Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these eco...Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the monogalactosyl diglyceride(MGDG)and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)from Clinacanthus nutans(C.nutans)for their in vitro antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)and type ...Objective:To evaluate the monogalactosyl diglyceride(MGDG)and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)from Clinacanthus nutans(C.nutans)for their in vitro antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)and type 2(HSV-2)by plaque reduction assay.Methods:MGDG and DGDG were extracted with chloroform from C.nutans leaves.MGDG and DGDG were separated from chloroform crude extract using column chromatography,characterized by thin layer chromatography and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.The anti HSV-1 and 2 activity against pre-treatment and posttreatment of the compounds was evaluated using plaque reduction assay.The cytotoxicity of the extract and the compounds on Vero cells were performed by MTT assay.Results:MGDG and DGDG obtained by column chromatography showed identical profiles as standard MGDG and standard DGDG using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans showed 100%inhibition of HSV-1 replication at the post step of infection at noncytotoxic concentration with IC50 values of 36.00 and 40.00 mg/m L,and HSV-2 at 41.00 and 43.20 mg/mL,respectively.Moreover,MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans were demonstrated to have antiherpes simplex activity at the same level as standard synthetic compounds.In contrast,pretreatment of Vero cells with MGDG and DGDG before HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection did not show inhibitory effect against these viruses.MGDG and DGDG exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 with selectivity index of 26.00 and 23.00 and HSV-2 of 23.30 and 21.30.Conclusions:MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans,a traditional Thai herbal medicine illustrated inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2,probably by inhibiting the late stage of multiplication,suggesting their promising use as anti-HSV agents.展开更多
The effects of mono-and di-glycerides/phospholipids(MDG/PL)combinations on lutein and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)bioavailability in SD rats subjected to subchronic feeding with oil and emulsion systems were explored.MDG...The effects of mono-and di-glycerides/phospholipids(MDG/PL)combinations on lutein and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)bioavailability in SD rats subjected to subchronic feeding with oil and emulsion systems were explored.MDG/PL increased the relative bioavailability of lutein and DHA respectively by 125.43%and 114.51%in the oil system and 111.15%and 113.94%in the emulsion,promoted lutein accumulation in the liver and spleen,and decreased the amount of lutein excreted via the urine and feces in both systems.These results suggest that the MDG/PL combinations effectively improve lutein and DHA bioavailability,especially lutein,which makes it a potential emulsifier of lutein and/or DHA in formulas or other preparations.Further study should be oriented to visualize the particle size and interfacial configuration of the MDG/PL and investigate the optimal formulation of MDG/PL and lutein and DHA for practical application.展开更多
Peripheral fatigue,characterized by energy metabolism disruption and metabolite accumulation,contributes to severe health complications.This study investigated the anti-fatigue effects of flaxseed-derived diglyceride-...Peripheral fatigue,characterized by energy metabolism disruption and metabolite accumulation,contributes to severe health complications.This study investigated the anti-fatigue effects of flaxseed-derived diglyceride-based food for special medical purposes(DIG-FSMP)and its mechanism.A fatigue mouse model was established using chronic multifactorial stress(restraint,unpredictable stress,excessive exercise).Mice were divided into five groups:normal control(NC),model(M),positive control(Rhodiola rosea),low-dose(L,40 mg/kg)and high-dose DIG-FSMP(H,200 mg/kg).After 28 days of intervention,compared with the model group,DIG-FSMP significantly restored body weight gain and muscle index,increased the exhaustion swimming time by 97%,decreased the blood urea nitrogen(BUN)content by 30%,increased the liver/muscle glycogen(LG/MG)contents by 55%,reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)by 39%,and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD)by 75%.Histopathology confirmed reduced gastrocnemius muscle damage.Transcriptomics identified 236 fatigue-related genes,and the significantly expressed genes associated with fatigue relieving activity are Chac1,Zfp979,Kpna2,Zbtb16,Slc25a25,Id1,Klf2,Otud1 and Fbxo32.Metabolomics revealed DIG-FSMP modulated 117 serum metabolites,which were involved in 57 differential metabolites and their corresponding enriched KEGG pathways by transcriptomics,primarily including Levocarnitine(thermogenesis),Creatinine(arginine and proline metabolism),Ltyrosine(protein digestion and absorption),and niacin and nicotinamide(metabolism).Correlation analysis linked key genes(Carns1,Odc1),metabolites,and biochemical indicators(SOD,MG).In summary,DIG-FSMP alleviates peripheral fatigue by enhancing energy storage and reducing oxidative stress.展开更多
The advancement of more precise tools for sustainable process design in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from renewable sources is crucial.Kinetics of solvent-free transesterification reactions were conducted across a te...The advancement of more precise tools for sustainable process design in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from renewable sources is crucial.Kinetics of solvent-free transesterification reactions were conducted across a temperature spectrum from 30℃ to 60℃,utilizing Jatropha curcas oil(TG)and ethanol as substrates,alongside a fermented solid by Rhizopus homothallicus as the biocatalyst.The dynamics of chemical species concentrations were monitored through High-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography.Maximum productivities were ach-ieved at 35℃ and 60℃ for biodiesel(293.24 and 299.02 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1),respectively),at 40℃ for di-glycerides(1018.36 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1)),and at 35℃ for monoglycerides(560.75 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1)).Maximum yields were determined at 30℃ for fatty acid ethyl esters(0.56 g gTG^(-1)),and at 40℃ for diglycerides(0.53 g gTG^(-1))and monoglycerides(0.30 g gTG^(-1)).Based on the experimental findings,a kinetic model was formulated encompassing three reversible transesterification reactions.Individual reactions were structured following classical biochemical kinetics,inclusive of ethanol inhibition.Model fitting was executed through non-linear multivariable regression techniques,with the minimum of the average coefficient of variation of the residuals(ACVR)serving as the objective function.The resulting fit of the kinetic model to the experimental data proved satisfactory,with an ACVR of less than 5%across all instances.Notably,the maximum biodiesel productivity,obtained in this work,represented the highest value,compared to other related studies,using a fermented solid as a biocatalyst.展开更多
To study whether the diacylglycerol (Dia) signaling pathway is stimulated by advanced glycosylation end products (AGEP) and to test the effect of vitamin E and aminoguanidine (AG) on the elevation of Dia induced by AG...To study whether the diacylglycerol (Dia) signaling pathway is stimulated by advanced glycosylation end products (AGEP) and to test the effect of vitamin E and aminoguanidine (AG) on the elevation of Dia induced by AGEP in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) Methods The effects of AGEP on Dia levels in cultured HUVEC were studied with radio enzymatic assay Quantitative measurements of 32 P phosphatidic acid were achieved by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography Results The Dia levels in HUVECs were increased by AGEP modified bovine serum albumin (AGEP BSA) in a dose dependent, biphasic manner The early phase was rapid and transient, peaking at 15?s; the late phase reached the maximal level at 10?min and then decayed slowly Dia levels in HUVEC exposed to different concentrations (50, 100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA (341±14, 678±16, and 873±18?pmol/L, respectively vs control 225±10?pmol/L) and AGEP BSA samples with various glycosylation times (4, 8 and 12 weeks) were significantly increased (270±12, 394±16, and 556±19?pmol/L) as compared with the controls 50 and 100?mmol/L of vitamin E can reduce AGEP BSA induced Dia levels from 873±18?pmol/L to 764±29 and 441±21?pmol/L in HUVEC, respectively In AG treated (100?mmol/L) groups, the same concentration (100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia was decreased to 312±8 and 351±13?pmol/L, respectively Glycosylated low density lipoprotein (LDL) did not affect Dia levels Conclusion AGEP causes a robust stimulation of the Dia/protein kinase C pathway in HUVEC Vitamin E can attenuate the AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia levels AG can suppress the ability of AGEP BSA to increase Dia levels in HUVEC展开更多
文摘Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.
基金Supported by Department of Medical SciencesMinistry of Public Health,Thailand(Grant No.RMSc-3Nk-RD-27-2011)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the monogalactosyl diglyceride(MGDG)and digalactosyl diglyceride(DGDG)from Clinacanthus nutans(C.nutans)for their in vitro antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1)and type 2(HSV-2)by plaque reduction assay.Methods:MGDG and DGDG were extracted with chloroform from C.nutans leaves.MGDG and DGDG were separated from chloroform crude extract using column chromatography,characterized by thin layer chromatography and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.The anti HSV-1 and 2 activity against pre-treatment and posttreatment of the compounds was evaluated using plaque reduction assay.The cytotoxicity of the extract and the compounds on Vero cells were performed by MTT assay.Results:MGDG and DGDG obtained by column chromatography showed identical profiles as standard MGDG and standard DGDG using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans showed 100%inhibition of HSV-1 replication at the post step of infection at noncytotoxic concentration with IC50 values of 36.00 and 40.00 mg/m L,and HSV-2 at 41.00 and 43.20 mg/mL,respectively.Moreover,MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans were demonstrated to have antiherpes simplex activity at the same level as standard synthetic compounds.In contrast,pretreatment of Vero cells with MGDG and DGDG before HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection did not show inhibitory effect against these viruses.MGDG and DGDG exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 with selectivity index of 26.00 and 23.00 and HSV-2 of 23.30 and 21.30.Conclusions:MGDG and DGDG from C.nutans,a traditional Thai herbal medicine illustrated inhibitory activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2,probably by inhibiting the late stage of multiplication,suggesting their promising use as anti-HSV agents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82473630).
文摘The effects of mono-and di-glycerides/phospholipids(MDG/PL)combinations on lutein and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)bioavailability in SD rats subjected to subchronic feeding with oil and emulsion systems were explored.MDG/PL increased the relative bioavailability of lutein and DHA respectively by 125.43%and 114.51%in the oil system and 111.15%and 113.94%in the emulsion,promoted lutein accumulation in the liver and spleen,and decreased the amount of lutein excreted via the urine and feces in both systems.These results suggest that the MDG/PL combinations effectively improve lutein and DHA bioavailability,especially lutein,which makes it a potential emulsifier of lutein and/or DHA in formulas or other preparations.Further study should be oriented to visualize the particle size and interfacial configuration of the MDG/PL and investigate the optimal formulation of MDG/PL and lutein and DHA for practical application.
文摘Peripheral fatigue,characterized by energy metabolism disruption and metabolite accumulation,contributes to severe health complications.This study investigated the anti-fatigue effects of flaxseed-derived diglyceride-based food for special medical purposes(DIG-FSMP)and its mechanism.A fatigue mouse model was established using chronic multifactorial stress(restraint,unpredictable stress,excessive exercise).Mice were divided into five groups:normal control(NC),model(M),positive control(Rhodiola rosea),low-dose(L,40 mg/kg)and high-dose DIG-FSMP(H,200 mg/kg).After 28 days of intervention,compared with the model group,DIG-FSMP significantly restored body weight gain and muscle index,increased the exhaustion swimming time by 97%,decreased the blood urea nitrogen(BUN)content by 30%,increased the liver/muscle glycogen(LG/MG)contents by 55%,reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)by 39%,and increased superoxide dismutase(SOD)by 75%.Histopathology confirmed reduced gastrocnemius muscle damage.Transcriptomics identified 236 fatigue-related genes,and the significantly expressed genes associated with fatigue relieving activity are Chac1,Zfp979,Kpna2,Zbtb16,Slc25a25,Id1,Klf2,Otud1 and Fbxo32.Metabolomics revealed DIG-FSMP modulated 117 serum metabolites,which were involved in 57 differential metabolites and their corresponding enriched KEGG pathways by transcriptomics,primarily including Levocarnitine(thermogenesis),Creatinine(arginine and proline metabolism),Ltyrosine(protein digestion and absorption),and niacin and nicotinamide(metabolism).Correlation analysis linked key genes(Carns1,Odc1),metabolites,and biochemical indicators(SOD,MG).In summary,DIG-FSMP alleviates peripheral fatigue by enhancing energy storage and reducing oxidative stress.
文摘The advancement of more precise tools for sustainable process design in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis from renewable sources is crucial.Kinetics of solvent-free transesterification reactions were conducted across a temperature spectrum from 30℃ to 60℃,utilizing Jatropha curcas oil(TG)and ethanol as substrates,alongside a fermented solid by Rhizopus homothallicus as the biocatalyst.The dynamics of chemical species concentrations were monitored through High-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography.Maximum productivities were ach-ieved at 35℃ and 60℃ for biodiesel(293.24 and 299.02 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1),respectively),at 40℃ for di-glycerides(1018.36 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1)),and at 35℃ for monoglycerides(560.75 g kg biocat^(-1) h^(-1)).Maximum yields were determined at 30℃ for fatty acid ethyl esters(0.56 g gTG^(-1)),and at 40℃ for diglycerides(0.53 g gTG^(-1))and monoglycerides(0.30 g gTG^(-1)).Based on the experimental findings,a kinetic model was formulated encompassing three reversible transesterification reactions.Individual reactions were structured following classical biochemical kinetics,inclusive of ethanol inhibition.Model fitting was executed through non-linear multivariable regression techniques,with the minimum of the average coefficient of variation of the residuals(ACVR)serving as the objective function.The resulting fit of the kinetic model to the experimental data proved satisfactory,with an ACVR of less than 5%across all instances.Notably,the maximum biodiesel productivity,obtained in this work,represented the highest value,compared to other related studies,using a fermented solid as a biocatalyst.
文摘To study whether the diacylglycerol (Dia) signaling pathway is stimulated by advanced glycosylation end products (AGEP) and to test the effect of vitamin E and aminoguanidine (AG) on the elevation of Dia induced by AGEP in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) Methods The effects of AGEP on Dia levels in cultured HUVEC were studied with radio enzymatic assay Quantitative measurements of 32 P phosphatidic acid were achieved by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography Results The Dia levels in HUVECs were increased by AGEP modified bovine serum albumin (AGEP BSA) in a dose dependent, biphasic manner The early phase was rapid and transient, peaking at 15?s; the late phase reached the maximal level at 10?min and then decayed slowly Dia levels in HUVEC exposed to different concentrations (50, 100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA (341±14, 678±16, and 873±18?pmol/L, respectively vs control 225±10?pmol/L) and AGEP BSA samples with various glycosylation times (4, 8 and 12 weeks) were significantly increased (270±12, 394±16, and 556±19?pmol/L) as compared with the controls 50 and 100?mmol/L of vitamin E can reduce AGEP BSA induced Dia levels from 873±18?pmol/L to 764±29 and 441±21?pmol/L in HUVEC, respectively In AG treated (100?mmol/L) groups, the same concentration (100 and 200?mg/L) of AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia was decreased to 312±8 and 351±13?pmol/L, respectively Glycosylated low density lipoprotein (LDL) did not affect Dia levels Conclusion AGEP causes a robust stimulation of the Dia/protein kinase C pathway in HUVEC Vitamin E can attenuate the AGEP BSA induced elevation of Dia levels AG can suppress the ability of AGEP BSA to increase Dia levels in HUVEC
