The present paper reviews advances in the study of two major intercontinental disjunct biogeographic patterns： （i） between Eurasian and western North American deserts with the Mediterranean climate （the Madrean- T...The present paper reviews advances in the study of two major intercontinental disjunct biogeographic patterns： （i） between Eurasian and western North American deserts with the Mediterranean climate （the Madrean- Tethyan disjunctions）; and （ii） between the temperate regions of North and South America （the amphitropical disjunctions）. Both disjunct patterns have multiple times of origin. The amphitropical disjunctions have largely resulted from long-distance dispersal, primarily from the Miocene to the Holocene, with available data indicating that most lineages dispersed from North to South America. Results of recent studies on the Mediterranean disjuncts between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America support the multiple modes of origin and are mostly consistent with hypotheses of long-distance dispersal and the North Atlantic migration. Axelrod＇s Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis, which implies vicariance between the two regions in the early Tertiary, has been favored by a few studies. The Beringian migration corridor for semiarid taxa is also supported in some cases.展开更多
The formation of pantropical intercontinental disjunction(PID)in plants has generally been attributed to vicariance,boreotropical migration,and long-distance dispersal.However,this pattern has primarily been examined ...The formation of pantropical intercontinental disjunction(PID)in plants has generally been attributed to vicariance,boreotropical migration,and long-distance dispersal.However,this pattern has primarily been examined in herbs,shrubs,and trees,and less commonly studied in interlayer plant taxa.Here we examined evolutionary processes that resulted in the PID of a pantropical woody liana,Uncaria(Rubiaceae).We first constructed a comprehensive phylogeny by employing 73 plastid protein-coding sequences from 29 accessions of Uncaria(including 16 newly sequenced)from different continents.We then inferred divergence time,history and ecological niche evolution of this genus.Our results showed that Uncaria consisted of four well-supported clades that belonged to two geographically distinct lineages:the Asia-Oceania lineage and the Afro-Neotropical lineage.Biogeographic reconstruction showed this genus likely originated in Asia during the early Miocene(ca.19.03 Ma)and the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum may have triggered the early diversification of Uncaria.Due to its recent origin and small seeds with long wings,wind or water-mediated long-distance dispersal may have contributed to the distribution of Uncaria in tropical Oceania(via stepping-stone dispersal)and tropical Africa and America(by transoceanic dispersal).Our findings also indicate that diversification of Uncaria was primarily driven by ecological niche divergence,particularly climatic factors.Our study emphasizes the dual role of climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal in shaping the PID of Uncaria,providing references for many other extant lineages with similar distributions.展开更多
Toxicodendron is a genus in the Rhus complex of Anacardiaceae with a disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and North America, extending to southeastern Asia and the neotropics. Nuclear （internal transcribed spac...Toxicodendron is a genus in the Rhus complex of Anacardiaceae with a disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and North America, extending to southeastern Asia and the neotropics. Nuclear （internal transcribed spacer, external transcribed spacer, and NIA-i3） and chloroplast （ndhF and trnL-F） sequences were used to construct phylogenetic relationships of Toxicodendron. Phylogenetic analysis of these data strongly support Toxieodendron as a monophyletic group distinct from other genera of the Rhus complex, and the phylogeny does not fully corroborate classification at the sectional level. Two temperate disjunct lineages were detected, one from section Toxicodendron and the other between the eastern North American Toxicodendron vernix and the eastern Asian Toxicodendron vernieifluum. Their divergence times were estimated to be 13.46 （7.95-19.42） and 7.53 （2.76-12.86） mya, respectively. The disjunction between section Griffithii （taxa from warm temperate to tropical Asia） and Toxieodendron striatum （from the neotropics） was supported and their divergence time was estimated to be 20.84 （11.1 6-30.52） mya in the early Miocene. Our biogeographic results and the paleontological data support the Bering land bridge as the most likely route to explain the temperate disjunctions, yet the tropical disjunction in Toxicodendron seems to be best explained by the North Atlantic land bridge hypothesis.展开更多
To evaluate the heat performance of the lifting-body entry vehicle during the hypersonic gliding phase,entry flight heat tests involving the determination of the maximum peak-heat-flux entry trajectory with complex co...To evaluate the heat performance of the lifting-body entry vehicle during the hypersonic gliding phase,entry flight heat tests involving the determination of the maximum peak-heat-flux entry trajectory with complex constraints are essential.A significant obstacle is the uncertainty of passage time or energy states of the maximum peak entry heat flux point and waypoints.This paper showcases an endeavour to leverage disjunctive programming and combinatorial theory for the max-max type(maximum peak-heat-flux)Entry Trajectory Optimization(ETO)problems with complex constraints such as dynamic pressure,normal load,waypoints,and no-fly zones.The concept of a"generalized waypoint"is introduced,and the maximum peak-heat-flux point is regarded as a"generalized waypoint".Through the application of propositional calculus rules,the derivation of generalized waypoints incorporating various physical quantities and magnitudes such as heat flux density,longitude,and latitude is actualized in one disjunctive normal form,enabling resolution via a unified method.Consequently,a novel method based on combinatorial prior rules is proposed,utilizing Successive Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming(SMINLP)to optimize various heat entry test flight trajectories.Numerical experiments are provided to show the computational accuracy,stability,and adaptability of the proposed method in solving maxmax type entry optimal control problems.展开更多
Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the interna...Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.展开更多
More than 200 research papers on the molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic biogeography ofbryophytes have been published since the beginning of this millenium. These papers corroborated assumptions of a complex genetic...More than 200 research papers on the molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic biogeography ofbryophytes have been published since the beginning of this millenium. These papers corroborated assumptions of a complex genetic structure of morphologically circumscribed bryophytes, and raised reservations against many morphologically justified species concepts, especially within the mosses. However, many molecular studies allowed for corrections and modifications of morphological classification schemes. Several studies reported that the phylogenetic structure of disjunctly distributed bryophyte species reflects their geographical ranges rather than morphological disparities. Molecular data led to new appraisals of distribution ranges and allowed for the reconstruction of refugia and migration routes. Intercontinental ranges of bryophytes are often caused by dispersal rather than geographical vicariance. Many distribution patterns of disjunct bryophytes are likely formed by processes such as short distance dispersal, rare long distance dispersal events, extinction, recolonization and diversification.展开更多
This article makes a brief introduces to Daniel Bell's The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism which explores how a bourgeois economy coexists with an anti-bourgeois culture. This article is comprised of four pa...This article makes a brief introduces to Daniel Bell's The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism which explores how a bourgeois economy coexists with an anti-bourgeois culture. This article is comprised of four parts including the concept of culture、the disjunction of three realms(economics, politics and culture)、the cultural contradictions of capitalism and the evaluation on Daniel Bell's theory. It offers a close look into the inner relation between different spheres in the capitalist society illustrated in Bell's book, and Bell's theory in terms of cultural contradictions of capitalism will be concretely elaborated.展开更多
基金supported,in part,by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB 045573 to Michael DILLON and Jun WENand DEB 0743474 to Steve MANCHESTER and Jun WEN)support for S. ICKERT-BOND from the National Museum of Natural History,the Smithsonian Institution
文摘The present paper reviews advances in the study of two major intercontinental disjunct biogeographic patterns： （i） between Eurasian and western North American deserts with the Mediterranean climate （the Madrean- Tethyan disjunctions）; and （ii） between the temperate regions of North and South America （the amphitropical disjunctions）. Both disjunct patterns have multiple times of origin. The amphitropical disjunctions have largely resulted from long-distance dispersal, primarily from the Miocene to the Holocene, with available data indicating that most lineages dispersed from North to South America. Results of recent studies on the Mediterranean disjuncts between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America support the multiple modes of origin and are mostly consistent with hypotheses of long-distance dispersal and the North Atlantic migration. Axelrod＇s Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis, which implies vicariance between the two regions in the early Tertiary, has been favored by a few studies. The Beringian migration corridor for semiarid taxa is also supported in some cases.
基金funded equally by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32322006 and 32100187)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2024QZKK0200)+5 种基金by the Key Projects of the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20149)the Key R&D Program of Yunnan Province(202103AF140005 and 202101BC070002)the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan(202305AM070005)the Key Specialized Research and Development Breakthrough Program in Henan Province(232102110237)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300421572)the Strategic Biological Resources Capacity Building Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-BRP-017-08).
文摘The formation of pantropical intercontinental disjunction(PID)in plants has generally been attributed to vicariance,boreotropical migration,and long-distance dispersal.However,this pattern has primarily been examined in herbs,shrubs,and trees,and less commonly studied in interlayer plant taxa.Here we examined evolutionary processes that resulted in the PID of a pantropical woody liana,Uncaria(Rubiaceae).We first constructed a comprehensive phylogeny by employing 73 plastid protein-coding sequences from 29 accessions of Uncaria(including 16 newly sequenced)from different continents.We then inferred divergence time,history and ecological niche evolution of this genus.Our results showed that Uncaria consisted of four well-supported clades that belonged to two geographically distinct lineages:the Asia-Oceania lineage and the Afro-Neotropical lineage.Biogeographic reconstruction showed this genus likely originated in Asia during the early Miocene(ca.19.03 Ma)and the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum may have triggered the early diversification of Uncaria.Due to its recent origin and small seeds with long wings,wind or water-mediated long-distance dispersal may have contributed to the distribution of Uncaria in tropical Oceania(via stepping-stone dispersal)and tropical Africa and America(by transoceanic dispersal).Our findings also indicate that diversification of Uncaria was primarily driven by ecological niche divergence,particularly climatic factors.Our study emphasizes the dual role of climatic niche divergence and long-distance dispersal in shaping the PID of Uncaria,providing references for many other extant lineages with similar distributions.
基金supported bygrants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,grant no. 2007CB411601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos.30625004 and 40771073 to H. Sun)+2 种基金the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 2008CC013)the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (to J.Wen)supported by the Laboratory of Analytical Biology of the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution,Washington DC,USA
文摘Toxicodendron is a genus in the Rhus complex of Anacardiaceae with a disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and North America, extending to southeastern Asia and the neotropics. Nuclear （internal transcribed spacer, external transcribed spacer, and NIA-i3） and chloroplast （ndhF and trnL-F） sequences were used to construct phylogenetic relationships of Toxicodendron. Phylogenetic analysis of these data strongly support Toxieodendron as a monophyletic group distinct from other genera of the Rhus complex, and the phylogeny does not fully corroborate classification at the sectional level. Two temperate disjunct lineages were detected, one from section Toxicodendron and the other between the eastern North American Toxicodendron vernix and the eastern Asian Toxicodendron vernieifluum. Their divergence times were estimated to be 13.46 （7.95-19.42） and 7.53 （2.76-12.86） mya, respectively. The disjunction between section Griffithii （taxa from warm temperate to tropical Asia） and Toxieodendron striatum （from the neotropics） was supported and their divergence time was estimated to be 20.84 （11.1 6-30.52） mya in the early Miocene. Our biogeographic results and the paleontological data support the Bering land bridge as the most likely route to explain the temperate disjunctions, yet the tropical disjunction in Toxicodendron seems to be best explained by the North Atlantic land bridge hypothesis.
基金funded by the Key Laboratory of Cross-Domain Flight Interdisciplinary Technology,China(No.2024-KF02201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61973326)。
文摘To evaluate the heat performance of the lifting-body entry vehicle during the hypersonic gliding phase,entry flight heat tests involving the determination of the maximum peak-heat-flux entry trajectory with complex constraints are essential.A significant obstacle is the uncertainty of passage time or energy states of the maximum peak entry heat flux point and waypoints.This paper showcases an endeavour to leverage disjunctive programming and combinatorial theory for the max-max type(maximum peak-heat-flux)Entry Trajectory Optimization(ETO)problems with complex constraints such as dynamic pressure,normal load,waypoints,and no-fly zones.The concept of a"generalized waypoint"is introduced,and the maximum peak-heat-flux point is regarded as a"generalized waypoint".Through the application of propositional calculus rules,the derivation of generalized waypoints incorporating various physical quantities and magnitudes such as heat flux density,longitude,and latitude is actualized in one disjunctive normal form,enabling resolution via a unified method.Consequently,a novel method based on combinatorial prior rules is proposed,utilizing Successive Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming(SMINLP)to optimize various heat entry test flight trajectories.Numerical experiments are provided to show the computational accuracy,stability,and adaptability of the proposed method in solving maxmax type entry optimal control problems.
文摘Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.
基金support from the German Research Foundation(grants HE 3584/1-4)
文摘More than 200 research papers on the molecular phylogeny and phylogenetic biogeography ofbryophytes have been published since the beginning of this millenium. These papers corroborated assumptions of a complex genetic structure of morphologically circumscribed bryophytes, and raised reservations against many morphologically justified species concepts, especially within the mosses. However, many molecular studies allowed for corrections and modifications of morphological classification schemes. Several studies reported that the phylogenetic structure of disjunctly distributed bryophyte species reflects their geographical ranges rather than morphological disparities. Molecular data led to new appraisals of distribution ranges and allowed for the reconstruction of refugia and migration routes. Intercontinental ranges of bryophytes are often caused by dispersal rather than geographical vicariance. Many distribution patterns of disjunct bryophytes are likely formed by processes such as short distance dispersal, rare long distance dispersal events, extinction, recolonization and diversification.
文摘This article makes a brief introduces to Daniel Bell's The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism which explores how a bourgeois economy coexists with an anti-bourgeois culture. This article is comprised of four parts including the concept of culture、the disjunction of three realms(economics, politics and culture)、the cultural contradictions of capitalism and the evaluation on Daniel Bell's theory. It offers a close look into the inner relation between different spheres in the capitalist society illustrated in Bell's book, and Bell's theory in terms of cultural contradictions of capitalism will be concretely elaborated.
