Objective: To evaluate the ability of Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbials(DFM) to biodegrade al atoxin B1(AFB1) by using an in vitro digestive model simulating in vivo conditions.Methods: Sixty-nine Bacillus isolat...Objective: To evaluate the ability of Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbials(DFM) to biodegrade al atoxin B1(AFB1) by using an in vitro digestive model simulating in vivo conditions.Methods: Sixty-nine Bacillus isolates were obtained from intestines, and soil samples were screened by using a selective media method against 0.25 and 1.00 μg/m L of AFB1 in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium. Plates were incubated at 37 °C and observed every two days for two weeks. Physiological properties of the three Bacillus spp. candidates were characterized biochemically and by 16 S r RNA sequence analyzes for identii cation. Tolerance to acidic p H, osmotic concentrations of Na Cl, bile salts were tested, and antimicrobial sensitivity proi les were also determined. Bacillus candidates were individually sporulated by using a solid fermentation method and combined. Spores were incorporated into 1 of 3 experimental feed groups: 1) Negative control group, with unmedicated starter broiler feed without AFB1; 2) Positive control group, with negative control feed contaminated with 0.01% AFB1; 3) DFM treated group, with positive control feed supplemented with 109 spores/g. After digestion time(3:15 h), supernatants and digesta were collected for high-performance liquid chromatography l uorescence detection analysis by triplicate.Results: Three out of those sixty-nine DFM candidates showed ability to biodegrade AFB1 in vitro based on growth as well as reduction of l uorescence and area of clearance around each colony in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium which was clearly visible under day light after 48 h of evaluation. Analysis of 16S-DNA identii ed the strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis. The three Bacillus strains were tolerant to acidic conditions(p H 2.0), tolerant to a high osmotic pressure(Na Cl at 6.5%), and were able to tolerate 0.037% bile salts after 24 h of incubation. No signii cant dif erences(P > 0.05) were observed in the concentrations of AFB1 in neither the supernatants nor digesta samples evaluated by highperformance liquid chromatography with l uorescence detection between positive control or DFM treated groups. Conclusions: In vitro digestion time was not enough to confirm biodegradation of AFB1. Further studies to evaluate the possible biodegradation ef ects of the BacillusDFM when continuously administered in experimentally contaminated feed with AFB1, are in progress.展开更多
This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular a...This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular and rectangular) along with two types of feeding techniques (Microstrip line L-shape and Microstrip line I-shape). The performance of the antenna for each technique is thoroughly investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software simulation under the resonant frequency of 5.9 GHz. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective tool for improving antenna performance. Moreover, an extensive comparison has been carried out between the two different shapes, with and without antenna balun and between two feeding techniques focusing on return losses, gain, directivity, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).展开更多
随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍...随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍显不足,尤其是对其技术瓶颈和潜在问题的认知缺失,阻碍了该技术的进一步创新与广泛应用。鉴于此,深入探讨了WP-DED技术的核心运行机制,将其按送料方式分为双侧向送料、粉同轴与丝侧向送料、丝同轴与粉侧向送料和丝粉同轴送料4类,并系统性地梳理和归纳了这些多元化的材料输送机制。同时,回顾了WP-DED技术的演进历程与研究进展,详细阐述了4种送料方式WP-DED技术的演变、优劣对比、工艺探索以及沉积层组织与性能的研究等,旨在为读者提供清晰的技术发展脉络。此外,还指出了WP-DED技术在实践应用中面临的关键技术难题,如熔池流动控制、热历史管理、颗粒分布优化等,为后续科研与工程实践提供了明确方向。最后,展望了WP-DED技术的未来发展趋势,涉及材料开发、机制探索、过程优化和技术创新等方面,旨在激发更多关于该技术的创新思考与实际应用探索。展开更多
基金Supported by the Autogenous Vaccine Research Project of the Poultry Health Laboratory,Poultry Science Department,University of Arkansas
文摘Objective: To evaluate the ability of Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbials(DFM) to biodegrade al atoxin B1(AFB1) by using an in vitro digestive model simulating in vivo conditions.Methods: Sixty-nine Bacillus isolates were obtained from intestines, and soil samples were screened by using a selective media method against 0.25 and 1.00 μg/m L of AFB1 in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium. Plates were incubated at 37 °C and observed every two days for two weeks. Physiological properties of the three Bacillus spp. candidates were characterized biochemically and by 16 S r RNA sequence analyzes for identii cation. Tolerance to acidic p H, osmotic concentrations of Na Cl, bile salts were tested, and antimicrobial sensitivity proi les were also determined. Bacillus candidates were individually sporulated by using a solid fermentation method and combined. Spores were incorporated into 1 of 3 experimental feed groups: 1) Negative control group, with unmedicated starter broiler feed without AFB1; 2) Positive control group, with negative control feed contaminated with 0.01% AFB1; 3) DFM treated group, with positive control feed supplemented with 109 spores/g. After digestion time(3:15 h), supernatants and digesta were collected for high-performance liquid chromatography l uorescence detection analysis by triplicate.Results: Three out of those sixty-nine DFM candidates showed ability to biodegrade AFB1 in vitro based on growth as well as reduction of l uorescence and area of clearance around each colony in modii ed Czapek-Dox medium which was clearly visible under day light after 48 h of evaluation. Analysis of 16S-DNA identii ed the strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis. The three Bacillus strains were tolerant to acidic conditions(p H 2.0), tolerant to a high osmotic pressure(Na Cl at 6.5%), and were able to tolerate 0.037% bile salts after 24 h of incubation. No signii cant dif erences(P > 0.05) were observed in the concentrations of AFB1 in neither the supernatants nor digesta samples evaluated by highperformance liquid chromatography with l uorescence detection between positive control or DFM treated groups. Conclusions: In vitro digestion time was not enough to confirm biodegradation of AFB1. Further studies to evaluate the possible biodegradation ef ects of the BacillusDFM when continuously administered in experimentally contaminated feed with AFB1, are in progress.
文摘This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular and rectangular) along with two types of feeding techniques (Microstrip line L-shape and Microstrip line I-shape). The performance of the antenna for each technique is thoroughly investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software simulation under the resonant frequency of 5.9 GHz. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective tool for improving antenna performance. Moreover, an extensive comparison has been carried out between the two different shapes, with and without antenna balun and between two feeding techniques focusing on return losses, gain, directivity, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
文摘随着产品功能需求的日益复杂,单材料部件已难以满足需求,这推动了采用多元材料组合以拓宽零件功能边界的丝粉混合定向能量沉积(Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition,WP-DED)技术的发展。然而,对WP-DED成形工艺的全面理解仍显不足,尤其是对其技术瓶颈和潜在问题的认知缺失,阻碍了该技术的进一步创新与广泛应用。鉴于此,深入探讨了WP-DED技术的核心运行机制,将其按送料方式分为双侧向送料、粉同轴与丝侧向送料、丝同轴与粉侧向送料和丝粉同轴送料4类,并系统性地梳理和归纳了这些多元化的材料输送机制。同时,回顾了WP-DED技术的演进历程与研究进展,详细阐述了4种送料方式WP-DED技术的演变、优劣对比、工艺探索以及沉积层组织与性能的研究等,旨在为读者提供清晰的技术发展脉络。此外,还指出了WP-DED技术在实践应用中面临的关键技术难题,如熔池流动控制、热历史管理、颗粒分布优化等,为后续科研与工程实践提供了明确方向。最后,展望了WP-DED技术的未来发展趋势,涉及材料开发、机制探索、过程优化和技术创新等方面,旨在激发更多关于该技术的创新思考与实际应用探索。
