Developing bifunctional materials with smart discoloration and microwave absorption properties has attracted widespread interest in microwave absorption/shielding,yet it is challenging for reversible discoloration per...Developing bifunctional materials with smart discoloration and microwave absorption properties has attracted widespread interest in microwave absorption/shielding,yet it is challenging for reversible discoloration performance in humid(such as forest)and dry(desert)environments.Herein,we combined catalytic chemical vapor deposition(CCVD)technology and a hydrothermal synthesis method to develop a FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) atomic-scale double-shell gradient structure with rich interfaces.These nanosheet arrays favor interface polarization,impedance matching,and dipole polarization of the material,thereby optimizing the microwave absorption performance.The optimal reflection loss(RL)value of FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) reached-59.6 dB at 9.2 GHz,and the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)reached 7.0 GHz at a thickness of 2.5 mm.Compared with pure FeSiB(RL_(min) of-13.5 dB),the RLmin value of the absorber designed by this method increased by~3 times.The color of NiBr_(2) in the outermost nanosheet arrays changes between yellow and green in the case of water molecule harvesting and loss,respectively.This novel FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) composite structure material is expected to provide a promising platform for wave-absorbing and smart discoloring materials.展开更多
A corrosion discoloration model for copper-nickel alloys in Cl^(−)environments was established using CIE-Lab,UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The corrosion discolor...A corrosion discoloration model for copper-nickel alloys in Cl^(−)environments was established using CIE-Lab,UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The corrosion discoloration process and the corresponding main corrosion products can be summarized as follows:silver-white(Cu+Ni)→green(NiO)→reddishbrown(NiO+Cu_(2)O)→black(NiO+Cu_(2)O+CuO).Density functional theory was employed to explain the corrosion process of copper-nickel alloys and the detrimental effect of Cl^(−).The results indicate that adsorbates preferentially bind to nickel,leading to the preferential formation of NiO,which imparts a green appearance to the surface.Furthermore,the difficulty in forming nickel cation vacancies and the higher diffusion barrier for nickel inhibit the migration of species within the oxide layer.Notably,nickel also suppresses carrier migration within the oxide layer,reducing the charge transfer rate.In contrast,the promotion of corrosion by Cl^(−)is primarily attributed to the reduction in surface work function and the formation energy of cation vacancies.展开更多
Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has bee...Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a system for aseptic seeding and rapid propagation of a wild Chinese herbal medicine Ludisia discolor. [Method] The seeds of L. discolor were germinated in four differ...[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a system for aseptic seeding and rapid propagation of a wild Chinese herbal medicine Ludisia discolor. [Method] The seeds of L. discolor were germinated in four different culture media MS, 1/2MS, Hyponex No.1 （3.0 g/L）, and 1/2 Hyponex No.1 （1.5 g/L）, and the ger- mination rate was calculated 80 d later to select the optimal medium for seed ger- mination of L. discolor. Then, by culturing the protocorms and buds of L. discolor in the media supplemented with different hormone combinations （6-BA and NAA） or organic substrates （potato juice, banana juice and coconut milk）, the optimal medi- um compositions for multiplication and .differentiation, seedling hardening and rooting of L. discolor were respectively determined. [Result] After 80 d of dark culture, 86.67% of the seeds inoculated into the medium 1/2 Hyponex No.1 germinated and developed into protocorms, proving 1/2 Hyponex No.1 was most suitable for seed germination of L. discolor among the four basic media, while MS medium had the worst effects. In culture medium of 1/2 Hyponex No.1＋2.0 mg/L 6-BA＋100 ml/L co- conut milk supplemented with 0.4 or 0.6 mg/L NAA, a mixed body of protocorms and small buds were induced after being cultured for 45 d, and the multiplication rate was 6.11, which was higher than that in the medium supplied with 0.2 or 0.8 mg/L NAA. By adding 10% potato juice, 10% banana juice or 100 ml/L coconut milk into Hyponex No.1＋1.0 mg/L NAA, it was found that 10% banana juice had better effects in hardening and rooting of L. discolor planlets than 10% potato juice and 100 ml/L coconut milk. The small buds grew into plantlets about 80 d later in the medium with banana juice, the rooting rate was 93.33%, and the plantlet height was 7.19 cm. After hardening-culture for 10 d in a greenhouse, the L. discolor plantlets were transplanted into the mixed matrix of peat soil and lava （at a ratio of 3：1）, and 91.7% of them survived 60 d later. [Conclusion] A relatively perfect propa- gation system of L. discolor was established by using aseptic seeds as explants in this study, which can be used for the protection of L. discolor germplasm resources, seedling propagation and industrial development.展开更多
Seven oleanene triterpenes were isolated from the roots of Potentilla discolor Bge and their structures were identified as 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid（1）, gypsogenic acid（2）, 3α-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid（3...Seven oleanene triterpenes were isolated from the roots of Potentilla discolor Bge and their structures were identified as 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid（1）, gypsogenic acid（2）, 3α-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid（3）, 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid（4）, aceriphyllic acid A（5）, aceriphyllic acid A methyl ester（6）, and oleanolic acid（7）. Compounds 1–7 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B（PTP1B） activity, with IC50 values ranging from（7.5±0.5） to（22.7±0.5） μmol/L. Among the isolates, compounds 1, 2, 3 and 7 from the Potentilla discolor Bge were found to exhibit selective PTP1 B inhibitory activity.展开更多
Thermochromic material is a kind of smart material whose color will vary as the result of the phase transition caused by the temperature change. The characteristics of thermochromic materials are the memory functions ...Thermochromic material is a kind of smart material whose color will vary as the result of the phase transition caused by the temperature change. The characteristics of thermochromic materials are the memory functions to the temperature, having great potential applications in aerospace, military, anticounterfeiting technology, construction and other fields. In recent years, many kinds of thermochromic materials have been prepared by different methods and their discoloration mechanisms are various according to published literatures. In this paper, the classification, discoloration mechanism, preparation methods, application fields and development trend of thermochromic materials are reviewed.展开更多
Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis （Lam.） trees. Typical changes ...Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis （Lam.） trees. Typical changes in the length and light intensity of the resulting discoloration were observed after three and six month periods following inoculation. Wood samples were observed microscopically and classified into several light intensity groups. The discoloration length was meas-ured longitudinally. The duration after inoculation affected the mean of discoloration length： the 6-month old sample （1.70 cm） had a wider discoloration zone when compared to the 3-month old sample （1.17 cm）. When measuring the discoloration intensity, a positive relationship with time was perceived. Digital images, captured using a camera-equipped microscope, revealed that wood samples collected after six months appeared to be 1.8-times darker than after three months. We concluded that time, not the species of any of the tested fungi, had significant effect on discoloration length and intensity. Gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry （GCMS） analysis of the 6-month old sample yielded some important agarwood compounds such as benzylacetone, anisylacetone, guaiene and palustrol. This demonstrates that the tested fungi have the ability to induce agarwood formation in nurseryA. malaccensis trees.展开更多
The forest industry operates in a dynamic and global market where change and competition are the rule rather than the exception. The color of wood is one of the most attractive features for the modem wood industry. Ev...The forest industry operates in a dynamic and global market where change and competition are the rule rather than the exception. The color of wood is one of the most attractive features for the modem wood industry. Even when wood is chosen for its structural qualities, attractive and decorative colors are usually an important factor. In many applications, particularly in furniture, decorative products, decorative veneers and flooring, accurate matching of the color of different samples is required. Wood attributes and properties are important because they have a direct bearing on market opportunities and consumer acceptance for many types of manufactured wood products. The aim of this review is to identify causes of wood discoloration and advances in drying technology to overcome this problem. Wood discoloration is a complex phenomenon, mainly affected by heat, light, physiological and biochemical reactions, as well as from attack by microorganisms.展开更多
The adsorptive properties and selectivity of dyes and water molecules to cellulosic sheet, dependence of adsorptive properties of dyes on the concentration of dye solution, and discoloration of the dye solution due to...The adsorptive properties and selectivity of dyes and water molecules to cellulosic sheet, dependence of adsorptive properties of dyes on the concentration of dye solution, and discoloration of the dye solution due to the UV-ray irradiation were determined for 18 kinds of commercial dyes. The results are as follows： 1） the adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulose sheet differed greatly, but did not depend on the dye types such as acidic, basic and so on; 2） adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulosic sheet de- pended on the concentration of dye solution and were classified into 4 types： concentration-independent, increasing or decreasing with dye concentration, and having a maximum. This classification was irrelevant to the dye types; 3） the irradiation of UV-ray did not cause significant discoloration of dye solution itself, which suggested that wood components as well as dye molecules influence the discoloration of wood.展开更多
A dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） reactor with a rod-plate electrode configuration was used for the oxidative decomposition of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution. Plasma was generated in the gas space above the...A dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） reactor with a rod-plate electrode configuration was used for the oxidative decomposition of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution. Plasma was generated in the gas space above the water interface under atmospheric pressure. Discharge characteristics were analyzed by voltage-current waveforms. Effects of applied voltage, initial conductivity, and initial concentration were also analyzed. Congo red discoloration increased with increased applied voltage and decreased conductivity. The initial conductivity significantly influenced the Congo red discoloration. Under the same conditions, the highest discoloration rate was obtained at 25 mg/L. The presence of ferrous ions in the solutions had a substantial positive effect on Fenton dye degradation and flocculation. At an applied voltage of 20 kV, about 100% of dye was degraded after 4 min of Fe^2＋/DBD treatment. Results showed that adding a certain dosage of hydrogen peroxide to the wastewater could enhance the discoloration rate. Possible pathways of Congo red discoloration by DBD plasma were proposed based on GC/MS, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy analyses.展开更多
·AIM: To study the feasibility of using the discoloration to evaluate the biomechanical properties after treating with genipin.·METHODS: Porcine cadaver eyes were treated for30 min with 1.0%(by w/v) genipin....·AIM: To study the feasibility of using the discoloration to evaluate the biomechanical properties after treating with genipin.·METHODS: Porcine cadaver eyes were treated for30 min with 1.0%(by w/v) genipin. Untreated samples were used as controls. After treatment, scleral strips of4.0 ×10.0-mm2 were cut. The denaturation temperature(Td) measurement and stress-strain test were performed after taking photograph to analyze the color.·RESULTS: Within 24 h after treating with genipin, the sclera exhibited a bluish color which became deeper with time. And the denaturation temperature also was increased gradually. Compared with untreated groups, at1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after treatment, the ultimate stress were increased by 56%, 153%, 173%, 225% and 211%respectively. The Young’s modulus at 10% strain also increased by 170%, 246%, 264%, 389% and 288%respectively. There were strong correlation between the discoloration and the biomechanical properties(ΔE-Ultimate stress:R2=0.892, P =0.00; ΔE-Young’s modulus:R2=0.602, P =0.00).·CONCLUSION: Genipin could be used to strengthen collagen gradually in a relatively short time span. And the biomechanical properties could be reliably evaluated via simple visible discoloration.展开更多
Japanese pine, Korean pine and larch are three major softwood species in Korea. Their colors are relatively light, thus easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. In this study, they were dried with five diff...Japanese pine, Korean pine and larch are three major softwood species in Korea. Their colors are relatively light, thus easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. In this study, they were dried with five different drying methods, steam treated and exposed to weathering. Their colors were measured using a spectrophotometer and comparisons made both among species and drying methods. For Japanese and Korean pines, high temperature dried and steam-dried specimens showed distinct color differences compared with the controls. Steam treatment discolored the dried specimens of Japanese and Korean pines but did not discolor those of larch. After weathering for 144 days the specimens of Japanese pine showed slight color differences among drying methods.展开更多
The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to hightemperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. Itwas found that the thicker gold plating, ...The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to hightemperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. Itwas found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages.Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide goldplating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to thegold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃ for 15 minwas also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Coplating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity,and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Coto the gold plating is 0.04%.展开更多
Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying...Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying this trait.Here,we generated a high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)map for a diverse barley germplasm and collected trait data from two independent field trials for five KD related traits:grain brightness(TL),redness(Ta),yellowness(Tb),black point impact(Tbpi),and total black point in percentage(Tbpt).Although grain brightness and black point is genetically correlated,the grain brightness traits(TL,Ta,and Tb)have significantly higher heritability than that of the black point traits(Tbpt and Tbpi),suggesting black point traits may be more susceptible to environmental influence.Using genome-wide association studies(GWAS),we identified a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTL),including two major QTL hotspots on chromosomes 4H and 7H,respectively.The two QTL hotspots are associated with all five KD traits.Further genetic linkage and gene transcription analyses identified candidate genes for the grain KD,including several genes in the flavonoid pathway and plant peroxidase.Our study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis for the grain KD in barley and would greatly facilitate future breeding programs for improving grain KD resistance.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To research the anti-cancer mechanism of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2.METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to analyze the...OBJECTIVE:To research the anti-cancer mechanism of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2.METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to analyze the components of Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris).We tested the inhibitory effect of Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil on the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2 in vitro using 3-(4,5-Dimet hylt hiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dip henyltetrazoliumbromide assays.Fluorescence activating cell sorter analysis was used to examine the levels of apoptosis,and western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of p21,p-p21 and CDK4 proteins.RESULTS:Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris)oil contains 45 ingredients,and L-ascorbic acid 2,6-bispalmitate was the main component and accounted for 44.96% of total drive-off peak area.Other components included(Z)-14-met hyl-8-exadecenal-acetal(8.56%),phytol(7.74%) and lauric acid(6.31%).Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris)oil treatment reduced the proliferation of Hep G2 cells and the half growth inhibition concentration(IC50) was 2.03 mg/m L.Furthermore,we also observed significantly increased Hep G2 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner(P < 0.05).Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil significantly increased the expression of p21 and p-p21 and significantly decreased the expression of CDK4 in Hep G2 cells compared with controls(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:Our results showed that Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil has anti-cancer activities in Hep G2 cells,which is probably related to the upregulation of p21 and p-p21 and downregulation of CDK4 expression.展开更多
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the color changes of the teeth, induced by endodontic sealers. Materials and Methods: Forty-five mature maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, extracted...Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the color changes of the teeth, induced by endodontic sealers. Materials and Methods: Forty-five mature maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were collected. After the chemo-mechanical instrumentation of the root canal, teeth were filled with four endodontic sealers (Endomethason, AH+, Canason and Apexit). Depending on canal sealers and the CEJ (Cement Enamel Junction), teeth were divided into 8 experimental groups (n = 5) and one control group/CG (n = 5). Teeth color changes (L*a*b*/CIE Commission Internationaled’ Eclaraige) were determinated by a spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade in 4 stages (Baseline, Week 0, 4 and 12). Results: Between the EOCEJ and CG for the parameter L*, there was a statistical significance (p 0.05). The L*a*b* results were: L* (83.6 ± 4.8 → 83.6 ± 4.9);a* (﹣2.68 ± 1.02 → ﹣1.12 ± 0.72) and b* (20.2 ± 4.5 → 24.4 ± 4.2). Conclusions: All endodontic sealers may cause teeth discoloration.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972045 and 52202368)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities,China(No.ZYGX2019J025)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2021YFG0373).
文摘Developing bifunctional materials with smart discoloration and microwave absorption properties has attracted widespread interest in microwave absorption/shielding,yet it is challenging for reversible discoloration performance in humid(such as forest)and dry(desert)environments.Herein,we combined catalytic chemical vapor deposition(CCVD)technology and a hydrothermal synthesis method to develop a FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) atomic-scale double-shell gradient structure with rich interfaces.These nanosheet arrays favor interface polarization,impedance matching,and dipole polarization of the material,thereby optimizing the microwave absorption performance.The optimal reflection loss(RL)value of FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) reached-59.6 dB at 9.2 GHz,and the effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)reached 7.0 GHz at a thickness of 2.5 mm.Compared with pure FeSiB(RL_(min) of-13.5 dB),the RLmin value of the absorber designed by this method increased by~3 times.The color of NiBr_(2) in the outermost nanosheet arrays changes between yellow and green in the case of water molecule harvesting and loss,respectively.This novel FeSiB@C@NiBr_(2) composite structure material is expected to provide a promising platform for wave-absorbing and smart discoloring materials.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51131007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2803102).
文摘A corrosion discoloration model for copper-nickel alloys in Cl^(−)environments was established using CIE-Lab,UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The corrosion discoloration process and the corresponding main corrosion products can be summarized as follows:silver-white(Cu+Ni)→green(NiO)→reddishbrown(NiO+Cu_(2)O)→black(NiO+Cu_(2)O+CuO).Density functional theory was employed to explain the corrosion process of copper-nickel alloys and the detrimental effect of Cl^(−).The results indicate that adsorbates preferentially bind to nickel,leading to the preferential formation of NiO,which imparts a green appearance to the surface.Furthermore,the difficulty in forming nickel cation vacancies and the higher diffusion barrier for nickel inhibit the migration of species within the oxide layer.Notably,nickel also suppresses carrier migration within the oxide layer,reducing the charge transfer rate.In contrast,the promotion of corrosion by Cl^(−)is primarily attributed to the reduction in surface work function and the formation energy of cation vacancies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 32271914 and 32301660]the Quality Engineering Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education[grant number 2023zygzts007].
文摘Acer paxii belongs to the evergreen species of Acer,but it exhibits a unique feature of reddish leaves in fall in subtropical regions.Although the association of AP2/ERF transcription factors with color change has been well-documented in prior research,molecular investigations focusing on AP2/ERF remain notably lacking in Acer paxii.This research focuses on performing an extensive genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in Acer paxii.As a result,123 ApAP2/ERFs were obtained.Phylogenetic analyses categorized the ApAP2/ERF family members into 15 subfamilies.The evolutionary traits of the ApAP2/ERFs were investigated by analyzing their chromosomal locations,conserved proteinmotifs,and gene duplication events.Moreover,investigating gene promoters revealed their potential involvement in developmental regulation,physiological processes,and stress adaptationmechanisms.Measurements of anthocyanin content revealed a notable increase in red leaves during autumn.Utilizing transcriptome data,transcriptomic profiling revealed that the majority of AP2/ERF genes in Acer paxii displayed significant differential expression between red and green leaves during the color-changing period.Furthermore,through qRT-PCR analysis,it was found that the gene expression levels of ApERF006,ApERF014,ApERF048,ApERF097,and ApERF107 were significantly elevated in red leaves.This indicates their potential participation in leaf pigmentation processes.These findings offer significant insights into the biological significance of ApAP2/ERF transcription factors and lay the groundwork for subsequent investigations into their regulatorymechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in Acer paxii.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(312095)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a system for aseptic seeding and rapid propagation of a wild Chinese herbal medicine Ludisia discolor. [Method] The seeds of L. discolor were germinated in four different culture media MS, 1/2MS, Hyponex No.1 （3.0 g/L）, and 1/2 Hyponex No.1 （1.5 g/L）, and the ger- mination rate was calculated 80 d later to select the optimal medium for seed ger- mination of L. discolor. Then, by culturing the protocorms and buds of L. discolor in the media supplemented with different hormone combinations （6-BA and NAA） or organic substrates （potato juice, banana juice and coconut milk）, the optimal medi- um compositions for multiplication and .differentiation, seedling hardening and rooting of L. discolor were respectively determined. [Result] After 80 d of dark culture, 86.67% of the seeds inoculated into the medium 1/2 Hyponex No.1 germinated and developed into protocorms, proving 1/2 Hyponex No.1 was most suitable for seed germination of L. discolor among the four basic media, while MS medium had the worst effects. In culture medium of 1/2 Hyponex No.1＋2.0 mg/L 6-BA＋100 ml/L co- conut milk supplemented with 0.4 or 0.6 mg/L NAA, a mixed body of protocorms and small buds were induced after being cultured for 45 d, and the multiplication rate was 6.11, which was higher than that in the medium supplied with 0.2 or 0.8 mg/L NAA. By adding 10% potato juice, 10% banana juice or 100 ml/L coconut milk into Hyponex No.1＋1.0 mg/L NAA, it was found that 10% banana juice had better effects in hardening and rooting of L. discolor planlets than 10% potato juice and 100 ml/L coconut milk. The small buds grew into plantlets about 80 d later in the medium with banana juice, the rooting rate was 93.33%, and the plantlet height was 7.19 cm. After hardening-culture for 10 d in a greenhouse, the L. discolor plantlets were transplanted into the mixed matrix of peat soil and lava （at a ratio of 3：1）, and 91.7% of them survived 60 d later. [Conclusion] A relatively perfect propa- gation system of L. discolor was established by using aseptic seeds as explants in this study, which can be used for the protection of L. discolor germplasm resources, seedling propagation and industrial development.
基金Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(Grant No.20150101225JC)
文摘Seven oleanene triterpenes were isolated from the roots of Potentilla discolor Bge and their structures were identified as 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid（1）, gypsogenic acid（2）, 3α-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid（3）, 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid（4）, aceriphyllic acid A（5）, aceriphyllic acid A methyl ester（6）, and oleanolic acid（7）. Compounds 1–7 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B（PTP1B） activity, with IC50 values ranging from（7.5±0.5） to（22.7±0.5） μmol/L. Among the isolates, compounds 1, 2, 3 and 7 from the Potentilla discolor Bge were found to exhibit selective PTP1 B inhibitory activity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51372200 and 51772243)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU(Grant No.SKLSP201753)+2 种基金Scientific Research Plan Projects of Shaanxi Education Department(Grant No.16JK1551)Technology Innovation Programme of Xi’an University of Technology(Grant No.2016CX030)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016M592824)
文摘Thermochromic material is a kind of smart material whose color will vary as the result of the phase transition caused by the temperature change. The characteristics of thermochromic materials are the memory functions to the temperature, having great potential applications in aerospace, military, anticounterfeiting technology, construction and other fields. In recent years, many kinds of thermochromic materials have been prepared by different methods and their discoloration mechanisms are various according to published literatures. In this paper, the classification, discoloration mechanism, preparation methods, application fields and development trend of thermochromic materials are reviewed.
基金supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia Research University Grant Scheme(Project No.03-03-11-1438RU)
文摘Fungi are often used to induce agarwood inAquilariatrees. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several fungi on agarwood formation over time in youngAquilaria malaccensis （Lam.） trees. Typical changes in the length and light intensity of the resulting discoloration were observed after three and six month periods following inoculation. Wood samples were observed microscopically and classified into several light intensity groups. The discoloration length was meas-ured longitudinally. The duration after inoculation affected the mean of discoloration length： the 6-month old sample （1.70 cm） had a wider discoloration zone when compared to the 3-month old sample （1.17 cm）. When measuring the discoloration intensity, a positive relationship with time was perceived. Digital images, captured using a camera-equipped microscope, revealed that wood samples collected after six months appeared to be 1.8-times darker than after three months. We concluded that time, not the species of any of the tested fungi, had significant effect on discoloration length and intensity. Gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry （GCMS） analysis of the 6-month old sample yielded some important agarwood compounds such as benzylacetone, anisylacetone, guaiene and palustrol. This demonstrates that the tested fungi have the ability to induce agarwood formation in nurseryA. malaccensis trees.
文摘The forest industry operates in a dynamic and global market where change and competition are the rule rather than the exception. The color of wood is one of the most attractive features for the modem wood industry. Even when wood is chosen for its structural qualities, attractive and decorative colors are usually an important factor. In many applications, particularly in furniture, decorative products, decorative veneers and flooring, accurate matching of the color of different samples is required. Wood attributes and properties are important because they have a direct bearing on market opportunities and consumer acceptance for many types of manufactured wood products. The aim of this review is to identify causes of wood discoloration and advances in drying technology to overcome this problem. Wood discoloration is a complex phenomenon, mainly affected by heat, light, physiological and biochemical reactions, as well as from attack by microorganisms.
基金Supported by the Research Planning of Japan-China Cooperation Project (The Research Project on Timber from Man-made Forests in China: JICA Project)
文摘The adsorptive properties and selectivity of dyes and water molecules to cellulosic sheet, dependence of adsorptive properties of dyes on the concentration of dye solution, and discoloration of the dye solution due to the UV-ray irradiation were determined for 18 kinds of commercial dyes. The results are as follows： 1） the adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulose sheet differed greatly, but did not depend on the dye types such as acidic, basic and so on; 2） adsorptive properties of dyes to cellulosic sheet de- pended on the concentration of dye solution and were classified into 4 types： concentration-independent, increasing or decreasing with dye concentration, and having a maximum. This classification was irrelevant to the dye types; 3） the irradiation of UV-ray did not cause significant discoloration of dye solution itself, which suggested that wood components as well as dye molecules influence the discoloration of wood.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51377075)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Nos.BK20131412,BK20150951)
文摘A dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） reactor with a rod-plate electrode configuration was used for the oxidative decomposition of Congo red dye in an aqueous solution. Plasma was generated in the gas space above the water interface under atmospheric pressure. Discharge characteristics were analyzed by voltage-current waveforms. Effects of applied voltage, initial conductivity, and initial concentration were also analyzed. Congo red discoloration increased with increased applied voltage and decreased conductivity. The initial conductivity significantly influenced the Congo red discoloration. Under the same conditions, the highest discoloration rate was obtained at 25 mg/L. The presence of ferrous ions in the solutions had a substantial positive effect on Fenton dye degradation and flocculation. At an applied voltage of 20 kV, about 100% of dye was degraded after 4 min of Fe^2＋/DBD treatment. Results showed that adding a certain dosage of hydrogen peroxide to the wastewater could enhance the discoloration rate. Possible pathways of Congo red discoloration by DBD plasma were proposed based on GC/MS, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy analyses.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province,China(No.2007B031002001,No.2008B030301086)
文摘·AIM: To study the feasibility of using the discoloration to evaluate the biomechanical properties after treating with genipin.·METHODS: Porcine cadaver eyes were treated for30 min with 1.0%(by w/v) genipin. Untreated samples were used as controls. After treatment, scleral strips of4.0 ×10.0-mm2 were cut. The denaturation temperature(Td) measurement and stress-strain test were performed after taking photograph to analyze the color.·RESULTS: Within 24 h after treating with genipin, the sclera exhibited a bluish color which became deeper with time. And the denaturation temperature also was increased gradually. Compared with untreated groups, at1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after treatment, the ultimate stress were increased by 56%, 153%, 173%, 225% and 211%respectively. The Young’s modulus at 10% strain also increased by 170%, 246%, 264%, 389% and 288%respectively. There were strong correlation between the discoloration and the biomechanical properties(ΔE-Ultimate stress:R2=0.892, P =0.00; ΔE-Young’s modulus:R2=0.602, P =0.00).·CONCLUSION: Genipin could be used to strengthen collagen gradually in a relatively short time span. And the biomechanical properties could be reliably evaluated via simple visible discoloration.
文摘Japanese pine, Korean pine and larch are three major softwood species in Korea. Their colors are relatively light, thus easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. In this study, they were dried with five different drying methods, steam treated and exposed to weathering. Their colors were measured using a spectrophotometer and comparisons made both among species and drying methods. For Japanese and Korean pines, high temperature dried and steam-dried specimens showed distinct color differences compared with the controls. Steam treatment discolored the dried specimens of Japanese and Korean pines but did not discolor those of larch. After weathering for 144 days the specimens of Japanese pine showed slight color differences among drying methods.
文摘The effects of thickness and types of gold plating on the resistance to hightemperature discoloration of gold plating on cavity surface of ceramic package were investigated. Itwas found that the thicker gold plating, the less discoloration degree for ceramic packages.Non-cyanide gold plating performed better resistance to high-temperature aging than cyanide goldplating. The relationship between the gold plating thickness and the amount of diffused Ni to thegold plating of ceramic packages with Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Co platings after heating at 420℃ for 15 minwas also studied. When the gold plating thickness reach 2.0 μm and 1.6 μm for Au/Ni and Au/Ni-Coplating systems, respectively, no discoloration was observed on the gold plating surface of cavity,and the corresponding diffused Ni amounts (mass fraction) are 1.0% and 0.4%, while the diffused Coto the gold plating is 0.04%.
基金supported by the Australian Grain Research and Development Corporation(UMU00047)。
文摘Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying this trait.Here,we generated a high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)map for a diverse barley germplasm and collected trait data from two independent field trials for five KD related traits:grain brightness(TL),redness(Ta),yellowness(Tb),black point impact(Tbpi),and total black point in percentage(Tbpt).Although grain brightness and black point is genetically correlated,the grain brightness traits(TL,Ta,and Tb)have significantly higher heritability than that of the black point traits(Tbpt and Tbpi),suggesting black point traits may be more susceptible to environmental influence.Using genome-wide association studies(GWAS),we identified a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTL),including two major QTL hotspots on chromosomes 4H and 7H,respectively.The two QTL hotspots are associated with all five KD traits.Further genetic linkage and gene transcription analyses identified candidate genes for the grain KD,including several genes in the flavonoid pathway and plant peroxidase.Our study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis for the grain KD in barley and would greatly facilitate future breeding programs for improving grain KD resistance.
基金Supported by the Cultivating Project of Scientific and Technological Innovation Team in Jiamusi University(Research Team of Epileptic Pathogenesis and Plant Drug Develop,No.CXTD-2013-04)Scientific and Technological Innovation Team in University and College in Heilongjiang Province(Mechanism and Protection of Nerve Cell Injury Research Team,No.2012TD013)Personnel Training Fund of Jiamusi University in China[Study on Identification of Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris)Oil Component and Affect on Apoptosis of Liver Cancer Cells,No.RC2009-028]
文摘OBJECTIVE:To research the anti-cancer mechanism of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2.METHODS:Gas chromatography was used to analyze the components of Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris).We tested the inhibitory effect of Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil on the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2 in vitro using 3-(4,5-Dimet hylt hiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dip henyltetrazoliumbromide assays.Fluorescence activating cell sorter analysis was used to examine the levels of apoptosis,and western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of p21,p-p21 and CDK4 proteins.RESULTS:Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris)oil contains 45 ingredients,and L-ascorbic acid 2,6-bispalmitate was the main component and accounted for 44.96% of total drive-off peak area.Other components included(Z)-14-met hyl-8-exadecenal-acetal(8.56%),phytol(7.74%) and lauric acid(6.31%).Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris)oil treatment reduced the proliferation of Hep G2 cells and the half growth inhibition concentration(IC50) was 2.03 mg/m L.Furthermore,we also observed significantly increased Hep G2 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner(P < 0.05).Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil significantly increased the expression of p21 and p-p21 and significantly decreased the expression of CDK4 in Hep G2 cells compared with controls(P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:Our results showed that Fanbaicao(Herba Potentillae Discoloris) oil has anti-cancer activities in Hep G2 cells,which is probably related to the upregulation of p21 and p-p21 and downregulation of CDK4 expression.
文摘Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro, the color changes of the teeth, induced by endodontic sealers. Materials and Methods: Forty-five mature maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were collected. After the chemo-mechanical instrumentation of the root canal, teeth were filled with four endodontic sealers (Endomethason, AH+, Canason and Apexit). Depending on canal sealers and the CEJ (Cement Enamel Junction), teeth were divided into 8 experimental groups (n = 5) and one control group/CG (n = 5). Teeth color changes (L*a*b*/CIE Commission Internationaled’ Eclaraige) were determinated by a spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade in 4 stages (Baseline, Week 0, 4 and 12). Results: Between the EOCEJ and CG for the parameter L*, there was a statistical significance (p 0.05). The L*a*b* results were: L* (83.6 ± 4.8 → 83.6 ± 4.9);a* (﹣2.68 ± 1.02 → ﹣1.12 ± 0.72) and b* (20.2 ± 4.5 → 24.4 ± 4.2). Conclusions: All endodontic sealers may cause teeth discoloration.
