The Story of a Country House is one of the Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf’s short stories collected in her work From a Swedish Homestead.One of the crucial features in the story’s narrative is its telling of c...The Story of a Country House is one of the Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf’s short stories collected in her work From a Swedish Homestead.One of the crucial features in the story’s narrative is its telling of certain events and immediate retelling of part of that events by adopting another perspective,resulting in the overlapping of the narration of events that occur either in parallel with each other in the same time period in the story or in sequential time periods that happen to have significance on one another,thus the zigzag narration.We can see that the zigzag rendering of narration that does not follow the linear time order not only highlights the importance of the time period overlapped,but also leaves room for the introduction of different perspectives of various characters,if the introduction of a different perspective and voice is not the only purpose of shifting back the narrative time.We readers are thus granted access to more than one individual’s mindset to come to terms with the experiences partially shared by these characters to form a fuller picture of the whole situation.展开更多
The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat sto...The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.展开更多
In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)a...In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)and lateral lumbar interbody fusions(LLIF),their indications and complications as an increasingly popular minimally invasive technique to address several lumbar pathologies.This editorial thoroughly discusses and reviews the literature regarding factors affecting outcomes of indirect decompression utilized through OLIF and LLIF procedures.Several parameters play a critical role in patient outcomes including restoration of disc height,foraminal height,central canal squared,and foraminal area.The indirect decompression allows for unbuckling of the ligamentum flavum which can significantly decompress the neural elements as well as aid in reduction of spondylolisthesis.However,the authors further highlight the limitations of indirect decompression and factors that may predict unsuccessful outcomes including bony foraminal stenosis,severe central canal stenosis,and osteoporosis.As a result,failure of indirect decompression can lead to persistent pain,radiculopathy and unsatisfied patients.Spinal surgeons may be left to reimage patients and consider additional procedures with direct decompression.展开更多
This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+...This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+n▽Ф;▽·u=0,x∈Ω,t>0 in a bounded and smooth domainΩ⊂ℝ2 with no-flux/no-flux/no-flux/no-slip boundary conditions,whereΦ∈W2,∞(Ω).A recent literature[Dai F,Liu B.J Differential Equations,2023,369:115–155]has proved that for all reasonably regular initial data,the associated initial-boundary value problem possesses a global classical solution,but qualitative information on the behavior of solution has never been touched so far.In stark contrast to the positive effect of indirect signal consumption mechanism on the global solvability of system,the analysis of asymptotic behavior of solution to the system with indirect signal consumption is essentially complicated than that with direct signal consumption because the favorable coupled structure between cells and signal is broken down by the indirect signal consumption mechanism.The present study shows that the global classical solution exponentially stabilizes toward the corresponding spatially homogeneous equilibria under a smallness condition on the initial cell mass.In comparison to the previously known result concerning the uniform convergence of solution to the system with direct signal consumption,our result inter alia provides a more in-depth understanding on the asymptotic behavior of solution.展开更多
Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge ...Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge in literature on economic modeling methodologies for estimating indirect economic impacts of disasters and the recovery of economic activity over time.In this review,we present a framework for categorizing modeling approaches that assess indirect economic impacts across natural hazards and anthropogenic disasters such as cyber attacks.We first conduct a comparative analysis of macroeconomic models,focusing on the approaches capturing sectoral interdependencies.These include the Leontief Input-Output(I/O)model,the Inoperability Input-Output Model(IIM),the Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model(DIIM),the Adaptive Regional Input-Output(ARIO)model,and the Computable General Equilibrium(CGE)model and its extensions.We evaluate their applicability to disaster scenarios based on input data availability,the compatibility of model assumptions,and output capabilities.We also reveal the functional relationships of input data and output metrics across economic modeling approaches for inter-sectoral impacts.Furthermore,we examine how the damage mechanisms posed by different types of disasters translate into model inputs and impact modeling processes.This synthesis provides guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting and configuring models based on specific disaster scenarios.It also identifies the gaps in the literature,including the need for a deeper understanding of model performance reliability,key drivers of economic outcomes in different disaster contexts,and the disparities in modeling approach applications across various hazard types.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicti...BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicting the risk of developing DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 6993 hospitalized T2DM patients between 2013 and 2020.Patients were divided into two groups:The DR group and the non-DR group.Data were analyzed using univariate,correlation,multivariate,subgroup,and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.RESULTS Total bilirubin,indirect bilirubin(IBIL),and direct bilirubin were negatively correlated with the risk of developing DR(P<0.001).Moreover,these three factors were all positively correlated with clinical indicators related to DR,including the estimated glomerular filtration rate,the albumin/creatinine ratio,and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level(P<0.001).After adjusting for multiple variables,greater IBIL levels remained independently associated with a lower risk of developing DR(odds ratio=0.500;95%confidence interval:0.363-0.686;P<0.001).The optimal IBIL cutoff point for predicting the risk of DR in male patients with elevated diastolic blood pressure was 0.655μmol/dL(area under the curve=0.662).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IBIL could be a valuable biomarker for predicting DR risk,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective,and readily available clinical tool for the early identification of high-risk patients.Future multicenter and longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these findings and further explore the biological mechanisms underlying the protective role of IBIL in DR.展开更多
Hierarchical porous structure,which include macropores,minor pores,and micropores in scaffolds,are essential in the multiple biological functions of bone repair and regeneration.In this study,patientcustomized calcium...Hierarchical porous structure,which include macropores,minor pores,and micropores in scaffolds,are essential in the multiple biological functions of bone repair and regeneration.In this study,patientcustomized calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite(CDHA)scaffolds with three-level hierarchical porous structure were fabricated by indirect 3D printing technology and particulate leaching method.The sacrificial template scaffolds were fabricated using a photo-curing 3D printer,which provided a prerequisite for the integral structure and interconnected macropores of CDHA scaffolds.Additionally,20 wt%pore former was incorporated into the slurry to enhance the content of smaller pores within the CDHA-2 scaffolds,and then the CDHA-2 scaffolds were sintered to remove the sacrificial template scaffolds and pore former.The obtained CDHA-2 scaffolds exhibited interconnected macropores(300-400μm),minor pores(∼10-100μm),and micropores(<10μm)distributed throughout the scaffolds,which could promote bone tissue ingrowth,increase surface roughness,and enhance protein adsorption of scaffolds.In vitro studies identified that CDHA-2 scaffolds had nanocrystal grains,high specific surface area,and outstanding protein adsorption capacity,which could provide a microenvironment for cell adhesion,spreading,and proliferation.In addition,the murine intramuscular implantation experiment suggested that CDHA-2 scaffolds exhibited excellent osteoinductivity and were superior to traditional BCP ceramics under conditions without the addition of live cells and exogenous growth factors.The rabbit calvarial defect repair results indicated that CDHA-2 scaffolds could enhance in situ bone regeneration.In conclusion,these findings demonstrated that the hierarchical porous structure of CDHA scaffolds was a pivotal factor in modulating osteoinductivity and bone regeneration,and CDHA-2 scaffolds were potential candidates for bone regeneration.展开更多
Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numero...Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numerous techniques and devices have emerged for UCS measurement.This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of existing methodologies and advancements in UCS testing,examining the theoretical foundations,testing equipment,data processing techniques,and criteria for selecting appropriate UCS testing methods.Additionally,the study highlights a shift toward automated,precise,and computational approaches with multiple inputs(i.e.multiple regression,machine learning,ML)for UCS prediction.Approximately 221 articles published by various researchers between 2000 and 2024 related to ML were reviewed,focusing on the application of ML models,including artificial neural networks(ANNs),adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS),random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),in UCS prediction.The review also observed the growing use of hybrid models integrating ML with optimization techniques,significantly improving UCS estimation.Numerous empirical correlations,both direct and indirect,have been established in the past several years based on the physical properties of rocks.However,utilizing these proposed equations to reliably estimate UCS remains challenging due to the variability in lithology,rock origin,and other factors.This study systematically presents the established correlation expressions,considering their lithology,the number of samples used to establish the expressions,the coefficient of determination(R2),and the locations.This allows geologists and engineers to easily apply these established expressions in situations where direct estimation is not possible,enabling them to approximate UCS results.展开更多
BACKGROUND Routinely separating the ligamentum teres uteri(LTU)intraoperatively remains an unresolved issue for female children undergoing surgery for indirect inguinal hernia(IIH).AIM To identify the effect of LTU pr...BACKGROUND Routinely separating the ligamentum teres uteri(LTU)intraoperatively remains an unresolved issue for female children undergoing surgery for indirect inguinal hernia(IIH).AIM To identify the effect of LTU preservation in laparoscopic high hernia sac ligation(LHSL)in children with IIH.METHODS The participants were 100 female children with unilateral IIH admitted from April 2022 to January 2024 to the Pediatric Surgery Department of Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province.They were categorized based on LTU retention into the control group(n=45 cases),which underwent LTU ligation intraoperatively,and the experimental group(55 cases),which had the LTU preserved intraoperatively.All children underwent LHSL.RESULTS This study comparatively analyzed the operation time,hospitalization time,blood loss,postoperative recurrence rate,and complications(repeated pain in the inguinal region,foreign body sensation in the inguinal region,bloody exudation at the inguinal incision,and incision infection),which were all comparable between the two groups.CONCLUSION The above results indicate that LTU preservation during LHSL exerts certain therapeutic benefits for children with IIH.LTU preservation does not increase hospitalization time,blood loss,postoperative recurrence rate,and complications,which is safe and feasible,compared with conventional LTU ligation.LHSL with LTU preservation should be performed if conditions permit,which is worth popularizing.展开更多
The efficiency and stability of catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution(PHE)are largely governed by the charge transfer behaviors across the heterojunction interfaces.In this study,CuO,a typical semiconductor ...The efficiency and stability of catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution(PHE)are largely governed by the charge transfer behaviors across the heterojunction interfaces.In this study,CuO,a typical semiconductor featuring a broad spectral absorption range,is successfully employed as the electron acceptor to combine with CdS for constructing a S-scheme heterojunction.The optimized photocatalyst(CdSCuO2∶1)delivers an exceptional hydrogen evolution rate of 18.89 mmol/(g·h),4.15-fold higher compared with bare CdS.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection absorption spectroscopy(UV-vis DRS)confirmed the S-scheme band structure of the composites.Moreover,the surface photovoltage(SPV)and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)indicated that the photogenerated electrons and photogenerated holes of CdS-CuO2∶1 were respectively transferred to the conduction band(CB)of CdS with a higher reduction potential and the valence band(VB)of CuO with a higher oxidation potential under illumination,as expected for the S-scheme mechanism.Density-functional-theory calculations of the electron density difference(EDD)disclose an interfacial electric field oriented from CdS to CuO.This built-in field suppresses charge recombination and accelerates carrier migration,rationalizing the markedly enhanced PHE activity.This study offers a novel strategy for designing S-scheme heterojunctions with high light harvesting and charge utilization toward sustainable solar-tohydrogen conversion.展开更多
BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Resear...BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.展开更多
A finite-element model of the thermosetting epoxy asphalt mixture（EAM） microstructure is developed to simulate the indirect tension test（IDT）.Image techniques are used to capture the EAM microstructure which is di...A finite-element model of the thermosetting epoxy asphalt mixture（EAM） microstructure is developed to simulate the indirect tension test（IDT）.Image techniques are used to capture the EAM microstructure which is divided into two phases：aggregates and mastic.A viscoelastic constitutive relationship,which is obtained from the results of a creep test,is used to represent the mastic phase at intermittent temperatures.Model simulation results of the stiffness modulus in IDT compare favorably with experimental data.Different loading directions and velocities are employed in order to account for their influence on the modulus and the localized stress of the microstructure model.It is pointed out that the modulus is not consistent when the loading direction changes since the heterogeneous distribution of the mixture internal structure,and the loading velocity affects the localized stress as a result of the viscoelasticity of the mastic.The study results can provide a theoretical basis for the finite-element method,which can be extended to the numerical simulations of asphalt mixture micromechanical behavior.展开更多
Indirect moxibustion is used to treat qi constraint amenorrhea, chest bi due to congealing cold, spleen deficiency diarrhea, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, enuresis with kidney deficiency and other diseases...Indirect moxibustion is used to treat qi constraint amenorrhea, chest bi due to congealing cold, spleen deficiency diarrhea, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, enuresis with kidney deficiency and other diseases with satisfactory treatment effects. It is believed that indirect moxibustion is characterized by simple and effective acupoint selection and broad indications. During the treatments, quantity and duration of moxibustion should be determined according to the practical pathogenetic conditions and state of an illness, and the propagated sensation along meridians is regarded as the better treatment effect for the patients.展开更多
To improve the wall surface hydrophilicity of a tube type indirect evaporative cooler,a new method adopting porous ceramics is proposed.This method realizes the combination of porous ceramics and the evaporative cooli...To improve the wall surface hydrophilicity of a tube type indirect evaporative cooler,a new method adopting porous ceramics is proposed.This method realizes the combination of porous ceramics and the evaporative cooling technique.The design calculation of the porous ceramics tube type dew point indirect evaporative cooler are carried out from such aspects as the volumes and status parameters of the primary and secondary air,the cooler structure,the heat transfer of the solid porous ceramic tubes and the resistance of the cooler.The calculation results show that the design is reasonable.Finally,based on the design calculation,the porous ceramics tube type dew point indirect evaporative cooler is successfully manufactured.展开更多
Aim To strdy the separation of native amino acids using capillary zone electro- pboresis (CZE) with indirect ultraviolet detecition. Methods 13 native amino acids were sepa- rated by capillary electrophoresis with ind...Aim To strdy the separation of native amino acids using capillary zone electro- pboresis (CZE) with indirect ultraviolet detecition. Methods 13 native amino acids were sepa- rated by capillary electrophoresis with indirect detection . The experiments were carried out with homemade CE apparatus under the following operating conditior conditions: a fused-silica capillary col- umn of 50.0cm effect length and of 75m i.d. was used. 7 organic acids were used as BGAE, and a positive potential of separation in CZE with indirect detection. After optimizing for l3 native amino acids were established. Conclusion The choice of BGAe is an important factor influencing the efficiency of separation in CZE with indiect detection .After optimizing the separation conditions a baseline separation for 13 native amino acids is obtained.展开更多
Foreign language teachers may have long observed learners' grammatically correct, yet situationally inappropriate verbal communication. To make sure they conduct speech acts appropriately, language learners should...Foreign language teachers may have long observed learners' grammatically correct, yet situationally inappropriate verbal communication. To make sure they conduct speech acts appropriately, language learners should possess communicative skills and pragmatic competence. This paper addresses how to raise learners' pragmatic awareness through making requests in English.By exploring the verbal indirectness and politeness of requests, the paper aims to facilitate learners' ability to make socially appropriate utterances.展开更多
This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive lingui...This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.展开更多
The theory of indirect speech acts proposed by John Searle is a problematic issue in speech act theory. The theory is subject to various criticisms.This essay reviews various arguments and the significant problems wit...The theory of indirect speech acts proposed by John Searle is a problematic issue in speech act theory. The theory is subject to various criticisms.This essay reviews various arguments and the significant problems with reference to the indirect speech acts. The review includes some important concepts of speech act theory which are related to indirect speech acts; inference theory and idiom theory which underline indirect speech acts and their major problems in accounting for indirect speech acts.展开更多
The regional climate model （RegCM3） and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model （TACM） were coupled, thus a regional climate chemistry modeling system （RegCCMS） was constructed, which was applied to investigat...The regional climate model （RegCM3） and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model （TACM） were coupled, thus a regional climate chemistry modeling system （RegCCMS） was constructed, which was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of anthropogenic nitrate aerosols, indirect radiative forcing, as well as its climatic effect over China. TACM includes the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA and a condensed gas-phase chemistry model. Investigations show that the concentration of nitrate aerosols is relatively high over North and East China with a maximum of 29μg m-3 in January and 8 μg m-3 in July. Due to the influence of air temperature on thermodynamic equilibrium, wet scavenging of precipitation and the monsoon climate, there are obvious seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations. The average indirect radiative forcing at the tropopause due to nitrate aerosols is -1.63 W m 2 in January and -2.65 W m 2 in July, respectively. In some areas, indirect radiative forcing reaches -10 W m-2. Sensitivity tests show that nitrate aerosols make the surface air temperature drop and the precipitation reduce on the national level. The mean changes in surface air temperature and precipitation are 0.13 K and -0.01 mm d-1 in January and -0.09 K and -0.11 mm d-1 in July, respectively, showing significant differences in different regions.展开更多
To assess the curative effects of different reduction techniques on the dislocation of cricoarytenoid joint caused by intubation,indirect laryngoscope (IL ) and direct laryngoscope (DL ) were utilized for the closed...To assess the curative effects of different reduction techniques on the dislocation of cricoarytenoid joint caused by intubation,indirect laryngoscope (IL ) and direct laryngoscope (DL ) were utilized for the closed reduction of the displaced arytenoid under local anesthesia.2 3patients who underwent the reduction for dislocated arytenoid under IL or DL from January1991to June 2 0 0 1were reviewed.The data were collected on the duration of the laryngeal injury,tim es of re- ceiving reduction,side- effects after the treatment and the period for voice to return to normal. The relationship between the duration of the laryngeal lesion and the period of the voice rehabilita- tion was examined.13patients received the reduction under IL and 10 patients under DL .Except the tim es of the reduction,which showed significant difference,no differences were found between IL group and DL group in the course and the period of voice rehabilitation,as well as sore throat after the manipulation.The patients'voice recovery was positively related to their course of dis- ease in both IL and DL group.Itis concluded thatthe recovery of normal voice is obviously affect- ed by the duration of arytenoid dislocation.The reduction under IL is as effective as under DL in the treatment of arytenoid dislocation.Reduction by DL is better suit the patients with long tim e course of disease.展开更多
文摘The Story of a Country House is one of the Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf’s short stories collected in her work From a Swedish Homestead.One of the crucial features in the story’s narrative is its telling of certain events and immediate retelling of part of that events by adopting another perspective,resulting in the overlapping of the narration of events that occur either in parallel with each other in the same time period in the story or in sequential time periods that happen to have significance on one another,thus the zigzag narration.We can see that the zigzag rendering of narration that does not follow the linear time order not only highlights the importance of the time period overlapped,but also leaves room for the introduction of different perspectives of various characters,if the introduction of a different perspective and voice is not the only purpose of shifting back the narrative time.We readers are thus granted access to more than one individual’s mindset to come to terms with the experiences partially shared by these characters to form a fuller picture of the whole situation.
文摘The effect of a storage system on drying time and estimation of drying parameters of cocoa beans using an indirect solar dryer with a sensible heat energy storage system (stones which act as both absorber and heat storage media) is the main subject of this article. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and is made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 5 kg of fermented cocoa beans. The drying parameters for the drying curves and the drying efficiency of cocoa beans were established and studied. The drying curves were modelled from semi-empirical models. The results showed that the moisture of cocoa beans decreased from 60% to 7% in wet basis. With a solar collector and drying efficiency of 40% and 34%, respectively. And this with a maximum average difference temperature between the drying air and the ambient temperature of 13.25˚C day or night. The best concordances are obtained with R2 values of 0.9983, 0.9843, 0.9813 and 0.9837 respectively from the models of Hii, Jena and Das, Demir et al. and Alibas.
文摘In this editorial,the authors of this paper comment on the article by Bokov et al published in the recent issue of World Journal of Orthopedics.We reviewed a general overview of oblique lumbar interbody fusions(OLIF)and lateral lumbar interbody fusions(LLIF),their indications and complications as an increasingly popular minimally invasive technique to address several lumbar pathologies.This editorial thoroughly discusses and reviews the literature regarding factors affecting outcomes of indirect decompression utilized through OLIF and LLIF procedures.Several parameters play a critical role in patient outcomes including restoration of disc height,foraminal height,central canal squared,and foraminal area.The indirect decompression allows for unbuckling of the ligamentum flavum which can significantly decompress the neural elements as well as aid in reduction of spondylolisthesis.However,the authors further highlight the limitations of indirect decompression and factors that may predict unsuccessful outcomes including bony foraminal stenosis,severe central canal stenosis,and osteoporosis.As a result,failure of indirect decompression can lead to persistent pain,radiculopathy and unsatisfied patients.Spinal surgeons may be left to reimage patients and consider additional procedures with direct decompression.
文摘This paper deals with the singular chemotaxis-Navier-Stokes system with indirect signal consumption n_(t)+u·▽v=△n-Х▽·(n/v▽u);v_(t)+u·▽v=△v-uw;w_(t)+u·▽w=△w-w+n;u_(t)+(u·▽)u=△u-▽P+n▽Ф;▽·u=0,x∈Ω,t>0 in a bounded and smooth domainΩ⊂ℝ2 with no-flux/no-flux/no-flux/no-slip boundary conditions,whereΦ∈W2,∞(Ω).A recent literature[Dai F,Liu B.J Differential Equations,2023,369:115–155]has proved that for all reasonably regular initial data,the associated initial-boundary value problem possesses a global classical solution,but qualitative information on the behavior of solution has never been touched so far.In stark contrast to the positive effect of indirect signal consumption mechanism on the global solvability of system,the analysis of asymptotic behavior of solution to the system with indirect signal consumption is essentially complicated than that with direct signal consumption because the favorable coupled structure between cells and signal is broken down by the indirect signal consumption mechanism.The present study shows that the global classical solution exponentially stabilizes toward the corresponding spatially homogeneous equilibria under a smallness condition on the initial cell mass.In comparison to the previously known result concerning the uniform convergence of solution to the system with direct signal consumption,our result inter alia provides a more in-depth understanding on the asymptotic behavior of solution.
基金supported by the Stanford Graduate Fellowship,the Center for Urban Science and Progress at New York Universitythe National Science Foundation under award number CMMI-2053014.The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone.
文摘Interdependencies between critical infrastructures and the economy amplify the effects of damage caused by disasters.The growing interest in impacts beyond physical damage and community resilience has spurred a surge in literature on economic modeling methodologies for estimating indirect economic impacts of disasters and the recovery of economic activity over time.In this review,we present a framework for categorizing modeling approaches that assess indirect economic impacts across natural hazards and anthropogenic disasters such as cyber attacks.We first conduct a comparative analysis of macroeconomic models,focusing on the approaches capturing sectoral interdependencies.These include the Leontief Input-Output(I/O)model,the Inoperability Input-Output Model(IIM),the Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model(DIIM),the Adaptive Regional Input-Output(ARIO)model,and the Computable General Equilibrium(CGE)model and its extensions.We evaluate their applicability to disaster scenarios based on input data availability,the compatibility of model assumptions,and output capabilities.We also reveal the functional relationships of input data and output metrics across economic modeling approaches for inter-sectoral impacts.Furthermore,we examine how the damage mechanisms posed by different types of disasters translate into model inputs and impact modeling processes.This synthesis provides guidance for researchers and practitioners in selecting and configuring models based on specific disaster scenarios.It also identifies the gaps in the literature,including the need for a deeper understanding of model performance reliability,key drivers of economic outcomes in different disaster contexts,and the disparities in modeling approach applications across various hazard types.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,No.2024JC-YBQN-0828 and No.2024JC-YBMS-765Clinical Research Award of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,No.XJTU1AF-CRF-2022-036National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices,No.NMED2023AGP-013.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major cause of visual impairment and blindness.However,the current DR biomarkers are insufficient for accurately predicting its onset.AIM To identify a novel marker for predicting the risk of developing DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 6993 hospitalized T2DM patients between 2013 and 2020.Patients were divided into two groups:The DR group and the non-DR group.Data were analyzed using univariate,correlation,multivariate,subgroup,and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.RESULTS Total bilirubin,indirect bilirubin(IBIL),and direct bilirubin were negatively correlated with the risk of developing DR(P<0.001).Moreover,these three factors were all positively correlated with clinical indicators related to DR,including the estimated glomerular filtration rate,the albumin/creatinine ratio,and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level(P<0.001).After adjusting for multiple variables,greater IBIL levels remained independently associated with a lower risk of developing DR(odds ratio=0.500;95%confidence interval:0.363-0.686;P<0.001).The optimal IBIL cutoff point for predicting the risk of DR in male patients with elevated diastolic blood pressure was 0.655μmol/dL(area under the curve=0.662).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that IBIL could be a valuable biomarker for predicting DR risk,offering a noninvasive,cost-effective,and readily available clinical tool for the early identification of high-risk patients.Future multicenter and longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these findings and further explore the biological mechanisms underlying the protective role of IBIL in DR.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0110600)the Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan Province(No.2019YJ0161).
文摘Hierarchical porous structure,which include macropores,minor pores,and micropores in scaffolds,are essential in the multiple biological functions of bone repair and regeneration.In this study,patientcustomized calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite(CDHA)scaffolds with three-level hierarchical porous structure were fabricated by indirect 3D printing technology and particulate leaching method.The sacrificial template scaffolds were fabricated using a photo-curing 3D printer,which provided a prerequisite for the integral structure and interconnected macropores of CDHA scaffolds.Additionally,20 wt%pore former was incorporated into the slurry to enhance the content of smaller pores within the CDHA-2 scaffolds,and then the CDHA-2 scaffolds were sintered to remove the sacrificial template scaffolds and pore former.The obtained CDHA-2 scaffolds exhibited interconnected macropores(300-400μm),minor pores(∼10-100μm),and micropores(<10μm)distributed throughout the scaffolds,which could promote bone tissue ingrowth,increase surface roughness,and enhance protein adsorption of scaffolds.In vitro studies identified that CDHA-2 scaffolds had nanocrystal grains,high specific surface area,and outstanding protein adsorption capacity,which could provide a microenvironment for cell adhesion,spreading,and proliferation.In addition,the murine intramuscular implantation experiment suggested that CDHA-2 scaffolds exhibited excellent osteoinductivity and were superior to traditional BCP ceramics under conditions without the addition of live cells and exogenous growth factors.The rabbit calvarial defect repair results indicated that CDHA-2 scaffolds could enhance in situ bone regeneration.In conclusion,these findings demonstrated that the hierarchical porous structure of CDHA scaffolds was a pivotal factor in modulating osteoinductivity and bone regeneration,and CDHA-2 scaffolds were potential candidates for bone regeneration.
文摘Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numerous techniques and devices have emerged for UCS measurement.This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of existing methodologies and advancements in UCS testing,examining the theoretical foundations,testing equipment,data processing techniques,and criteria for selecting appropriate UCS testing methods.Additionally,the study highlights a shift toward automated,precise,and computational approaches with multiple inputs(i.e.multiple regression,machine learning,ML)for UCS prediction.Approximately 221 articles published by various researchers between 2000 and 2024 related to ML were reviewed,focusing on the application of ML models,including artificial neural networks(ANNs),adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS),random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),in UCS prediction.The review also observed the growing use of hybrid models integrating ML with optimization techniques,significantly improving UCS estimation.Numerous empirical correlations,both direct and indirect,have been established in the past several years based on the physical properties of rocks.However,utilizing these proposed equations to reliably estimate UCS remains challenging due to the variability in lithology,rock origin,and other factors.This study systematically presents the established correlation expressions,considering their lithology,the number of samples used to establish the expressions,the coefficient of determination(R2),and the locations.This allows geologists and engineers to easily apply these established expressions in situations where direct estimation is not possible,enabling them to approximate UCS results.
基金Supported by the Startup Fund for Scientific Research,Fujian Medical University,No.2021QH1262.
文摘BACKGROUND Routinely separating the ligamentum teres uteri(LTU)intraoperatively remains an unresolved issue for female children undergoing surgery for indirect inguinal hernia(IIH).AIM To identify the effect of LTU preservation in laparoscopic high hernia sac ligation(LHSL)in children with IIH.METHODS The participants were 100 female children with unilateral IIH admitted from April 2022 to January 2024 to the Pediatric Surgery Department of Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province.They were categorized based on LTU retention into the control group(n=45 cases),which underwent LTU ligation intraoperatively,and the experimental group(55 cases),which had the LTU preserved intraoperatively.All children underwent LHSL.RESULTS This study comparatively analyzed the operation time,hospitalization time,blood loss,postoperative recurrence rate,and complications(repeated pain in the inguinal region,foreign body sensation in the inguinal region,bloody exudation at the inguinal incision,and incision infection),which were all comparable between the two groups.CONCLUSION The above results indicate that LTU preservation during LHSL exerts certain therapeutic benefits for children with IIH.LTU preservation does not increase hospitalization time,blood loss,postoperative recurrence rate,and complications,which is safe and feasible,compared with conventional LTU ligation.LHSL with LTU preservation should be performed if conditions permit,which is worth popularizing.
文摘The efficiency and stability of catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution(PHE)are largely governed by the charge transfer behaviors across the heterojunction interfaces.In this study,CuO,a typical semiconductor featuring a broad spectral absorption range,is successfully employed as the electron acceptor to combine with CdS for constructing a S-scheme heterojunction.The optimized photocatalyst(CdSCuO2∶1)delivers an exceptional hydrogen evolution rate of 18.89 mmol/(g·h),4.15-fold higher compared with bare CdS.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection absorption spectroscopy(UV-vis DRS)confirmed the S-scheme band structure of the composites.Moreover,the surface photovoltage(SPV)and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)indicated that the photogenerated electrons and photogenerated holes of CdS-CuO2∶1 were respectively transferred to the conduction band(CB)of CdS with a higher reduction potential and the valence band(VB)of CuO with a higher oxidation potential under illumination,as expected for the S-scheme mechanism.Density-functional-theory calculations of the electron density difference(EDD)disclose an interfacial electric field oriented from CdS to CuO.This built-in field suppresses charge recombination and accelerates carrier migration,rationalizing the markedly enhanced PHE activity.This study offers a novel strategy for designing S-scheme heterojunctions with high light harvesting and charge utilization toward sustainable solar-tohydrogen conversion.
文摘BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.
基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No. NCET-08-0118)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20090092110049)
文摘A finite-element model of the thermosetting epoxy asphalt mixture（EAM） microstructure is developed to simulate the indirect tension test（IDT）.Image techniques are used to capture the EAM microstructure which is divided into two phases：aggregates and mastic.A viscoelastic constitutive relationship,which is obtained from the results of a creep test,is used to represent the mastic phase at intermittent temperatures.Model simulation results of the stiffness modulus in IDT compare favorably with experimental data.Different loading directions and velocities are employed in order to account for their influence on the modulus and the localized stress of the microstructure model.It is pointed out that the modulus is not consistent when the loading direction changes since the heterogeneous distribution of the mixture internal structure,and the loading velocity affects the localized stress as a result of the viscoelasticity of the mastic.The study results can provide a theoretical basis for the finite-element method,which can be extended to the numerical simulations of asphalt mixture micromechanical behavior.
文摘Indirect moxibustion is used to treat qi constraint amenorrhea, chest bi due to congealing cold, spleen deficiency diarrhea, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, enuresis with kidney deficiency and other diseases with satisfactory treatment effects. It is believed that indirect moxibustion is characterized by simple and effective acupoint selection and broad indications. During the treatments, quantity and duration of moxibustion should be determined according to the practical pathogenetic conditions and state of an illness, and the propagated sensation along meridians is regarded as the better treatment effect for the patients.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50846056)
文摘To improve the wall surface hydrophilicity of a tube type indirect evaporative cooler,a new method adopting porous ceramics is proposed.This method realizes the combination of porous ceramics and the evaporative cooling technique.The design calculation of the porous ceramics tube type dew point indirect evaporative cooler are carried out from such aspects as the volumes and status parameters of the primary and secondary air,the cooler structure,the heat transfer of the solid porous ceramic tubes and the resistance of the cooler.The calculation results show that the design is reasonable.Finally,based on the design calculation,the porous ceramics tube type dew point indirect evaporative cooler is successfully manufactured.
文摘Aim To strdy the separation of native amino acids using capillary zone electro- pboresis (CZE) with indirect ultraviolet detecition. Methods 13 native amino acids were sepa- rated by capillary electrophoresis with indirect detection . The experiments were carried out with homemade CE apparatus under the following operating conditior conditions: a fused-silica capillary col- umn of 50.0cm effect length and of 75m i.d. was used. 7 organic acids were used as BGAE, and a positive potential of separation in CZE with indirect detection. After optimizing for l3 native amino acids were established. Conclusion The choice of BGAe is an important factor influencing the efficiency of separation in CZE with indiect detection .After optimizing the separation conditions a baseline separation for 13 native amino acids is obtained.
文摘Foreign language teachers may have long observed learners' grammatically correct, yet situationally inappropriate verbal communication. To make sure they conduct speech acts appropriately, language learners should possess communicative skills and pragmatic competence. This paper addresses how to raise learners' pragmatic awareness through making requests in English.By exploring the verbal indirectness and politeness of requests, the paper aims to facilitate learners' ability to make socially appropriate utterances.
文摘This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.
文摘The theory of indirect speech acts proposed by John Searle is a problematic issue in speech act theory. The theory is subject to various criticisms.This essay reviews various arguments and the significant problems with reference to the indirect speech acts. The review includes some important concepts of speech act theory which are related to indirect speech acts; inference theory and idiom theory which underline indirect speech acts and their major problems in accounting for indirect speech acts.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB403706 and 2006CB403703)the National Science and Technology Support Program (Grant No.2007BAC03A01)the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. BK2006515)
文摘The regional climate model （RegCM3） and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model （TACM） were coupled, thus a regional climate chemistry modeling system （RegCCMS） was constructed, which was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of anthropogenic nitrate aerosols, indirect radiative forcing, as well as its climatic effect over China. TACM includes the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA and a condensed gas-phase chemistry model. Investigations show that the concentration of nitrate aerosols is relatively high over North and East China with a maximum of 29μg m-3 in January and 8 μg m-3 in July. Due to the influence of air temperature on thermodynamic equilibrium, wet scavenging of precipitation and the monsoon climate, there are obvious seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations. The average indirect radiative forcing at the tropopause due to nitrate aerosols is -1.63 W m 2 in January and -2.65 W m 2 in July, respectively. In some areas, indirect radiative forcing reaches -10 W m-2. Sensitivity tests show that nitrate aerosols make the surface air temperature drop and the precipitation reduce on the national level. The mean changes in surface air temperature and precipitation are 0.13 K and -0.01 mm d-1 in January and -0.09 K and -0.11 mm d-1 in July, respectively, showing significant differences in different regions.
文摘To assess the curative effects of different reduction techniques on the dislocation of cricoarytenoid joint caused by intubation,indirect laryngoscope (IL ) and direct laryngoscope (DL ) were utilized for the closed reduction of the displaced arytenoid under local anesthesia.2 3patients who underwent the reduction for dislocated arytenoid under IL or DL from January1991to June 2 0 0 1were reviewed.The data were collected on the duration of the laryngeal injury,tim es of re- ceiving reduction,side- effects after the treatment and the period for voice to return to normal. The relationship between the duration of the laryngeal lesion and the period of the voice rehabilita- tion was examined.13patients received the reduction under IL and 10 patients under DL .Except the tim es of the reduction,which showed significant difference,no differences were found between IL group and DL group in the course and the period of voice rehabilitation,as well as sore throat after the manipulation.The patients'voice recovery was positively related to their course of dis- ease in both IL and DL group.Itis concluded thatthe recovery of normal voice is obviously affect- ed by the duration of arytenoid dislocation.The reduction under IL is as effective as under DL in the treatment of arytenoid dislocation.Reduction by DL is better suit the patients with long tim e course of disease.
