lower production risks,outperforms lipid-based formulations as an optimal dissolution strategy.Material analysis revealed hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)as the optimal carrier with lower hygroscopicity,higher temperature and no intestinal targeting,thus enabling ESCC therapy.HPMC-based SD enhances BIBR1532 solubility and bioavailability for effective ESCC treatment.Future studies should focus on pilot tests for SD fabrication.
基金National Science Foundation Project of China(62436004,62372317)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3331702)。
文摘In the dispersed computing environment driven by intelligent networks,intrusion detection faces significant challenges.This paper proposes a multilayer decentralized federated learning framework based on mean field game theory(MFG-DFL).The framework organizes networked computing points(NCPs)into a three-layer collaborative architecture,and innovatively introduces MFG theory to model the complex dynamic interactions,which among large-scale NCPs as a game between a representative NCP and the mean field.By solving the coupled HJB and FPK equations,we design a dynamic incentive mechanism to fairly quantify and reward NCP contributions,thus aligning individual rationality with the global objectives of the system.The simulation results on the CICIoT2023 data set demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed framework.Specifically,it achieves an intrusion detection accuracy of 81.09%in highly non-IID scenarios,showcasing a well-balanced trade-off between computational efficiency and performance enhancement.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52371103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2242023K40028)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials,China(No.AMM2023B01).financial support of the Research Fund of Shihezi Key Laboratory of AluminumBased Advanced Materials,China(No.2023PT02)financial support of Guangdong Province Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.2021B0301030005)。
文摘Oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)alloys are extensively used owing to high thermostability and creep strength contributed from uniformly dispersed fine oxides particles.However,the existence of these strengthening particles also deteriorates the processability and it is of great importance to establish accurate processing maps to guide the thermomechanical processes to enhance the formability.In this study,we performed particle swarm optimization-based back propagation artificial neural network model to predict the high temperature flow behavior of 0.25wt%Al2O3 particle-reinforced Cu alloys,and compared the accuracy with that of derived by Arrhenius-type constitutive model and back propagation artificial neural network model.To train these models,we obtained the raw data by fabricating ODS Cu alloys using the internal oxidation and reduction method,and conducting systematic hot compression tests between 400 and800℃with strain rates of 10^(-2)-10 S^(-1).At last,processing maps for ODS Cu alloys were proposed by combining processing parameters,mechanical behavior,microstructure characterization,and the modeling results achieved a coefficient of determination higher than>99%.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22176210)the Major Innovation Fund of Shandong Province(No.2021ZDSYS23)。
文摘To simultaneously enrich,separate,and determine five fluoroquinolone antibiotics(FQs)in marine crude drugs(MCDs),seawater and seafood,we conducted this study using vortex assisted dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME),followed by capillary electrophoresis(CE)-UV.A single-variable optimization was employed to examine the factors influencing the separation effect of CE and the extraction efficiency of DLLME,including buffer solution,organic solvent,separation voltage,extractant,dispersant,and sample solution pH.Under the optimal conditions,the baseline separation of the five FQs was achieved within 6 min.The analytical performance of the method was assessed using six types of actual samples,including three MCDs of hippocampus,clam,and kelp,seawater,and two seafood of prawn and pomfret,demonstrating good linearity ranging from 0.1-5 or 0.01-5μg/mL.The limits of detection(LODs)and limits of quantification(LOQs)for the five FQs in MCDs were 0.0022-0.0292 and 0.0066-0.0973μg/mL,respectively.The LODs and LOQs in seawater and seafood were 0.0009-0.0262 and 0.0029-0.0874μg/mL,respectively.The matrix effects of this method were evaluated in the hippocampus,seawater,and prawn,and the results show that DLLME could effectively eliminate matrix interference.Satisfactory recovery rates were achieved in all the six tested actual samples.This developed DLLME-CE method was proven simple to operate,accurate and reliable,with high sensitivity,making it suitable for the analysis of multiple antibiotic residues in complex matrices.
基金supported by the Quantum Science and Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2024ZD0302502 for WZ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92365210 for WZ)+1 种基金Tsinghua Initiative Scientific Research Program (for WZ)the project of Tsinghua University-Zhuhai Huafa Industrial Share Company Joint Institute for Architecture Optoelectronic Technologies (JIAOT,for YH)。
文摘To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.This source is based on spontaneous four-wave mixing(SFWM)in a piece of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide.Theoretical analysis shows that the waveguide dispersion could be tailored by adjusting the ridge width,enabling broadband photon pair generation by SFWM across C band and O band.The spontaneous Raman scattering(SpRS)in silicon waveguides is also investigated experimentally.It shows that there are two regions in the spectrum of generated photons from SpRS,which could be used to achieve cross-band photon pair generation.A chip of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide samples with different ridge widths has been fabricated,through which cross-band photon pair generation is demonstrated experimentally.The experimental results show that the source can be achieved using dispersion-optimized shallow-ridge silicon waveguides.This cross-band quantum light source provides a way to develop new fiber-based quantum communication functions utilizing both C band and O band and extends applications of quantum networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund,No.U22A20309(to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of LiaoningProvince,No.2023-MS-07(to HuL)the Unveiling Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Liaoning Province,No.2021JH1/10400051(to HuL).
文摘Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle to accurately capture microstructural changes.Various diffusion models have been used to study white matter in systemic lupus erythematosus;however,comparative analyses of their sensitivity and specificity for detecting microstructural changes remain insufficient.To address this,our team designed a diagnostic trial that used multimodal diffusion imaging techniques to observe white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with an aim to identify key diagnostic biomarkers for these patients.Patients with active lupus who received treatment at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,from September 2023 to March 2024 were recruited.According to the standards of the American College of Rheumatology,patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the systemic lupus erythematosus group,whereas those without neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the non-systemic lupus erythematosus group.Additionally,healthy volunteers matched by region,sex,and age were recruited as controls.All three groups underwent the same diffusion magnetic resonance imaging examination protocol to compare differences in diffusion parameters.Advanced diffusion imaging models were able to sensitively detect microstructural changes in the white matter fibers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with specific diffusion parameters showing significant abnormalities in key brain regions.In the left superior longitudinal fasciculus subregion and the right thalamic radiations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,we also identified abnormal diffusion characteristics that were clearly correlated with disease activity,suggesting that microstructural changes in these areas may reflect the dynamic process of neuroinflammatory damage.The present study addresses critical challenges in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus by identifying specific white matter imaging biomarkers and elucidating the association between microstructural damage and clinical manifestations.The main contributions of our study include:1)establishing axial regression probability parameters from mean apparent propagator magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus,particularly in the third subregion of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus;2)demonstrating that multimodal diffusion imaging may be superior to conventional diffusion tensor imaging for detecting white matter microstructural abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus;and 3)integrating tract-based spatial statistics with clinically relevant analyses to link imaging findings to pathological mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372212,31330013).
文摘Little is known about seeding regeneration of cultivated trees compared to wild relatives in areas where seed dispersers are shared.Here,we investigated the differences in seed fates of cultivated walnut(Juglans regia)and wild Manchurian walnut(Juglans mandshurica)trees under rodent predation and dispersal.J.regia seeds have higher nutritional value(large size,mass and kernel mass)and lower mechanical defensiveness(thin endocarp)than J.mandshurica seeds.We tracked seeds of J.regia and J.mandshurica under both enclosure and field conditions to assess differences in competing for seed dispersers of the two co-occurring tree species of the same genus.We found that rodents preferred to harvest,eat and scatter-hoard seeds of J.regia as compared to those of J.mandshurica.Seeds of J.regia were removed and scatter-hoarded faster than those of J.mandshurica.Caches of J.regia were more likely to be rediscovered by rodents than those of J.mandshurica.These results suggest that J.regia showed earlier dispersal fitness but not the ultimate dispersal fitness over J.mandshurica in seeding regeneration under rodent mediation,implying that J.regia has little effect on seeding regeneration of J.mandshurica in the field.The effects of seed traits on seed dispersal fitness may vary at different dispersal stages under animal mediation.
