Digital terrain analysis(DTA)is one of the most important contents in the research of geographical information science(GIS).However,on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM),many problems exist in the current r...Digital terrain analysis(DTA)is one of the most important contents in the research of geographical information science(GIS).However,on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM),many problems exist in the current research of DTA in geomorphological studies.For instance,the current DTA research appears to be focused more on morphology,phenomenon,and modern surface rather than mechanism,process,and underlying terrain.The current DTA research needs to be urgently transformed from the study of landform morphology to one focusing on landform process and mechanism.On this basis,this study summarizes the current research status of geomorphology-oriented DTA and systematically reviews and analyzes the research about the knowledge of geomorphological ontology,terrain modeling,terrain derivative calculation,and terrain analytical methods.With the help of DEM data,DTA research has the advantage of carrying out geomorphological studies from the perspective of surface morphology.However,the study of DTA has inherent defects in terms of data expression and analytic patterns.Thus,breakthroughs in basic theories and key technologies are necessary.Moreover,scholars need to realize that DTA research must be transformed from phenomenon to mechanism,from morphology to process,and from terrain to landform.At present,the research development of earth science has reached the critical stage in which the DTA research should focus more on geomorphological ontology.Consequently,this study proposes several prospects of geomorphology-oriented DTA from the aspects of value-added DEM data model,terrain derivatives and their spatial relations,and macro-terrain analysis.The study of DTA based on DEM is at a critical period along with the issue on whether the current GIS technology can truly support the development of geography.The research idea of geomorphology-oriented DTA is expected to be an important exploration and practice in the field of GIS.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The accurate assessment of the degree of hepatic fibrosis plays a critical role in guiding the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of chronic liver diseases. Liver biopsy is currently the most r...BACKGROUND: The accurate assessment of the degree of hepatic fibrosis plays a critical role in guiding the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of chronic liver diseases. Liver biopsy is currently the most reliable method to evaluate the severity of hepatic fibrosis. However, liver biopsy is an invasive procedure associated with morbidity and mortality, and has several limitations in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. There is no report on the collagen proportionate area (CPA) of liver tissue in the decompensated stage of cirrhosis. This study aimed to determine the CPA of resected liver tissue samples from patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis using digital image analysis, and to analyze the relationship between the CPA and liver functional reserve. METHODS: Fifty-three resected liver tissue samples from liver transplant patients with chronic hepatitis B-induced decompensated cirrhosis were stained with Masson’s trichrome, and the CPA in these samples was quantitatively determined using digital image analysis. The values of relevant liver function just before liver transplantation, the CPA in liver tissue, and their correlation were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean CPA at the decompensated stage of cirrhosis was 35.93±14.42% (11.24%-63.41%). The correlation coefficients of the CPA with a model for end-stage liver disease score, serum total bilirubin and international standard ratio of prothrombin B were 0.553, 0.519 and 0.533, respectively (P<0.001). With increasing CPA values, the three indices reflecting liver functional reserve also changed significantly.CONCLUSIONS: The degree of fibrosis may be correlated with the functional reserve. With the advancement of fibrosis, the liver functional reserve is attenuated accordingly.展开更多
The digital image processing technique was used for the extraction of physical information from the temporal image of phase structure in the process of phase separation in the blend of poly (butylene terephthalate-co-...The digital image processing technique was used for the extraction of physical information from the temporal image of phase structure in the process of phase separation in the blend of poly (butylene terephthalate-co-caprolactone )with polycarbonate. The power spectrum images of the two-dimensional Fourier transformation (2DFT) of the temporal image of phase structure reflect the change of the phase size with time.展开更多
The identification of anomalies within stream sediment geochemical data is one of the fastest developing areas in mineral exploration.The various means used to achieve this objective make use of either continuous or d...The identification of anomalies within stream sediment geochemical data is one of the fastest developing areas in mineral exploration.The various means used to achieve this objective make use of either continuous or discrete field models of stream sediment geochemical data.To map anomalies in a discrete field model of such data,two corrections are required:background correction and downstream dilution correction.Topography and geomorphology are important factors in variations of element content in stream sediments.However,few studies have considered,through the use of digital terrain analysis,the influence of geomorphic features in downstream dilution correction of stream sediment geochemical data.This study proposes and demonstrates an improvement to the traditional downstream dilution correction equation,based on the use of digital terrain analysis to map single-element anomalies in stream sediment geochemical landscapes.Moreover,this study compares the results of analyses using discrete and continuous field models of stream sediment geochemical data from the Xincang area,Xizang.The efficiency of the proposed methodology was validated against known mineral occurrences.The results indicate that catchment-based analysis outperforms interpolation-based analysis of stream sediment geochemical data for anomaly mapping.Meanwhile,the proposed modified downstream dilution correction equation proved more effective than the original equation.However,further testing of this modified downstream dilution correction is needed in other areas,in order to investigate its efficiency further.展开更多
A digital pulse analysis system is an important diagnostic system in nuclear physics experimental research.In response to the demand for reflecting the particle state in a nuclear physics experiment,we have designed a...A digital pulse analysis system is an important diagnostic system in nuclear physics experimental research.In response to the demand for reflecting the particle state in a nuclear physics experiment,we have designed and developed a real-time digital pulse analysis system and applied it to the digital nuclear pulse waveform discrimination of different detectors in the HL-2M tokamak.The system is based on the peripheral component interconnect extensions for instrumentation(PXI)platform,while its software was written in LABVIEW.The key technologies involved in the system implementation include digital pulse analysis technology,digital discrimination technology,pulse height analysis technology,etc.The system has been applied to the plastic scintillator detector at the Neutron Source Lab of the University of Science and Technology of China.And the experimental results indicate that the system can discriminate between neutron(n)particles and gamma(γ)particles well when used to measure the plastic scintillator detector.展开更多
The Ki67 index (KI) is a standard clinical marker for tumor proliferation;however, its application is hindered by intratumoral heterogeneity. In this study, we used digital image analysis to comprehensively analyze Ki...The Ki67 index (KI) is a standard clinical marker for tumor proliferation;however, its application is hindered by intratumoral heterogeneity. In this study, we used digital image analysis to comprehensively analyze Ki67 heterogeneity and distribution patterns in breast carcinoma. Using Smart Pathology software, we digitized and analyzed 42 excised breast carcinoma Ki67 slides. Boxplots, histograms, and heat maps were generated to illustrate the KI distribution. We found that 30% of cases (13/42) exhibited discrepancies between global and hotspot KI when using a 14% KI threshold for classification. Patients with higher global or hotspot KI values displayed greater heterogenicity. Ki67 distribution patterns were categorized as randomly distributed (52%, 22/42), peripheral (43%, 18/42), and centered (5%, 2/42). Our sampling simulator indicated analyzing more than 10 high-power fields was typically required to accurately estimate global KI, with sampling size being correlated with heterogeneity. In conclusion, using digital image analysis in whole-slide images allows for comprehensive Ki67 profile assessment, shedding light on heterogeneity and distribution patterns. This spatial information can facilitate KI surveys of breast cancer and other malignancies.展开更多
The use of Digital Shoreline Analysis System was used to determine shoreline changes in Ikoli River,Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.Shoreline data were extracted from satellite imagery over thirty years(1991-2021).The basis of ...The use of Digital Shoreline Analysis System was used to determine shoreline changes in Ikoli River,Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.Shoreline data were extracted from satellite imagery over thirty years(1991-2021).The basis of this study is to use Digital Shoreline Analysis System to determine erosion and accretion areas.The result reveals that the average erosion rate in the study area is 1.16 m/year and the accretion rate is 1.62 m/year along the Ikoli River in Ogbogoro Community in Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.The mean shoreline length is 5.24 km with a baseline length of 5.2 km and the area is classified into four zones to delineate properly area of erosion and accretion based on the five class of Linear regression rate,endpoint rate and weighted linear rate of which zone Ⅰ contain very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 255449.93 m^(2) of 38%,zone Ⅱ contain moderate accretion,very high accretion and high accretion with a land area of 1666816.46 m^(2) with 24%,zone Ⅲ has very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 241610.85 m^(2) of 34% and zone Ⅳ contain moderate accretion and high accretion with land area 30888.08 m^(2) with 4%.Out of the four zones,zone Ⅰ and Ⅱ were found to be eroding with 72% and zone Ⅱ and Ⅳ contain accretion with 28%.The result shows that 44% of the area have been eroded.Therefore,coastal engineers,planners,and shoreline zone management authorities can use DSAS to create more appropriate management plans and regulations for coastal zones and other coastal parts of the state with similar geographic features.展开更多
Digital rock analysis(DRA)is fundamental for geo-energy research,enabling the characterisation of microstructures for applications like hydrocarbon recovery,carbon storage,and groundwater modelling.Although 2D CT imag...Digital rock analysis(DRA)is fundamental for geo-energy research,enabling the characterisation of microstructures for applications like hydrocarbon recovery,carbon storage,and groundwater modelling.Although 2D CT images provide valuable pore-scale data,the scarcity of real-world datasets limits the effectiveness of advanced analysis.Generative AI presents a promising approach for synthesizing high-quality rock images but faces key challenges,including high computational demands,insufficient evaluation metrics,and the trade-off between image fidelity and diversity.To address these limitations,this study proposes the use of Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)for fine-tuning stable diffusion models,significantly reducing computational requirements while maintaining image quality.A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of LoRA training parameters,including rank and learning rate,on the quality of generated images.Image outputs were assessed using both standard generative metrics,such as Kernel Inception Distance(KID),and domain-specific metrics,including porosity,pore count,and pore area distributions.The optimised LoRA-enhanced diffusion model achieved a 92.6% reduction in KID relative to baseline models,while also improving inference speed.Building on these advancements,this study demonstrates that the LoRA-enhanced diffusion model significantly improves neural network extrapolation in incomplete data scenarios through statistically consistent synthetic generation.Despite control challenges,this approach reduces costs and enables diverse applications,bridging fundamental rock physics with practical energy research.展开更多
Dao Xuan’s Gantonglu records:“About fifteen kilometers down from the southeast of the Wutai Mountain,there is the ancient Dafu Lingjiu Temple,and there are two Taoist temples in the east and west,where Buddhist matt...Dao Xuan’s Gantonglu records:“About fifteen kilometers down from the southeast of the Wutai Mountain,there is the ancient Dafu Lingjiu Temple,and there are two Taoist temples in the east and west,where Buddhist matters are fulfilled.According to ancient legend,it was made by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty”(Daoxuan,Tang Dynasty,p.257).It can be seen that Buddhism has been introduced into Wutai Mountain since the Eastern Han Dynasty,and Buddhist temple murals have been painted on the walls of temples with the introduction of Buddhism,playing the role of spreading scriptures and decorating the walls.The pattern of Buddha’s futon base in the murals reflects the worship and rank differences of Buddhist monks in different periods.As a medium of meditation and worship,futuan is also a ritual instrument in Buddhist legend,which is of great significance.The research on the style of futon from the perspective of the frescoes in the temple of Wutai Mountain mainly focuses on the historical evolution of the frescoes and futon,the research and analysis of the base shape,pattern,composition and color of the futon in the frescoes of the temple.Explore the religious significance and historical and cultural value behind the futon style.展开更多
Terrain texture analysis is an important method of digital terrain analysis in quantitative geomorphological research and in the exploration of the spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of terrain features. Howeve...Terrain texture analysis is an important method of digital terrain analysis in quantitative geomorphological research and in the exploration of the spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of terrain features. However, a major issue often neglected in previous studies is the calculation unit of the terrain texture, that is, the stability analysis unit. As the test size increases, the derived terrain textures become increasingly similar so that their differences can be ignored. The test size of terrain texture is defined as the stability analysis unit. This study randomly selected 48 areas within the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi in China as the study sites and used the gray level co-occurrence matrix to calculate the terrain texture. The stability analysis unit of the terrain texture was then extracted, and its spatial distribution pattern in the Loess Plateau was studiedusing spatial interpolation method. Four terrain texture metrics, i.e., homogeneity, energy, correlation, and contrast, were extracted on the basis of the stability analysis unit, and the spatial variation patterns of these parameters were studied. Results showed that the spatial distribution pattern and the terrain texture metrics reflected a trend of high–low–high from north to south, which correlated with the spatial distribution of the landforms at the Loess Plateau. In addition, the terrain texture measures was significantly correlated with the terrain factors of gully density and slope, and this relationship showed that terrain texture measures based on the stability analysis unit could reflect the basic characteristics of terrain morphology. The stability analysis unit provided a reasonable analytical scale for terrain texture analysis and could be used as a measure of the regional topography to accurately describe basic terrain characteristics.展开更多
Nonlinear behavior of glow discharge plasmas is experimentally investigated.The glow is generated between a barrier semiconductor electrode,Chromium doped namely Gallium Arsenide（Ga As：Cr）,as a cathode and an Indiu...Nonlinear behavior of glow discharge plasmas is experimentally investigated.The glow is generated between a barrier semiconductor electrode,Chromium doped namely Gallium Arsenide（Ga As：Cr）,as a cathode and an Indium–Tin Oxide（ITO） coated glass electrode as an anode,in reverse bias.The planar nature of electrodes provides symmetry in spatial geometry.The discharge behaves oscillatory in the time domain,with single and sometimes multiperiodicities in plasma current and voltage characteristics.In this paper,harmonic frequency generation and transition to chaotic behavior is investigated.The observed current–voltage characteristics of the discharge are discussed in detail.展开更多
The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geog...The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geographical pattern.Understanding the topographic and geomorphological characteristics of the Hengduan Mountains is fundamental and crucial for research in related fields such as ecology,geography,and sustainability.In this study,Digital Elevation Model(DEM)data were utilized to extract and analyze the topography and geomorphology(TG)pattern.TG maps have been developed to quantitatively classify the TG types in the Hengduan Mountains by combining the five factors of elevation,slope,aspect,relief and landform.The spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics of these factors were mapped and investigated using geographic information systems.The results revealed that:(1)The Hengduan Mountains exhibit an elongated north-south distribution,with an average elevation of approximately 3746 m,an average slope of around 25°,and an average relief of about 266 m.(2)The Hengduan Mountains display significant elevation differences,with an overall high elevation,characterized by a trend of lower elevation in the east and higher elevation in the west,as well as irregular orientations of various aspects.(3)The 19 landform types were identified,the landform types of the Hengduan Mountains are primarily composed of low-relief high-mountains(42.0618%),low-relief mid-mountains(22.4624%),and high-elevation hills(20.5839%).The results of the study can provide data and information support for the ecology,environmental protection and sustainable development of the Hengduan Mountains.展开更多
Loess landforms in the Loess Plateau are typical landforms in arid and semiarid areas and have a significant impact on the environment and soil erosion.Quantitative analyses on loess landform have been employed from v...Loess landforms in the Loess Plateau are typical landforms in arid and semiarid areas and have a significant impact on the environment and soil erosion.Quantitative analyses on loess landform have been employed from various perspectives.Peak intervisibility can provide the potential topographic information implied in the visual connectivity of peaks,however,its application in loess landform analysis remains unexplored.In this study,the interwoven sightlines among peaks,representing peak intervisibility,were extracted from the digital elevation model and simulated into a peak intervisibility network(PIN).Nine indices were proposed to quantify the PIN.Through a case study in Northern Shaanxi,China,three tasks were conducted,including,landform interpretation,spatial pattern mining,and landform classification.The main findings are as follows:(1)PIN responds to terrain morphology and is beneficial for loess landform interpretation.(2)The spatial patterns of PIN indices are heterogeneous and strongly coupled with the terrain morphologies,showing anisotropy and autocorrelation in spatial variations.(3)Using the light gradient boost machine classifier,the PIN index-based classification reaches a mean accuracy of 86.09%,an overall accuracy of 86%and a kappa coefficient of 0.84.These findings shed light on the applicability of PIN in loess landform analysis.Peak intervisibility not only enriches the theories and methodologies of relation-based digital terrain analysis,but also enhances our comprehension of loess landform genesis,morphology,distribution,and evolution.展开更多
The geomorphic evolution of the Xindiangou small watershed on the Loess Plateau in China is influenced by many factors,resulting in very complex evolutionary characteristics of erosion,morphology,and development.Since...The geomorphic evolution of the Xindiangou small watershed on the Loess Plateau in China is influenced by many factors,resulting in very complex evolutionary characteristics of erosion,morphology,and development.Since 1952,a number of soil and water conservation projects have been implemented in the watershed,especially the largescale project of returning farmland to forest and grass since 1999,which has significant impact on the erosion characteristics of the loess.This paper takes a unique perspective of the watershed geomorphic system and its watershed geomorphic entropy(WGE)and clarifies the geomorphic erosion characteristics of the Xindiangou small watershed.The results show that in the past 45 years,the entropy change of WGE of this watershed has generally shown the characteristics of entropy decrease and local entropy increase.The watershed is dominated by erosion in general,but due to the large-scale implementation of various soil and water conservation projects,especially the Project of Returning Farmland to Forests and Grasslands(RFFG),the landform erosion intensity has been greatly reduced and local increase in the entropy change of WGE has appeared.These projects have achieved good ecological effects after 11 years of implementation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The extraction of maxillary impacted teeth is a common procedure in oral surgery,frequently complicated by oroantral communications.For less-experienced clinicians,accurately assessing the difficulty and as...BACKGROUND The extraction of maxillary impacted teeth is a common procedure in oral surgery,frequently complicated by oroantral communications.For less-experienced clinicians,accurately assessing the difficulty and associated risks of maxillary third molar extractions remain a significant challenge.CASE SUMMARY We present a case involving disparate outcomes following bilateral extraction of maxillary third molars.Using cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional software,we conducted a digital assessment of the factors contributing to extraction difficulty and risk,controlling for potential confounders.Key variables analyzed included alveolar bone volume,bone quality,crown-root angulation,and maxillary sinus mucosal thickness.Additionally,we introduce the novel concept of"tegmen bone"to quantitatively evaluate the bone mass between the teeth and the maxillary sinus.This unique case,with differing outcomes on opposite sides of the same patient,provided an opportunity to minimize extraneous variables and focus on the local anatomical factors influencing the procedures,thereby improving the precision of our analysis.CONCLUSION This case highlights the potential utility of predictive analysis in guiding the management of complex tooth extractions.展开更多
Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis （DTA）, is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science （GIS）. Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphol...Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis （DTA）, is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science （GIS）. Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphological research is popular among Chinese schol- ars, and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research. In this paper, we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature. There are three major areas of progress： digital terrain modelling methods, DTA methods, and applications of digital terrain models （DTMs）. First, traditional vector- and raster-based terrain modelling methods, including the assessment of uncertainty, have received widespread attention. New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector, high-fidelity, and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research. Second, in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives geomorphological features, and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs, DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata, ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures. Third, DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change, analysis of various typical regions, lunar surface and other related fields. Clearly, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry. Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis, particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.展开更多
AIM： To assess the correlation between the fibrotic area （FA） as calculated by a digital image analysis （DIA）, and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan to the other existing Liver fibrosis （LF） marke...AIM： To assess the correlation between the fibrotic area （FA） as calculated by a digital image analysis （DIA）, and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan to the other existing Liver fibrosis （LF） markers using the receiver operating curve analysis.METHODS： We recruited 30 patients who underwent a liver resection for three different etiologies including normal liver, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Liver stiffness was measured by using a FibroScan. The FA was then calculated by DIA to evaluate LF in order to avoid any sampling bias. RESULTS： The FA negatively correlated with Prothrombin time （PT）, platelet count, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase （LCAT）, and pre-albumin （ALB）. On the other hand, the findings of FibroScan correlated with similar markers. The FA positively correlated with FibroScan, serum hyaluronate level, and type Ⅳ collagen level, and aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index （APRI）. The area under the receiver operating curve for FibroScan was higher than that for the other markers, even though the statistical significance was minimal. CONCLUSION： Our findings suggest that FibroScan can initially be used to assess LF as an alternative to a liver biopsy （LB） and serum diagnosis, because it is a safe method with comparable diagnostic accuracy regarding the existing LF markers.展开更多
In China’s Loess Plateau severe gully erosion(LPGE)region,the shoulder-line is the most intuitive and unique manifestation of the loess landform,which divides a landform into positive and negative terrains(PNTs).The ...In China’s Loess Plateau severe gully erosion(LPGE)region,the shoulder-line is the most intuitive and unique manifestation of the loess landform,which divides a landform into positive and negative terrains(PNTs).The spatial combination model of PNTs is of great significance for revealing the evolution of the loess landform.This study modeled and proposed the Surface Nibble Degree(SND),which is a new index that reflects the comparison of the areas of PNTs.Based on 5 m DEMs and matched high-resolution remote sensing images,the PNTs of 164 complete watersheds in the LPGE were extracted accurately,and the SND index was calculated.The spatial distribution trend of SND was discussed,and the relationship between SND and the factors that affect the evolution mechanism of regional landform was explored further.Results show that:(1)The SND can be calculated formally.It can quantify the development of the loess landform well.(2)The SND of the LPGE has evident spatial differentiation that increases from southwest to northeast.High values appear in Shenmu of Shaanxi,Shilou of Shanxi,and northern Yanhe River,whereas the low values are mainly distributed in the southern loess tableland and the inclined elongated ridge area of Pingliang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia.(3)In the Wuding River and Yanhe River,the SND decreases with the increase in flow length(FL).In the North-Luohe River and Jinghe River,the SND increases with FL.(4)SND is significantly correlated with gully density and sediment modulus and moderately correlated with hypsometric integral.As for the mechanism factors analysis,the relationship between loess thickness and SND is not obvious,but SND increased first and then decreased with the increase of precipitation and vegetation in each geographical division,and we found that the land use type of low coverage grassland has greater erosion potential.展开更多
For precise plastic deformation,microstructure control is essential especially for β-solidifying γ-TiAl alloy with duplex structure.Based on stereology,the microstructure of isothermally compressed γ-TiAl alloy was...For precise plastic deformation,microstructure control is essential especially for β-solidifying γ-TiAl alloy with duplex structure.Based on stereology,the microstructure of isothermally compressed γ-TiAl alloy was divided into β_(0) grains,remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies,α_(2) and γ grains.The results show that the volume fraction of β_(0) grains slightly increases in the isothermally compressed γ-TiAl alloy with the increase of height reduction.Meanwhile,the volume fractions of remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies and α_(2) grains decrease.However,the volume fraction of γ grains increases from 64.39% to 78.47%.According to the quantitative results,the α→γ phase transformation was investigated in-depth,and it is found that isothermal compression accelerates the α→γ phase transformation.The first α→γ phase transformation is similar to ledge-controlled transformation,through which remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies finally convert intoγgrains in isothermal compression.The second is achieved by α/γ phase interface immigration.展开更多
Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) has become a well accepted test for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.Advantages include its ability to detect subtle and severe changes of the pancreatic duct and parenchyma,and its rel...Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) has become a well accepted test for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.Advantages include its ability to detect subtle and severe changes of the pancreatic duct and parenchyma,and its relative safety compared with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Limitations include inter-and intraobserver variability,operator dependence,and an incomplete understanding of its true accuracy.The Rosemont classif ication has recently been proposed as a weighted,standardized method that may improve EUS chronic pancreatitis scoring.This paper reviews the published evidence regarding the accuracy of EUS in chronic pancreatitis diagnosis,and enumerates the emerging technologies that have been recently studied which may ultimately improve endosonographic imaging of the pancreas.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41930102,No.41971333,No.41771415。
文摘Digital terrain analysis(DTA)is one of the most important contents in the research of geographical information science(GIS).However,on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM),many problems exist in the current research of DTA in geomorphological studies.For instance,the current DTA research appears to be focused more on morphology,phenomenon,and modern surface rather than mechanism,process,and underlying terrain.The current DTA research needs to be urgently transformed from the study of landform morphology to one focusing on landform process and mechanism.On this basis,this study summarizes the current research status of geomorphology-oriented DTA and systematically reviews and analyzes the research about the knowledge of geomorphological ontology,terrain modeling,terrain derivative calculation,and terrain analytical methods.With the help of DEM data,DTA research has the advantage of carrying out geomorphological studies from the perspective of surface morphology.However,the study of DTA has inherent defects in terms of data expression and analytic patterns.Thus,breakthroughs in basic theories and key technologies are necessary.Moreover,scholars need to realize that DTA research must be transformed from phenomenon to mechanism,from morphology to process,and from terrain to landform.At present,the research development of earth science has reached the critical stage in which the DTA research should focus more on geomorphological ontology.Consequently,this study proposes several prospects of geomorphology-oriented DTA from the aspects of value-added DEM data model,terrain derivatives and their spatial relations,and macro-terrain analysis.The study of DTA based on DEM is at a critical period along with the issue on whether the current GIS technology can truly support the development of geography.The research idea of geomorphology-oriented DTA is expected to be an important exploration and practice in the field of GIS.
基金upported by a grant from the Technology and Plan of Guangdong Province, China (2009B030801006)
文摘BACKGROUND: The accurate assessment of the degree of hepatic fibrosis plays a critical role in guiding the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of chronic liver diseases. Liver biopsy is currently the most reliable method to evaluate the severity of hepatic fibrosis. However, liver biopsy is an invasive procedure associated with morbidity and mortality, and has several limitations in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. There is no report on the collagen proportionate area (CPA) of liver tissue in the decompensated stage of cirrhosis. This study aimed to determine the CPA of resected liver tissue samples from patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis using digital image analysis, and to analyze the relationship between the CPA and liver functional reserve. METHODS: Fifty-three resected liver tissue samples from liver transplant patients with chronic hepatitis B-induced decompensated cirrhosis were stained with Masson’s trichrome, and the CPA in these samples was quantitatively determined using digital image analysis. The values of relevant liver function just before liver transplantation, the CPA in liver tissue, and their correlation were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean CPA at the decompensated stage of cirrhosis was 35.93±14.42% (11.24%-63.41%). The correlation coefficients of the CPA with a model for end-stage liver disease score, serum total bilirubin and international standard ratio of prothrombin B were 0.553, 0.519 and 0.533, respectively (P<0.001). With increasing CPA values, the three indices reflecting liver functional reserve also changed significantly.CONCLUSIONS: The degree of fibrosis may be correlated with the functional reserve. With the advancement of fibrosis, the liver functional reserve is attenuated accordingly.
文摘The digital image processing technique was used for the extraction of physical information from the temporal image of phase structure in the process of phase separation in the blend of poly (butylene terephthalate-co-caprolactone )with polycarbonate. The power spectrum images of the two-dimensional Fourier transformation (2DFT) of the temporal image of phase structure reflect the change of the phase size with time.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC,Project No.42002298)the Chinese Geological Survey(Project Nos.DD20201181,DD20211403)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(NKRDPC,Project No.2017YFC0601501)funded by The Project of"Big Data Analysis and Major Project Evaluation of Strategic Mineral Resources"from the Chinese Geological Survey。
文摘The identification of anomalies within stream sediment geochemical data is one of the fastest developing areas in mineral exploration.The various means used to achieve this objective make use of either continuous or discrete field models of stream sediment geochemical data.To map anomalies in a discrete field model of such data,two corrections are required:background correction and downstream dilution correction.Topography and geomorphology are important factors in variations of element content in stream sediments.However,few studies have considered,through the use of digital terrain analysis,the influence of geomorphic features in downstream dilution correction of stream sediment geochemical data.This study proposes and demonstrates an improvement to the traditional downstream dilution correction equation,based on the use of digital terrain analysis to map single-element anomalies in stream sediment geochemical landscapes.Moreover,this study compares the results of analyses using discrete and continuous field models of stream sediment geochemical data from the Xincang area,Xizang.The efficiency of the proposed methodology was validated against known mineral occurrences.The results indicate that catchment-based analysis outperforms interpolation-based analysis of stream sediment geochemical data for anomaly mapping.Meanwhile,the proposed modified downstream dilution correction equation proved more effective than the original equation.However,further testing of this modified downstream dilution correction is needed in other areas,in order to investigate its efficiency further.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.1157518)
文摘A digital pulse analysis system is an important diagnostic system in nuclear physics experimental research.In response to the demand for reflecting the particle state in a nuclear physics experiment,we have designed and developed a real-time digital pulse analysis system and applied it to the digital nuclear pulse waveform discrimination of different detectors in the HL-2M tokamak.The system is based on the peripheral component interconnect extensions for instrumentation(PXI)platform,while its software was written in LABVIEW.The key technologies involved in the system implementation include digital pulse analysis technology,digital discrimination technology,pulse height analysis technology,etc.The system has been applied to the plastic scintillator detector at the Neutron Source Lab of the University of Science and Technology of China.And the experimental results indicate that the system can discriminate between neutron(n)particles and gamma(γ)particles well when used to measure the plastic scintillator detector.
文摘The Ki67 index (KI) is a standard clinical marker for tumor proliferation;however, its application is hindered by intratumoral heterogeneity. In this study, we used digital image analysis to comprehensively analyze Ki67 heterogeneity and distribution patterns in breast carcinoma. Using Smart Pathology software, we digitized and analyzed 42 excised breast carcinoma Ki67 slides. Boxplots, histograms, and heat maps were generated to illustrate the KI distribution. We found that 30% of cases (13/42) exhibited discrepancies between global and hotspot KI when using a 14% KI threshold for classification. Patients with higher global or hotspot KI values displayed greater heterogenicity. Ki67 distribution patterns were categorized as randomly distributed (52%, 22/42), peripheral (43%, 18/42), and centered (5%, 2/42). Our sampling simulator indicated analyzing more than 10 high-power fields was typically required to accurately estimate global KI, with sampling size being correlated with heterogeneity. In conclusion, using digital image analysis in whole-slide images allows for comprehensive Ki67 profile assessment, shedding light on heterogeneity and distribution patterns. This spatial information can facilitate KI surveys of breast cancer and other malignancies.
文摘The use of Digital Shoreline Analysis System was used to determine shoreline changes in Ikoli River,Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.Shoreline data were extracted from satellite imagery over thirty years(1991-2021).The basis of this study is to use Digital Shoreline Analysis System to determine erosion and accretion areas.The result reveals that the average erosion rate in the study area is 1.16 m/year and the accretion rate is 1.62 m/year along the Ikoli River in Ogbogoro Community in Yenagoa,Bayelsa State.The mean shoreline length is 5.24 km with a baseline length of 5.2 km and the area is classified into four zones to delineate properly area of erosion and accretion based on the five class of Linear regression rate,endpoint rate and weighted linear rate of which zone Ⅰ contain very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 255449.93 m^(2) of 38%,zone Ⅱ contain moderate accretion,very high accretion and high accretion with a land area of 1666816.46 m^(2) with 24%,zone Ⅲ has very high erosion and high erosion with an area of landmass 241610.85 m^(2) of 34% and zone Ⅳ contain moderate accretion and high accretion with land area 30888.08 m^(2) with 4%.Out of the four zones,zone Ⅰ and Ⅱ were found to be eroding with 72% and zone Ⅱ and Ⅳ contain accretion with 28%.The result shows that 44% of the area have been eroded.Therefore,coastal engineers,planners,and shoreline zone management authorities can use DSAS to create more appropriate management plans and regulations for coastal zones and other coastal parts of the state with similar geographic features.
基金funding from Innovate UK(reference number:10003208)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.CSC 202408420030).
文摘Digital rock analysis(DRA)is fundamental for geo-energy research,enabling the characterisation of microstructures for applications like hydrocarbon recovery,carbon storage,and groundwater modelling.Although 2D CT images provide valuable pore-scale data,the scarcity of real-world datasets limits the effectiveness of advanced analysis.Generative AI presents a promising approach for synthesizing high-quality rock images but faces key challenges,including high computational demands,insufficient evaluation metrics,and the trade-off between image fidelity and diversity.To address these limitations,this study proposes the use of Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)for fine-tuning stable diffusion models,significantly reducing computational requirements while maintaining image quality.A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of LoRA training parameters,including rank and learning rate,on the quality of generated images.Image outputs were assessed using both standard generative metrics,such as Kernel Inception Distance(KID),and domain-specific metrics,including porosity,pore count,and pore area distributions.The optimised LoRA-enhanced diffusion model achieved a 92.6% reduction in KID relative to baseline models,while also improving inference speed.Building on these advancements,this study demonstrates that the LoRA-enhanced diffusion model significantly improves neural network extrapolation in incomplete data scenarios through statistically consistent synthetic generation.Despite control challenges,this approach reduces costs and enables diverse applications,bridging fundamental rock physics with practical energy research.
基金This study was supported by the“2019 Planning Fund Project for Humanities and Social Science Research,Ministry of Education,China”.Project title:“Research on the Image of Utensils in the Remains of Ancient Murals in Shanxi-From Song and Jin to Ming and Qing”(approval number:19YJA760066)This study was supported by the“Teaching Reform and Innovation Project of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province in 2022”,Project title:“Teaching System Reform and Nurturing Practice of Visual Communication Design Major under the View of Double First-class”(Project No.J20220002).
文摘Dao Xuan’s Gantonglu records:“About fifteen kilometers down from the southeast of the Wutai Mountain,there is the ancient Dafu Lingjiu Temple,and there are two Taoist temples in the east and west,where Buddhist matters are fulfilled.According to ancient legend,it was made by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty”(Daoxuan,Tang Dynasty,p.257).It can be seen that Buddhism has been introduced into Wutai Mountain since the Eastern Han Dynasty,and Buddhist temple murals have been painted on the walls of temples with the introduction of Buddhism,playing the role of spreading scriptures and decorating the walls.The pattern of Buddha’s futon base in the murals reflects the worship and rank differences of Buddhist monks in different periods.As a medium of meditation and worship,futuan is also a ritual instrument in Buddhist legend,which is of great significance.The research on the style of futon from the perspective of the frescoes in the temple of Wutai Mountain mainly focuses on the historical evolution of the frescoes and futon,the research and analysis of the base shape,pattern,composition and color of the futon in the frescoes of the temple.Explore the religious significance and historical and cultural value behind the futon style.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41471316, 41571383, 41671389)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions-PAPD (Grant No. 164320H101)the Key Project of Natural Science Research of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (Grant No. KJ2015A171)
文摘Terrain texture analysis is an important method of digital terrain analysis in quantitative geomorphological research and in the exploration of the spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of terrain features. However, a major issue often neglected in previous studies is the calculation unit of the terrain texture, that is, the stability analysis unit. As the test size increases, the derived terrain textures become increasingly similar so that their differences can be ignored. The test size of terrain texture is defined as the stability analysis unit. This study randomly selected 48 areas within the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi in China as the study sites and used the gray level co-occurrence matrix to calculate the terrain texture. The stability analysis unit of the terrain texture was then extracted, and its spatial distribution pattern in the Loess Plateau was studiedusing spatial interpolation method. Four terrain texture metrics, i.e., homogeneity, energy, correlation, and contrast, were extracted on the basis of the stability analysis unit, and the spatial variation patterns of these parameters were studied. Results showed that the spatial distribution pattern and the terrain texture metrics reflected a trend of high–low–high from north to south, which correlated with the spatial distribution of the landforms at the Loess Plateau. In addition, the terrain texture measures was significantly correlated with the terrain factors of gully density and slope, and this relationship showed that terrain texture measures based on the stability analysis unit could reflect the basic characteristics of terrain morphology. The stability analysis unit provided a reasonable analytical scale for terrain texture analysis and could be used as a measure of the regional topography to accurately describe basic terrain characteristics.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project Fund of Middle East Technical University,under project # BAP-08-11-2016-044
文摘Nonlinear behavior of glow discharge plasmas is experimentally investigated.The glow is generated between a barrier semiconductor electrode,Chromium doped namely Gallium Arsenide（Ga As：Cr）,as a cathode and an Indium–Tin Oxide（ITO） coated glass electrode as an anode,in reverse bias.The planar nature of electrodes provides symmetry in spatial geometry.The discharge behaves oscillatory in the time domain,with single and sometimes multiperiodicities in plasma current and voltage characteristics.In this paper,harmonic frequency generation and transition to chaotic behavior is investigated.The observed current–voltage characteristics of the discharge are discussed in detail.
基金funded by the Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Joint Special Fund Project(2019FH001(-052))Cangshan Mountain Synthetic Scientific Expeditions Fund.
文摘The Hengduan Mountains,situated on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,are the longest and widest north-south-oriented mountain range in China,exerting a significant influence on the ecological and geographical pattern.Understanding the topographic and geomorphological characteristics of the Hengduan Mountains is fundamental and crucial for research in related fields such as ecology,geography,and sustainability.In this study,Digital Elevation Model(DEM)data were utilized to extract and analyze the topography and geomorphology(TG)pattern.TG maps have been developed to quantitatively classify the TG types in the Hengduan Mountains by combining the five factors of elevation,slope,aspect,relief and landform.The spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics of these factors were mapped and investigated using geographic information systems.The results revealed that:(1)The Hengduan Mountains exhibit an elongated north-south distribution,with an average elevation of approximately 3746 m,an average slope of around 25°,and an average relief of about 266 m.(2)The Hengduan Mountains display significant elevation differences,with an overall high elevation,characterized by a trend of lower elevation in the east and higher elevation in the west,as well as irregular orientations of various aspects.(3)The 19 landform types were identified,the landform types of the Hengduan Mountains are primarily composed of low-relief high-mountains(42.0618%),low-relief mid-mountains(22.4624%),and high-elevation hills(20.5839%).The results of the study can provide data and information support for the ecology,environmental protection and sustainable development of the Hengduan Mountains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41771423)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2023J01421).
文摘Loess landforms in the Loess Plateau are typical landforms in arid and semiarid areas and have a significant impact on the environment and soil erosion.Quantitative analyses on loess landform have been employed from various perspectives.Peak intervisibility can provide the potential topographic information implied in the visual connectivity of peaks,however,its application in loess landform analysis remains unexplored.In this study,the interwoven sightlines among peaks,representing peak intervisibility,were extracted from the digital elevation model and simulated into a peak intervisibility network(PIN).Nine indices were proposed to quantify the PIN.Through a case study in Northern Shaanxi,China,three tasks were conducted,including,landform interpretation,spatial pattern mining,and landform classification.The main findings are as follows:(1)PIN responds to terrain morphology and is beneficial for loess landform interpretation.(2)The spatial patterns of PIN indices are heterogeneous and strongly coupled with the terrain morphologies,showing anisotropy and autocorrelation in spatial variations.(3)Using the light gradient boost machine classifier,the PIN index-based classification reaches a mean accuracy of 86.09%,an overall accuracy of 86%and a kappa coefficient of 0.84.These findings shed light on the applicability of PIN in loess landform analysis.Peak intervisibility not only enriches the theories and methodologies of relation-based digital terrain analysis,but also enhances our comprehension of loess landform genesis,morphology,distribution,and evolution.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271417)the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The geomorphic evolution of the Xindiangou small watershed on the Loess Plateau in China is influenced by many factors,resulting in very complex evolutionary characteristics of erosion,morphology,and development.Since 1952,a number of soil and water conservation projects have been implemented in the watershed,especially the largescale project of returning farmland to forest and grass since 1999,which has significant impact on the erosion characteristics of the loess.This paper takes a unique perspective of the watershed geomorphic system and its watershed geomorphic entropy(WGE)and clarifies the geomorphic erosion characteristics of the Xindiangou small watershed.The results show that in the past 45 years,the entropy change of WGE of this watershed has generally shown the characteristics of entropy decrease and local entropy increase.The watershed is dominated by erosion in general,but due to the large-scale implementation of various soil and water conservation projects,especially the Project of Returning Farmland to Forests and Grasslands(RFFG),the landform erosion intensity has been greatly reduced and local increase in the entropy change of WGE has appeared.These projects have achieved good ecological effects after 11 years of implementation.
文摘BACKGROUND The extraction of maxillary impacted teeth is a common procedure in oral surgery,frequently complicated by oroantral communications.For less-experienced clinicians,accurately assessing the difficulty and associated risks of maxillary third molar extractions remain a significant challenge.CASE SUMMARY We present a case involving disparate outcomes following bilateral extraction of maxillary third molars.Using cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional software,we conducted a digital assessment of the factors contributing to extraction difficulty and risk,controlling for potential confounders.Key variables analyzed included alveolar bone volume,bone quality,crown-root angulation,and maxillary sinus mucosal thickness.Additionally,we introduce the novel concept of"tegmen bone"to quantitatively evaluate the bone mass between the teeth and the maxillary sinus.This unique case,with differing outcomes on opposite sides of the same patient,provided an opportunity to minimize extraneous variables and focus on the local anatomical factors influencing the procedures,thereby improving the precision of our analysis.CONCLUSION This case highlights the potential utility of predictive analysis in guiding the management of complex tooth extractions.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41671389, No.41631175, No.41601411, No.41371424 PAPD, No. 164320H 116
文摘Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis （DTA）, is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science （GIS）. Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphological research is popular among Chinese schol- ars, and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research. In this paper, we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature. There are three major areas of progress： digital terrain modelling methods, DTA methods, and applications of digital terrain models （DTMs）. First, traditional vector- and raster-based terrain modelling methods, including the assessment of uncertainty, have received widespread attention. New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector, high-fidelity, and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research. Second, in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives geomorphological features, and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs, DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata, ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures. Third, DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change, analysis of various typical regions, lunar surface and other related fields. Clearly, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry. Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis, particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.
基金Supported by the Grants-in-Aid from the Society for the Promotion of Science, Sapporo Medical University for T. Mizuguchi, and Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science and Technology, Japan. No. 18591519 for T. Mizuguchi, No. 17591420 for T. Katsuramaki, and No. 15390403 for K. Hirata
文摘AIM： To assess the correlation between the fibrotic area （FA） as calculated by a digital image analysis （DIA）, and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan to the other existing Liver fibrosis （LF） markers using the receiver operating curve analysis.METHODS： We recruited 30 patients who underwent a liver resection for three different etiologies including normal liver, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Liver stiffness was measured by using a FibroScan. The FA was then calculated by DIA to evaluate LF in order to avoid any sampling bias. RESULTS： The FA negatively correlated with Prothrombin time （PT）, platelet count, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase （LCAT）, and pre-albumin （ALB）. On the other hand, the findings of FibroScan correlated with similar markers. The FA positively correlated with FibroScan, serum hyaluronate level, and type Ⅳ collagen level, and aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index （APRI）. The area under the receiver operating curve for FibroScan was higher than that for the other markers, even though the statistical significance was minimal. CONCLUSION： Our findings suggest that FibroScan can initially be used to assess LF as an alternative to a liver biopsy （LB） and serum diagnosis, because it is a safe method with comparable diagnostic accuracy regarding the existing LF markers.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41871288,No.41930102The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.GK202003064。
文摘In China’s Loess Plateau severe gully erosion(LPGE)region,the shoulder-line is the most intuitive and unique manifestation of the loess landform,which divides a landform into positive and negative terrains(PNTs).The spatial combination model of PNTs is of great significance for revealing the evolution of the loess landform.This study modeled and proposed the Surface Nibble Degree(SND),which is a new index that reflects the comparison of the areas of PNTs.Based on 5 m DEMs and matched high-resolution remote sensing images,the PNTs of 164 complete watersheds in the LPGE were extracted accurately,and the SND index was calculated.The spatial distribution trend of SND was discussed,and the relationship between SND and the factors that affect the evolution mechanism of regional landform was explored further.Results show that:(1)The SND can be calculated formally.It can quantify the development of the loess landform well.(2)The SND of the LPGE has evident spatial differentiation that increases from southwest to northeast.High values appear in Shenmu of Shaanxi,Shilou of Shanxi,and northern Yanhe River,whereas the low values are mainly distributed in the southern loess tableland and the inclined elongated ridge area of Pingliang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia.(3)In the Wuding River and Yanhe River,the SND decreases with the increase in flow length(FL).In the North-Luohe River and Jinghe River,the SND increases with FL.(4)SND is significantly correlated with gully density and sediment modulus and moderately correlated with hypsometric integral.As for the mechanism factors analysis,the relationship between loess thickness and SND is not obvious,but SND increased first and then decreased with the increase of precipitation and vegetation in each geographical division,and we found that the land use type of low coverage grassland has greater erosion potential.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51975478)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.3102019MS0403).
文摘For precise plastic deformation,microstructure control is essential especially for β-solidifying γ-TiAl alloy with duplex structure.Based on stereology,the microstructure of isothermally compressed γ-TiAl alloy was divided into β_(0) grains,remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies,α_(2) and γ grains.The results show that the volume fraction of β_(0) grains slightly increases in the isothermally compressed γ-TiAl alloy with the increase of height reduction.Meanwhile,the volume fractions of remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies and α_(2) grains decrease.However,the volume fraction of γ grains increases from 64.39% to 78.47%.According to the quantitative results,the α→γ phase transformation was investigated in-depth,and it is found that isothermal compression accelerates the α→γ phase transformation.The first α→γ phase transformation is similar to ledge-controlled transformation,through which remnant α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies finally convert intoγgrains in isothermal compression.The second is achieved by α/γ phase interface immigration.
文摘Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) has become a well accepted test for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.Advantages include its ability to detect subtle and severe changes of the pancreatic duct and parenchyma,and its relative safety compared with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Limitations include inter-and intraobserver variability,operator dependence,and an incomplete understanding of its true accuracy.The Rosemont classif ication has recently been proposed as a weighted,standardized method that may improve EUS chronic pancreatitis scoring.This paper reviews the published evidence regarding the accuracy of EUS in chronic pancreatitis diagnosis,and enumerates the emerging technologies that have been recently studied which may ultimately improve endosonographic imaging of the pancreas.
