A“simplified”figure was proposed in 2011 to summarize the results of controlled trials that evaluate different treatments aimed at the same disease condition.The original criteria for classifying individual binary c...A“simplified”figure was proposed in 2011 to summarize the results of controlled trials that evaluate different treatments aimed at the same disease condition.The original criteria for classifying individual binary comparisons included superiority,inferiority and no significance difference;hence,they did not differentiate between no proof of difference vs proof of no difference.We updated the criteria employed in the original“simplified”figure in order to include this differentiation.A revised version of the simplified figure is proposed and described herein.An example of application is also presented.The example is focused on first-line treatments for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Three treatments(medical therapy,cryoballoon ablation,radiofrequency ablation)are compared with one another through direct and indirect comparisons.展开更多
The increasing scale and complexity of power systems require high performance and high reliability of power system protection.Protective relaying based on directional comparison with power line carrier or microwave ch...The increasing scale and complexity of power systems require high performance and high reliability of power system protection.Protective relaying based on directional comparison with power line carrier or microwave channels is the most suitable protection scheme for long distance EHV transmission lines and is widely used in power systems.The key element of such protection is a directional relay used to discriminate the fault direction.In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional directional relays,the authors of this paper put forward the directional comparison carrier protection based on the artificial neural network(ANN).The protection is extensively tested using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) under various electric power system operating and fault conditions.It is proved that the directional comparison carrier protection based on ANN,which can recognize various fault patterns of the protected transmission line(such as fault direction,fault phases etc.)correctly in any kind of operating and fault conditions and the whole process,is satisfactory for EHV transmission line protection.展开更多
Test of consistency is critical for the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) methodology. When a pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) fails the consistency test, the decision maker(DM) needs to make revisions. The state of the ...Test of consistency is critical for the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) methodology. When a pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) fails the consistency test, the decision maker(DM) needs to make revisions. The state of the art focuses on changing a single entry or creating a new matrix based on the original inconsistent matrix so that the modified matrix can satisfy the consistency requirement. However, we have noticed that the reason that causes inconsistency is not only numerical inconsistency, but also logical inconsistency, which may play a more important role in the whole inconsistency. Therefore, to realize satisfactory consistency, first of all, we should change some entries that form a directed circuit to make the matrix logically consistent, and then adjust other entries within acceptable deviations to make the matrix numerically consistent while preserving most of the original comparison information. In this paper, we firstly present some definitions and theories, based on which two effective methods are provided to identify directed circuits. Four optimization models are proposed to adjust the original inconsistent matrix. Finally, illustrative examples and comparison studies show the effectiveness and feasibility of our method.展开更多
文摘A“simplified”figure was proposed in 2011 to summarize the results of controlled trials that evaluate different treatments aimed at the same disease condition.The original criteria for classifying individual binary comparisons included superiority,inferiority and no significance difference;hence,they did not differentiate between no proof of difference vs proof of no difference.We updated the criteria employed in the original“simplified”figure in order to include this differentiation.A revised version of the simplified figure is proposed and described herein.An example of application is also presented.The example is focused on first-line treatments for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Three treatments(medical therapy,cryoballoon ablation,radiofrequency ablation)are compared with one another through direct and indirect comparisons.
文摘The increasing scale and complexity of power systems require high performance and high reliability of power system protection.Protective relaying based on directional comparison with power line carrier or microwave channels is the most suitable protection scheme for long distance EHV transmission lines and is widely used in power systems.The key element of such protection is a directional relay used to discriminate the fault direction.In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional directional relays,the authors of this paper put forward the directional comparison carrier protection based on the artificial neural network(ANN).The protection is extensively tested using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) under various electric power system operating and fault conditions.It is proved that the directional comparison carrier protection based on ANN,which can recognize various fault patterns of the protected transmission line(such as fault direction,fault phases etc.)correctly in any kind of operating and fault conditions and the whole process,is satisfactory for EHV transmission line protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61601501 61502521)
文摘Test of consistency is critical for the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) methodology. When a pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) fails the consistency test, the decision maker(DM) needs to make revisions. The state of the art focuses on changing a single entry or creating a new matrix based on the original inconsistent matrix so that the modified matrix can satisfy the consistency requirement. However, we have noticed that the reason that causes inconsistency is not only numerical inconsistency, but also logical inconsistency, which may play a more important role in the whole inconsistency. Therefore, to realize satisfactory consistency, first of all, we should change some entries that form a directed circuit to make the matrix logically consistent, and then adjust other entries within acceptable deviations to make the matrix numerically consistent while preserving most of the original comparison information. In this paper, we firstly present some definitions and theories, based on which two effective methods are provided to identify directed circuits. Four optimization models are proposed to adjust the original inconsistent matrix. Finally, illustrative examples and comparison studies show the effectiveness and feasibility of our method.
