The effect of hydrogen injection on blast furnace operation and carbon dioxide emissions was simulated using a 1D steady-state zonal model.The maximum hydrogen injection rate was evaluated on the basis of the simulati...The effect of hydrogen injection on blast furnace operation and carbon dioxide emissions was simulated using a 1D steady-state zonal model.The maximum hydrogen injection rate was evaluated on the basis of the simulation of the vertical temperature pattern in the blast furnace with a focus on the thermal reserve zone.The effects of blast temperature and oxygen enrichment were also examined to estimate coke replacement ratio,productivity,hydrogen utilization efficiency,and carbon dioxide emission reduction.For blast temperature of 1200℃,the maximum hydrogen injection rate was 19.0 and 28.3 kg of H_(2)/t of hot metal(HM)for oxygen enrichment of 2vol%and 12vol%,respectively.Results showed a coke replacement ratio of 3-4 kg of coke/kg of H_(2),direct CO_(2) emission reduction of 10.2%-17.8%,and increased productivity by up to 13.7%depending on oxygen enrichment level.Increasing blast temperature further reduced the direct CO_(2) emissions.Hydrogen utilization degree reached the maximum of 0.52-0.54 H_(2)O/(H_(2)O+H_(2)).The decarbonization potential of hydrogen injection was estimated in the range from 9.4 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2) to 9.7 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2).For economic feasibility,hydrogen injection requires revolutionary progress in terms of low-cost H_(2) generation unless the technological change is motivated by the carbon emission cost.Hydrogen injection may unfavorably affect the radial temperature pattern of the raceway,which could be addressed by adopting appropriate injection techniques.展开更多
Urban sprawl has been a prevailing phenomenon in developing countries like China,potentially resulting in significant carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the transport sector.However,the impact of urban sprawl on tra...Urban sprawl has been a prevailing phenomenon in developing countries like China,potentially resulting in significant carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the transport sector.However,the impact of urban sprawl on transport CO_(2) emissions(TCEs)is still not fully understood and remains somewhat rudimentary.To systematically investigate how urban sprawl influences TCEs,we employ panel regression and panel threshold regression for 274 Chinese cities(2005-2020),and obtain some new findings.Our results affirm that the degree of urban sprawl is positively associated with TCEs,and this holds true in different groups of city size and geographical region,while significant heterogeneity is observed in terms of such impact.Interestingly,we find urban sprawl nonlinearly impacts TCEs—with an equal increase in urban sprawl degree,TCEs are even lower in cities with larger population size and better economic condition,particularly in East China.Furthermore,the low-carbon city pilot policy shows potential in mitigating sprawl's impact on TCEs.Drawing on our findings,we argue that to achieve the target of TCEs reduction in China by curbing urban sprawl,more priority should be placed on relatively small,less developed,and geographically inferior cities for cost-efficiency reasons when formulating future urban development strategies.展开更多
Air pollution is one of the leading cause of death for underdeveloped as well as developed countries. In 2011, the air pollution was the second leading cause of death in one of the main hospitals of the Kathmandu Vall...Air pollution is one of the leading cause of death for underdeveloped as well as developed countries. In 2011, the air pollution was the second leading cause of death in one of the main hospitals of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and it was the third leading cause in the United States. Burning fossil fuels for transportation was one of the major causes. Among various impacts of the air pollution, COPD （chronic obstructive pulmonary disease） was one of the main consequences. In the 570 km2 Kathmandu Valley, vehicle registration was increased from 45,871 in 1990/1991 to 570,145 in 2010/2011, an increase of over 12-fold over 20 years. The vehicle registration and number of COPD patients＇ data were collected from various government divisions. In addition, the average daily travel distance and fuel mileage data were collected with a survey with residents of the Kathmandu Valley. This paper calculates the amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions by transportation sector and determines correlation between CO2 emissions and COPD patients. Results show that there was a very high level of CO2 emissions, and it was positively correlated with the number of COPD patients in the valley.展开更多
China has published a stricter emission standard for thermal power plants in order to help reduce the power industry's sulfur dioxide emissions by over six
On September 22nd, 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a solemn commitment to peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality to the international community at the general debate of the 75th UN General Assembl...On September 22nd, 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a solemn commitment to peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality to the international community at the general debate of the 75th UN General Assembly, and put forward the goal that "China will strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060". On March 15th, 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the 9th meeting of the Central Committee of Finance and Economics, stressing that "we should build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, control the total amount of fossil energy, focus on improving the utilization efficiency, implement renewable energy substitution actions, deepen the reform of power system, and build a new power system with new energy as the main body. Electric power is an important basic industry related to peoples lives. The safety supervision and operation of power system is the premise of the sustainable development of power industry, which plays an important role in the development of national economy. Especially under the current power market conditions, it is very important to strengthen the research on the safety management of power system to ensure the normal power supply of national economy. At the same time, it can improve the operation and management of the power system, and improve its ability to respond to various emergencies. This paper introduces the advantages of implementing carbon neutrality in electric power industry, deeply studies various factors that affect the safety supervision of electric power operation under the influence of "double carbon", and puts forward effective measures to strengthen the safety of electric power dispatching management, so as to provide guidance for improving the safety of electric power operation in China.展开更多
Todays energy problem has become an urgent problem to be solved in China and even in the world. The realization of the 2030 peak carbon dioxide emissions and 2060 carbon neutral (double carbon) targets is both related...Todays energy problem has become an urgent problem to be solved in China and even in the world. The realization of the 2030 peak carbon dioxide emissions and 2060 carbon neutral (double carbon) targets is both related to Chinas healthy and sustainable development and the objective need of human sustainable development, i.e. green and low carbon circular development. This paper analyzes the characteristics of contract energy management, and puts forward the concept of tradable contract carbon asset management according to the development of dual-carbon situation in our country. It also compares and analyzes the similarities and differences between contract energy management and contract carbon asset management. Through the demand analysis of contract carbon asset management, it elaborates in detail how to carry out contract energy management, the existing problems in the current industry and puts forward suggestions for the follow-up development of contract energy management. Contract carbon asset management has the characteristics of novel management model and obvious effect of changing carbon emission structure. It will play an important role in Chinas energy structure transformation management in the future and will greatly promote the development of Chinas dual carbon industry.展开更多
The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task.Adopting the methods of input-output...The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task.Adopting the methods of input-output technique and complex network ana-lysis,we first construct a fairer method to trace carbon dioxide emission transfer based on global value chains,then trace the source of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the Silk Roads countries with a long-term multiple regional input-output database.We find that,first,after the proposal of the BRI,the total direct carbon dioxide emissions of the Silk Roads countries and China’s proportion of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the other Silk Roads countries have both declined.Second,the Silk Roads countries are generally the net receivers of carbon dioxide emission transfer,and the inflow is mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries and core countries in other sub-regions.Then,the transfer of carbon dioxide emission accepted by the Silk Roads countries comes mostly from large developing countries,such as China,Russia,and India,and developed countries,such as the United States,Japan,and Germany.The products are mainly concentrated in energy and chemical industries,as well as heavy industries,such as mining and quarrying,and metal products.We suggest that,due to the high degree of spatial and industrial concentrations of carbon dioxide emission transfer,it is necessary to make targeted policies for these countries and industries to reduce these transfers.展开更多
Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is amon...Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.展开更多
The study scrutinized correlation between electricity production,trade,economic growth,industrialization and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana.Our study disaggregated trade into export and import to spell out distinct...The study scrutinized correlation between electricity production,trade,economic growth,industrialization and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana.Our study disaggregated trade into export and import to spell out distinctive and individual variable contribution to emissions in Ghana.In an attempt to investigate,the study used time-series data set of World Development Indicators from 1971 to 2014.By means of Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)cointegrating technique,study established that variables are co-integrated and have long-run equilibrium relationship.Results of long-term effect of explanatory variables on carbon dioxide emissions indicated that 1%each increase of economic growth and industrialization,will cause an increase of emissions by 16.9%and 79%individually whiles each increase of 1%of electricity production,trade exports,trade imports,will cause a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions by 80.3%,27.7%and 4.1%correspondingly.In the pursuit of carbon emissions’mitigation and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13,Ghana need to increase electricity production and trade exports.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)e...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)emissions by analyzing the system’s boundary division,identifying the CO_(2)emission contributions of each life-cycle phase,listing major emission contributors,exploring related emission reduction technologies,and giving directions for future development.The research showed that the road life cycle is usually divided into five phases:material production,construction,use,maintenance and end-of-life(EOL)phases.The use phase and the initial construction stage(including material production and construction phases)contributed the most CO_(2)emissions during the road life cycle.In detail,the production of cement,asphalt and steel were the three main emission contributors in the material production phase.The pavement roughness,albedo,and concrete carbonation were the main factors affecting emissions in the use phase.In addition,emission reduction technologies such as using recycled materials and recycling techniques,lowering mixing temperature,and equipment energy substitution were commonly used to reduce emissions from material production and construction phases.The application of emerging technologies such as carbon capture and storage,carbon sink,and the use of hydrogen,solar and photovoltaic in the road sector may have emission reduction potentials and should be highlighted more in future studies.展开更多
Geopolymer concrete(GPC)has been developed as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based concrete using industrial waste materials.Thus,reducing greenhouse gas emissions in concrete production can be expect...Geopolymer concrete(GPC)has been developed as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based concrete using industrial waste materials.Thus,reducing greenhouse gas emissions in concrete production can be expected.This study employed the life cycle assessment(LCA)method to evaluate geopolymer concrete's cost and life-cycle carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.Moreover,the critical transportation radius of the geopolymer is estimated.Then,evaluation results were compared with ordinary Portland cement(OPC),considering three concrete construction methods:cast-in-place,ready-mixed,and precast.In particular,the service life of two types of concrete in sulfuric acid environments is considered.Compared with OPC concrete,the results show that geopolymer concretes can significantly reduce the cost and CO_(2)emissions when one or a small amount of alkali activator is used or alkali-containing materials are used to replace some alkali activators.However,the advantages would be reversed by the rising alkali dosages,which account for cost increases and carbon emissions.When considering the service life in special environments,geopolymer concrete in sulfuric acid environments corresponds to fewer carbon emissions,94%-97%decreased compared with OPC concrete.Finally,compared with OPC concrete,the newly developed limestone calcined clay cement(LC3)avoids high-temperature calcination and dramatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions.Compared to OPC concrete,LC3 concrete has a 19%reduction in CO_(2) emissions.And geopolymer concrete that takes alkali-activate materials for superseding alkalis also produces less carbon dioxide emissions.In particular,CO_(2) emissions from FA-SF geopolymer concrete are approximately 50%lower than OPC concrete.In addition,the use of alkali activators significantly weakens the cost advantage of geopolymers.But after accounting for waste disposal costs,the average net cost of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete can be more than 30% lower than that of OPC concrete.The average net cost of slag-based geopolymer concrete is 7%-45%lower than that of OPC concrete.The findings of this work provide the basis for further development of geopolymer concretes obeyed environmental protection.展开更多
Although the relationship between the size of urban industrial land use and pollutant emissions has been widely discussed from different perspectives(e.g.,the scale and crowding effects),the results of various studies...Although the relationship between the size of urban industrial land use and pollutant emissions has been widely discussed from different perspectives(e.g.,the scale and crowding effects),the results of various studies have revealed positive,negative,and combined impact relationships.However,how the expansion of urban industrial land use affects SO_(2) emissions remains unknown.We need to clarify this relationship in order to facilitate the realization of China’s pollution reduction and emission reduction goals.This study used the panel data from 294 cities spanning from 2011 to 2019 to construct a spatial econometric model.The objective was to explore the correlation between the scale of urban industrial land and sulfur dioxide emissions in China.The results show that a large scale of urban industrial land use corresponds to lower sulfur dioxide emissions per unit of industrial added value.By gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between the scale of urban industrial land use and sulfur dioxide emissions,policymakers can further reduce pollutant emissions by rationalizing the planning of urban industrial land use and industrial layout.In addition to promoting industrial agglomeration and economies of scale in cities with extensive industrial land use,this strategy can support the development of efficient and environmentally friendly industries in areas with limited industrial land use.Optimizing the technology and encouraging the development of green industries can help reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable urban development.展开更多
To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is...To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is regarded as an inevitable choice for China to build a clean,safe,efficient,and low-carbon energy system and fulfill the goal of“double carbon”.However,the domestic conventional natural gas supply remains rigid while the stimulation of unconventional natural gas is still limited.If we have a firm grip on the principal line of“understanding the ocean–developing resources–ensuring security”to realize the large-scale development of 85 trillion square meters of NGH in the South China Sea,then we could not only greatly reduce China‘s foreign dependence on natural gas,but also guarantee the safety of China‘s natural gas multi-path supply and safeguard the sovereignty of the South China Sea.Thus,the goal of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality can be achieved in no time.展开更多
Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV)are nowadays proving to be one of the most promising technologies for the im-provement of the fuel economy of several transportation segments.As far as the on-road category is concerned,a ...Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV)are nowadays proving to be one of the most promising technologies for the im-provement of the fuel economy of several transportation segments.As far as the on-road category is concerned,a wise selection of the powertrain design is needed to exploit the best energetic performance achievable by a HEV.Amongst the methodologies developed for comparing different hybrid architectures,global optimizers have demonstrated the capability of leading to optimal design solutions at the expense of a relevant compu-tational burden.In the present paper,an innovative deep neural networks-based model for the prediction of tank-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions as estimated by a Dynamic Programming(DP)algorithm is presented.The model consists of a pipeline of neural networks aimed at catching the correlations lying between the de-sign parameters of a HEV architecture and the main outcomes of the DP,namely powertrain feasibility and tail pipe CO_(2) emissions.Moreover,an automatic search tool(AST)has been developed for tuning the main hyper-parameters of the networks.Interesting results have been registered by applying the pipeline to three databases related to three different HEV parallel architectures.The capability of the pipeline has been proved through an extensive testing campaign made up by multiple experiments.Classification performances above 91%as well as average regression errors below 1%have been achieved during an extensive set of simulations.The presented model could hence be considered as an effective tool for supporting HEV design optimization phases.展开更多
Effectively exploring the impacts of urban spatial structures on carbon dioxide emissions is important for achieving low-carbon goals.However,most previous studies have examined the impact of urban spatial structure o...Effectively exploring the impacts of urban spatial structures on carbon dioxide emissions is important for achieving low-carbon goals.However,most previous studies have examined the impact of urban spatial structure on total carbon emissions based only on polycentricity.Fine-grained studies on subsectoral carbon emissions and other dimensions of urban spatial structure are lacking.Therefore,our study comprehensively explores the impact of urban dispersion and polycentricity on total carbon emissions and carbon emissions of four subsectors(industry,power,civilian,and transportation)from 2012 to 2017 while considering the effects of city size.Results reveal that the nighttime light data is useful for measuring urban spatial structure,and a polycentric,decentralized urban spatial structure correlates with the reduced total carbon emissions and transportation carbon emissions.Meanwhile,a decentralized urban spatial structure gives rise to lower industrial carbon emissions and civilian carbon emissions,whereas a multicenter urban spatial structure contributes to minimizing carbon emissions from power systems.However,in small and medium-sized cities,urban spatial structure differently affects the total carbon and transportation carbon emissions.展开更多
The rapid urbanization of China has increased pressure on its environmental and ecological well being. In this study, the temporal and spatial profiles of China＇s carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed by taking heter...The rapid urbanization of China has increased pressure on its environmental and ecological well being. In this study, the temporal and spatial profiles of China＇s carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed by taking heterogeneities into account based on an integration of the extended stochastic impacts using a geographically and temporally weighted regression model on population, affluence, and technology. Population size, urbanization rate, GDP per capita, energy intensity, industrial structure, energy consumption pattern, energy prices, and economy openness are identified as the key driving factors of regional carbon dioxide emissions and examined through the empirical data for 30 provinces during 2006-2010. The results show the driving factors and their spillover effects have distinct spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Most of the estimated time and space coefficients are consistent with expectation. According to the results of this study, the heterogeneous spatial and temporal effects should be taken into account when designing policies to achieve the goals of carbon dioxide emissions reduction in different regions.展开更多
China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for Ch...China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for China to achieve carbon neutrality and meet its sustainable global development goals.We constructed a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission model for China’s iron and steel industry froma life cycle perspective,conducted an empirical analysis based on data from2019,and calculated the CO_(2)emissions of the industry throughout its life cycle.Key emission reduction factors were identified using sensitivity analysis.The results demonstrated that the CO_(2)emission intensity of the steel industry was 2.33 ton CO_(2)/ton,and the production and manufacturing stages were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions,accounting for 89.84%of the total steel life-cycle emissions.Notably,fossil fuel combustion had the highest sensitivity to steel CO_(2)emissions,with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.68,reducing the amount of fossil fuel combustion by 20%and carbon emissions by 13.60%.The sensitivities of power structure optimization and scrap consumption were similar,while that of the transportation structure adjustment was the lowest,with a sensitivity coefficient of less than 0.1.Given the current strategic goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality,it is in the best interest of the Chinese government to actively promote energy-saving and low-carbon technologies,increase the ratio of scrap steel to steelmaking,and build a new power system.展开更多
Reducing global carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions is essential for meeting climate change mitigation goals,especially in urban areas.In this regard,this study used CO_(2)emissions and energy transition data from 296 Chi...Reducing global carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions is essential for meeting climate change mitigation goals,especially in urban areas.In this regard,this study used CO_(2)emissions and energy transition data from 296 China's cities in 2020 and the extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology(STIRPAT)model to explore the relationship between energy transition and CO_(2)emissions at the city-scale.The findings indicate a spatial distribution of energy transition magnitude that is high in the west and low in the east,which does not align with economic status and total CO_(2)emissions,posing significant challenges for China's energy transition and urban CO_(2)reduction.The STIRPAT model reveals that urban CO_(2)emissions are significantly driven by increases in population size,levels of economic development,and the expansion of transportation infrastructure.Conversely,investments in science and education,the expansion of the tertiary sector,and the disruptive effects of the COVID-19(Coronavirus Disease 2019)pandemic are associated with notable reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Specifically,the analysis estimates that a 1.00%increase in the energy transition degree is associated witha 0.90%decrease in urban CO_(2)emissions.However,regional assessments underscore considerable spatial heterogeneity in the energy transition effect,with CO_(2)reduction benefits being less pronounced in central and western cities.These findings suggest that future clean energy initiatives should be strategically concentrated in eastern China,where the demand and potential for CO_(2)mitigation are greater.This study deepens the understanding of the complex relationship between energy transition and urban CO_(2)emissions,offering valuable insights to inform targeted policy interventions for carbon reduction at the city level.展开更多
The iron and steel industry(ISI) involves high energy consumption and high pollution. ISI in China, a leading country in the ISI,consumed 15% of the country’s total energy and produced more than 50% of the global ISI...The iron and steel industry(ISI) involves high energy consumption and high pollution. ISI in China, a leading country in the ISI,consumed 15% of the country’s total energy and produced more than 50% of the global ISI’s carbon emissions. Therefore, in the context of global low-carbon economy and emission reduction requirements, low-carbon smelting technology in the ISI has attracted increasingly more attention in China. This review summarizes the current status of carbon emissions and energy consumption in China’s ISI and discusses the development status and prospects of low-carbon ironmaking technology. The main route to effectively reducing carbon emissions is to develop a gas-based direct reduction process and replace sintering with pelletizing, both of which focus on developing pelletizing technology. However,the challenge of pelletizing process development is to obtain high-quality iron concentrates. Consequently, the present paper also summarizes the development status of China’s mineral processing technology, including fine-grained mineral processing technology, magnetization roasting technology, and flotation collector application. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the low-carbon development of China’s ISI in terms of a dressing–smelting combination.展开更多
文摘The effect of hydrogen injection on blast furnace operation and carbon dioxide emissions was simulated using a 1D steady-state zonal model.The maximum hydrogen injection rate was evaluated on the basis of the simulation of the vertical temperature pattern in the blast furnace with a focus on the thermal reserve zone.The effects of blast temperature and oxygen enrichment were also examined to estimate coke replacement ratio,productivity,hydrogen utilization efficiency,and carbon dioxide emission reduction.For blast temperature of 1200℃,the maximum hydrogen injection rate was 19.0 and 28.3 kg of H_(2)/t of hot metal(HM)for oxygen enrichment of 2vol%and 12vol%,respectively.Results showed a coke replacement ratio of 3-4 kg of coke/kg of H_(2),direct CO_(2) emission reduction of 10.2%-17.8%,and increased productivity by up to 13.7%depending on oxygen enrichment level.Increasing blast temperature further reduced the direct CO_(2) emissions.Hydrogen utilization degree reached the maximum of 0.52-0.54 H_(2)O/(H_(2)O+H_(2)).The decarbonization potential of hydrogen injection was estimated in the range from 9.4 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2) to 9.7 t of CO_(2)/t of H_(2).For economic feasibility,hydrogen injection requires revolutionary progress in terms of low-cost H_(2) generation unless the technological change is motivated by the carbon emission cost.Hydrogen injection may unfavorably affect the radial temperature pattern of the raceway,which could be addressed by adopting appropriate injection techniques.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFC3800101。
文摘Urban sprawl has been a prevailing phenomenon in developing countries like China,potentially resulting in significant carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the transport sector.However,the impact of urban sprawl on transport CO_(2) emissions(TCEs)is still not fully understood and remains somewhat rudimentary.To systematically investigate how urban sprawl influences TCEs,we employ panel regression and panel threshold regression for 274 Chinese cities(2005-2020),and obtain some new findings.Our results affirm that the degree of urban sprawl is positively associated with TCEs,and this holds true in different groups of city size and geographical region,while significant heterogeneity is observed in terms of such impact.Interestingly,we find urban sprawl nonlinearly impacts TCEs—with an equal increase in urban sprawl degree,TCEs are even lower in cities with larger population size and better economic condition,particularly in East China.Furthermore,the low-carbon city pilot policy shows potential in mitigating sprawl's impact on TCEs.Drawing on our findings,we argue that to achieve the target of TCEs reduction in China by curbing urban sprawl,more priority should be placed on relatively small,less developed,and geographically inferior cities for cost-efficiency reasons when formulating future urban development strategies.
文摘Air pollution is one of the leading cause of death for underdeveloped as well as developed countries. In 2011, the air pollution was the second leading cause of death in one of the main hospitals of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and it was the third leading cause in the United States. Burning fossil fuels for transportation was one of the major causes. Among various impacts of the air pollution, COPD （chronic obstructive pulmonary disease） was one of the main consequences. In the 570 km2 Kathmandu Valley, vehicle registration was increased from 45,871 in 1990/1991 to 570,145 in 2010/2011, an increase of over 12-fold over 20 years. The vehicle registration and number of COPD patients＇ data were collected from various government divisions. In addition, the average daily travel distance and fuel mileage data were collected with a survey with residents of the Kathmandu Valley. This paper calculates the amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions by transportation sector and determines correlation between CO2 emissions and COPD patients. Results show that there was a very high level of CO2 emissions, and it was positively correlated with the number of COPD patients in the valley.
文摘China has published a stricter emission standard for thermal power plants in order to help reduce the power industry's sulfur dioxide emissions by over six
文摘On September 22nd, 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping made a solemn commitment to peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality to the international community at the general debate of the 75th UN General Assembly, and put forward the goal that "China will strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060". On March 15th, 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the 9th meeting of the Central Committee of Finance and Economics, stressing that "we should build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, control the total amount of fossil energy, focus on improving the utilization efficiency, implement renewable energy substitution actions, deepen the reform of power system, and build a new power system with new energy as the main body. Electric power is an important basic industry related to peoples lives. The safety supervision and operation of power system is the premise of the sustainable development of power industry, which plays an important role in the development of national economy. Especially under the current power market conditions, it is very important to strengthen the research on the safety management of power system to ensure the normal power supply of national economy. At the same time, it can improve the operation and management of the power system, and improve its ability to respond to various emergencies. This paper introduces the advantages of implementing carbon neutrality in electric power industry, deeply studies various factors that affect the safety supervision of electric power operation under the influence of "double carbon", and puts forward effective measures to strengthen the safety of electric power dispatching management, so as to provide guidance for improving the safety of electric power operation in China.
文摘Todays energy problem has become an urgent problem to be solved in China and even in the world. The realization of the 2030 peak carbon dioxide emissions and 2060 carbon neutral (double carbon) targets is both related to Chinas healthy and sustainable development and the objective need of human sustainable development, i.e. green and low carbon circular development. This paper analyzes the characteristics of contract energy management, and puts forward the concept of tradable contract carbon asset management according to the development of dual-carbon situation in our country. It also compares and analyzes the similarities and differences between contract energy management and contract carbon asset management. Through the demand analysis of contract carbon asset management, it elaborates in detail how to carry out contract energy management, the existing problems in the current industry and puts forward suggestions for the follow-up development of contract energy management. Contract carbon asset management has the characteristics of novel management model and obvious effect of changing carbon emission structure. It will play an important role in Chinas energy structure transformation management in the future and will greatly promote the development of Chinas dual carbon industry.
基金Under the auspices of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M703182)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41701138)。
文摘The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task.Adopting the methods of input-output technique and complex network ana-lysis,we first construct a fairer method to trace carbon dioxide emission transfer based on global value chains,then trace the source of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the Silk Roads countries with a long-term multiple regional input-output database.We find that,first,after the proposal of the BRI,the total direct carbon dioxide emissions of the Silk Roads countries and China’s proportion of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the other Silk Roads countries have both declined.Second,the Silk Roads countries are generally the net receivers of carbon dioxide emission transfer,and the inflow is mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries and core countries in other sub-regions.Then,the transfer of carbon dioxide emission accepted by the Silk Roads countries comes mostly from large developing countries,such as China,Russia,and India,and developed countries,such as the United States,Japan,and Germany.The products are mainly concentrated in energy and chemical industries,as well as heavy industries,such as mining and quarrying,and metal products.We suggest that,due to the high degree of spatial and industrial concentrations of carbon dioxide emission transfer,it is necessary to make targeted policies for these countries and industries to reduce these transfers.
文摘Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.
文摘The study scrutinized correlation between electricity production,trade,economic growth,industrialization and carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana.Our study disaggregated trade into export and import to spell out distinctive and individual variable contribution to emissions in Ghana.In an attempt to investigate,the study used time-series data set of World Development Indicators from 1971 to 2014.By means of Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)cointegrating technique,study established that variables are co-integrated and have long-run equilibrium relationship.Results of long-term effect of explanatory variables on carbon dioxide emissions indicated that 1%each increase of economic growth and industrialization,will cause an increase of emissions by 16.9%and 79%individually whiles each increase of 1%of electricity production,trade exports,trade imports,will cause a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions by 80.3%,27.7%and 4.1%correspondingly.In the pursuit of carbon emissions’mitigation and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)13,Ghana need to increase electricity production and trade exports.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51878062,52102390 and 52002032)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2022JQ-527)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.300102342501 and 300102342517)
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from the road sector have attracted increasing attention in current years.This paper attempted to provide a systematic review of the existing research efforts on road life-cycle CO_(2)emissions by analyzing the system’s boundary division,identifying the CO_(2)emission contributions of each life-cycle phase,listing major emission contributors,exploring related emission reduction technologies,and giving directions for future development.The research showed that the road life cycle is usually divided into five phases:material production,construction,use,maintenance and end-of-life(EOL)phases.The use phase and the initial construction stage(including material production and construction phases)contributed the most CO_(2)emissions during the road life cycle.In detail,the production of cement,asphalt and steel were the three main emission contributors in the material production phase.The pavement roughness,albedo,and concrete carbonation were the main factors affecting emissions in the use phase.In addition,emission reduction technologies such as using recycled materials and recycling techniques,lowering mixing temperature,and equipment energy substitution were commonly used to reduce emissions from material production and construction phases.The application of emerging technologies such as carbon capture and storage,carbon sink,and the use of hydrogen,solar and photovoltaic in the road sector may have emission reduction potentials and should be highlighted more in future studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978070)Key Research and Development Plan Project of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBSF-110).
文摘Geopolymer concrete(GPC)has been developed as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based concrete using industrial waste materials.Thus,reducing greenhouse gas emissions in concrete production can be expected.This study employed the life cycle assessment(LCA)method to evaluate geopolymer concrete's cost and life-cycle carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.Moreover,the critical transportation radius of the geopolymer is estimated.Then,evaluation results were compared with ordinary Portland cement(OPC),considering three concrete construction methods:cast-in-place,ready-mixed,and precast.In particular,the service life of two types of concrete in sulfuric acid environments is considered.Compared with OPC concrete,the results show that geopolymer concretes can significantly reduce the cost and CO_(2)emissions when one or a small amount of alkali activator is used or alkali-containing materials are used to replace some alkali activators.However,the advantages would be reversed by the rising alkali dosages,which account for cost increases and carbon emissions.When considering the service life in special environments,geopolymer concrete in sulfuric acid environments corresponds to fewer carbon emissions,94%-97%decreased compared with OPC concrete.Finally,compared with OPC concrete,the newly developed limestone calcined clay cement(LC3)avoids high-temperature calcination and dramatically reduces carbon dioxide emissions.Compared to OPC concrete,LC3 concrete has a 19%reduction in CO_(2) emissions.And geopolymer concrete that takes alkali-activate materials for superseding alkalis also produces less carbon dioxide emissions.In particular,CO_(2) emissions from FA-SF geopolymer concrete are approximately 50%lower than OPC concrete.In addition,the use of alkali activators significantly weakens the cost advantage of geopolymers.But after accounting for waste disposal costs,the average net cost of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete can be more than 30% lower than that of OPC concrete.The average net cost of slag-based geopolymer concrete is 7%-45%lower than that of OPC concrete.The findings of this work provide the basis for further development of geopolymer concretes obeyed environmental protection.
基金The Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202301AT070062,202401AT070108,202401AS070037)The Key Program of the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(42130712)+2 种基金The Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2024Y155)The Yunnan Province Innovation Team Project(202305AS350003)The Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program in YunnanProvince(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0740,XDYC-WHMJ-2022-0016).
文摘Although the relationship between the size of urban industrial land use and pollutant emissions has been widely discussed from different perspectives(e.g.,the scale and crowding effects),the results of various studies have revealed positive,negative,and combined impact relationships.However,how the expansion of urban industrial land use affects SO_(2) emissions remains unknown.We need to clarify this relationship in order to facilitate the realization of China’s pollution reduction and emission reduction goals.This study used the panel data from 294 cities spanning from 2011 to 2019 to construct a spatial econometric model.The objective was to explore the correlation between the scale of urban industrial land and sulfur dioxide emissions in China.The results show that a large scale of urban industrial land use corresponds to lower sulfur dioxide emissions per unit of industrial added value.By gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between the scale of urban industrial land use and sulfur dioxide emissions,policymakers can further reduce pollutant emissions by rationalizing the planning of urban industrial land use and industrial layout.In addition to promoting industrial agglomeration and economies of scale in cities with extensive industrial land use,this strategy can support the development of efficient and environmentally friendly industries in areas with limited industrial land use.Optimizing the technology and encouraging the development of green industries can help reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable urban development.
基金the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(D21025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20B6005-05)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC0312300).
文摘To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is regarded as an inevitable choice for China to build a clean,safe,efficient,and low-carbon energy system and fulfill the goal of“double carbon”.However,the domestic conventional natural gas supply remains rigid while the stimulation of unconventional natural gas is still limited.If we have a firm grip on the principal line of“understanding the ocean–developing resources–ensuring security”to realize the large-scale development of 85 trillion square meters of NGH in the South China Sea,then we could not only greatly reduce China‘s foreign dependence on natural gas,but also guarantee the safety of China‘s natural gas multi-path supply and safeguard the sovereignty of the South China Sea.Thus,the goal of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality can be achieved in no time.
文摘Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV)are nowadays proving to be one of the most promising technologies for the im-provement of the fuel economy of several transportation segments.As far as the on-road category is concerned,a wise selection of the powertrain design is needed to exploit the best energetic performance achievable by a HEV.Amongst the methodologies developed for comparing different hybrid architectures,global optimizers have demonstrated the capability of leading to optimal design solutions at the expense of a relevant compu-tational burden.In the present paper,an innovative deep neural networks-based model for the prediction of tank-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions as estimated by a Dynamic Programming(DP)algorithm is presented.The model consists of a pipeline of neural networks aimed at catching the correlations lying between the de-sign parameters of a HEV architecture and the main outcomes of the DP,namely powertrain feasibility and tail pipe CO_(2) emissions.Moreover,an automatic search tool(AST)has been developed for tuning the main hyper-parameters of the networks.Interesting results have been registered by applying the pipeline to three databases related to three different HEV parallel architectures.The capability of the pipeline has been proved through an extensive testing campaign made up by multiple experiments.Classification performances above 91%as well as average regression errors below 1%have been achieved during an extensive set of simulations.The presented model could hence be considered as an effective tool for supporting HEV design optimization phases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41801343)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province of China(No.2021J06014)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Fujian University。
文摘Effectively exploring the impacts of urban spatial structures on carbon dioxide emissions is important for achieving low-carbon goals.However,most previous studies have examined the impact of urban spatial structure on total carbon emissions based only on polycentricity.Fine-grained studies on subsectoral carbon emissions and other dimensions of urban spatial structure are lacking.Therefore,our study comprehensively explores the impact of urban dispersion and polycentricity on total carbon emissions and carbon emissions of four subsectors(industry,power,civilian,and transportation)from 2012 to 2017 while considering the effects of city size.Results reveal that the nighttime light data is useful for measuring urban spatial structure,and a polycentric,decentralized urban spatial structure correlates with the reduced total carbon emissions and transportation carbon emissions.Meanwhile,a decentralized urban spatial structure gives rise to lower industrial carbon emissions and civilian carbon emissions,whereas a multicenter urban spatial structure contributes to minimizing carbon emissions from power systems.However,in small and medium-sized cities,urban spatial structure differently affects the total carbon and transportation carbon emissions.
基金Acknowledgements We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the earlier version of this paper and Dr. Leo Lester for proof reading. Valuable discussion and suggestions from Professor Tasawar Hayat and Professor Ahmed Alsaedi are highly appreciated. This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 71473242, 71403285, and 71403017）, the National Basic Research Program of China （No. 2012CB955700）, and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （No. XDA05140300）.
文摘The rapid urbanization of China has increased pressure on its environmental and ecological well being. In this study, the temporal and spatial profiles of China＇s carbon dioxide emissions are analyzed by taking heterogeneities into account based on an integration of the extended stochastic impacts using a geographically and temporally weighted regression model on population, affluence, and technology. Population size, urbanization rate, GDP per capita, energy intensity, industrial structure, energy consumption pattern, energy prices, and economy openness are identified as the key driving factors of regional carbon dioxide emissions and examined through the empirical data for 30 provinces during 2006-2010. The results show the driving factors and their spillover effects have distinct spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Most of the estimated time and space coefficients are consistent with expectation. According to the results of this study, the heterogeneous spatial and temporal effects should be taken into account when designing policies to achieve the goals of carbon dioxide emissions reduction in different regions.
基金supported by Ningbo’s major scientific and technological breakthrough project“Research and Demonstration on the Technology of Collaborative Disposal of Secondary Ash in Typical Industrial Furnaces” (No.20212ZDYF020047)the central balance fund project“Research on Carbon Emission Accounting and Emission Reduction Potential Assessment for the Whole Life Cycle of Iron and Steel Industry” (No.2021-JY-07).
文摘China is the most important steel producer in the world,and its steel industry is one of themost carbon-intensive industries in China.Consequently,research on carbon emissions from the steel industry is crucial for China to achieve carbon neutrality and meet its sustainable global development goals.We constructed a carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emission model for China’s iron and steel industry froma life cycle perspective,conducted an empirical analysis based on data from2019,and calculated the CO_(2)emissions of the industry throughout its life cycle.Key emission reduction factors were identified using sensitivity analysis.The results demonstrated that the CO_(2)emission intensity of the steel industry was 2.33 ton CO_(2)/ton,and the production and manufacturing stages were the main sources of CO_(2)emissions,accounting for 89.84%of the total steel life-cycle emissions.Notably,fossil fuel combustion had the highest sensitivity to steel CO_(2)emissions,with a sensitivity coefficient of 0.68,reducing the amount of fossil fuel combustion by 20%and carbon emissions by 13.60%.The sensitivities of power structure optimization and scrap consumption were similar,while that of the transportation structure adjustment was the lowest,with a sensitivity coefficient of less than 0.1.Given the current strategic goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality,it is in the best interest of the Chinese government to actively promote energy-saving and low-carbon technologies,increase the ratio of scrap steel to steelmaking,and build a new power system.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42471191)Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.2023R1039)Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science Research Project(No.21YJCZH006)。
文摘Reducing global carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions is essential for meeting climate change mitigation goals,especially in urban areas.In this regard,this study used CO_(2)emissions and energy transition data from 296 China's cities in 2020 and the extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology(STIRPAT)model to explore the relationship between energy transition and CO_(2)emissions at the city-scale.The findings indicate a spatial distribution of energy transition magnitude that is high in the west and low in the east,which does not align with economic status and total CO_(2)emissions,posing significant challenges for China's energy transition and urban CO_(2)reduction.The STIRPAT model reveals that urban CO_(2)emissions are significantly driven by increases in population size,levels of economic development,and the expansion of transportation infrastructure.Conversely,investments in science and education,the expansion of the tertiary sector,and the disruptive effects of the COVID-19(Coronavirus Disease 2019)pandemic are associated with notable reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Specifically,the analysis estimates that a 1.00%increase in the energy transition degree is associated witha 0.90%decrease in urban CO_(2)emissions.However,regional assessments underscore considerable spatial heterogeneity in the energy transition effect,with CO_(2)reduction benefits being less pronounced in central and western cities.These findings suggest that future clean energy initiatives should be strategically concentrated in eastern China,where the demand and potential for CO_(2)mitigation are greater.This study deepens the understanding of the complex relationship between energy transition and urban CO_(2)emissions,offering valuable insights to inform targeted policy interventions for carbon reduction at the city level.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation China (No.52274343)the Youth Natural Science Foundation China (No.51904347)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation (No.BWLCF202102)。
文摘The iron and steel industry(ISI) involves high energy consumption and high pollution. ISI in China, a leading country in the ISI,consumed 15% of the country’s total energy and produced more than 50% of the global ISI’s carbon emissions. Therefore, in the context of global low-carbon economy and emission reduction requirements, low-carbon smelting technology in the ISI has attracted increasingly more attention in China. This review summarizes the current status of carbon emissions and energy consumption in China’s ISI and discusses the development status and prospects of low-carbon ironmaking technology. The main route to effectively reducing carbon emissions is to develop a gas-based direct reduction process and replace sintering with pelletizing, both of which focus on developing pelletizing technology. However,the challenge of pelletizing process development is to obtain high-quality iron concentrates. Consequently, the present paper also summarizes the development status of China’s mineral processing technology, including fine-grained mineral processing technology, magnetization roasting technology, and flotation collector application. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the low-carbon development of China’s ISI in terms of a dressing–smelting combination.
