Polylactic acid(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)are food contact materials that can generate biodegradable microplastics(BMPs)during food interaction,which may pose potential health risks upon ing...Polylactic acid(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)are food contact materials that can generate biodegradable microplastics(BMPs)during food interaction,which may pose potential health risks upon ingestion.However,research on the formation of oligomers during the digestion of these BMPs and their effects on human gut microbiota remains insufficient.In this study,PLA and PBAT BMPs with irregular shapes and particle sizes less than 100μm were prepared using cryogenic milling.An in vitro digestion model revealed that these BMPs exhibited surface erosion in both the stomach and small intestine,generating smaller BMPs(2-5μm for PLA,and 4-10μm for PBAT).PLA oligomers formed in the stomach were subsequently completely degraded,while PBAT oligomers increased continuously,with linear oligomers being predominant.In vitro colonic fermentation demonstrated that PLA BMPs elevated the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced beneficial bacterial populations to alleviate intestinal stress,whereas PBAT BMPs reduced this ratio and increased the risk of intestinal inflammation.Notably,human gut microbiota contributes to PBAT oligomers formation.PLA BMPs increased butyric acid levels,and PBAT BMPs elevated pentanoic acid levels but inhibited propionic and hexanoic acids levels.PBAT BMPs may pose greater hazards than PLA BMPs,with larger BMPs having greater impacts.This study provides a foundation for the risk management of BMPs migrating into food.展开更多
Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hyd...Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hydrophobicity of the compound is further challenging,its lipophilicity can be utilized to micellize and thereby improve its oral bioavailability.Currently,available data on the effects of dietary fats on lutein micellization and permeation is limited and needs further exploration.In this study,the influence of 17 carrier type edible oils on lutein micellization and permeation,was investigated in a simulated digestion model.The overall effectiveness of these oils to permeate micellized lutein was attributed to its Fatty Acid(FA)profile.While 94%of the edible oils exhibited a positive influence on the permeation of micellized lutein,the micellization and permeation efficiency of these oils were significantly(p≤0.05)modulated by the saturation of FA in the order Saturated(SFA)>Mono-Unsaturated(MUFA)>Poly-Unsaturated(PUFA).The highest apparent permeability coefficient was exhibited by lutein micellized in ghee(3.01×10^(-6) cm/s)and butter(2.93×10^(-6) cm/s),which was 1.28 and 1.24 folds higher than lutein alone(2.35×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.Exceptionally MUFA rich olive oil and PUFA rich flaxseed oil improved lutein permeation by 1.19(2.80×10^(-6) cm/s)and 1.14 folds(2.69×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.This study is the first to report the influence of saturated fatty acids on micellization and permeation of lutein.Furthermore,the outcomes of this study offer the field of lutein delivery systems a fresh perspective.展开更多
Considerable levels of methylmercury(MeHg)have been found rice-based infant cereals as a result of MeHg transfer from the rice as a raw material to the products,hence consumption of rice products may pose a potential ...Considerable levels of methylmercury(MeHg)have been found rice-based infant cereals as a result of MeHg transfer from the rice as a raw material to the products,hence consumption of rice products may pose a potential health risk to infants who may receive cereals as the major diets and are susceptible to toxicity of MeHg.Determination of bioaccessibility of MeHg would provide a more accurate assessment of MeHg exposure through consumption of rice-based cereals,yet this information remains lacking.Further,the re-adsorption of methylmercury on the residual food will affect the accurate assessment of its bioaccessibility.Our goals in this work were 1)to determine the bioaccessibility of MeHg in infant rice cereals commonly available on the market by using a typical in vitro artificial gastrointestinal digestionmodel and 2)to evaluate the effects of MeHg re-adsorption on the in vitro assessment of MeHg bioaccessibility.The determined bioaccessibility of MeHg in the studied rice cereals after the standard dual-step(using gastric followed by intestinal juice)protocol ranged from 25%to 74%,a wide range comparable to that of fish samples observed here and in previous studies.The surprisingly higher bioaccessibility of MeHg in fish and rice cereals after the gastric step only,in comparison to after the complete two-step gastrointestinal digestion,suggests the re-adsorption of MeHg on the residual food.Separate experiments with spiked MeHg standards confirmed that the MeHg released by the acetic gastric juice was re-adsorbed on the residues during the intestinal step at neutral pH.This study provided first-hand data on the bioaccessibility of MeHg in infant rice cereals and methodological implications on using in vitro digestion to evaluate the bioaccessibility of MeHg and metal contaminants in general.展开更多
The In Vitro Bionic Digestion Model(IVBDM)are used to simulate the digestion process of food or pharmaceuticals in corresponding digestion tracts for obtaining the digestion data,which are expected to replace in vivo ...The In Vitro Bionic Digestion Model(IVBDM)are used to simulate the digestion process of food or pharmaceuticals in corresponding digestion tracts for obtaining the digestion data,which are expected to replace in vivo experiments with ani-mals in the early stages of functional food or drug development,and thus have broad applications prospects.However,little is known so far about how the factors including the Young's modulus of the model,the level,location and direction of the applied load,affect the peristalsis amplitude of the IVBDM.Based on an In Vitro Bionic Rat Stomach Model(IVBRSM),simulation and experimental analysis were conducted to examine the factors effecting the peristalsis amplitude of the IVBRSM.It is shown that Young's modulus of the model significantly affects the peristalsis amplitude,with lower Young's modulus resulting in larger amplitude.Load level,location,and direction also influence the peristalsis amplitude.Addition-ally,IVBRSM size and wall thickness play a role,with larger models requiring higher load levels or lower Young's modulus for the same peristalsis amplitude.Simulation data correlate well with experimental results.These findings contribute to the understanding of the peristalsis state of IVBRSM under different conditions and can guide the design and fabrication of such in vitro bionic digestion models.展开更多
This study explored how N-glycosylation influences the resistance of human lactoferrin(HLF)and bovine lac-toferrin(BLF)to digestion during simulated infant gastrointestinal conditions.Native and deglycosylated lac-tof...This study explored how N-glycosylation influences the resistance of human lactoferrin(HLF)and bovine lac-toferrin(BLF)to digestion during simulated infant gastrointestinal conditions.Native and deglycosylated lac-toferrins were subjected to in vitro simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion,followed by structural and biochemical analyses.The results showed that natural HLF retained approximately 24.5%intact protein at I10 min,whereas BLF was almost completely degraded(<5%).The degree of hydrolysis at I10 min was significantly lower for HLF(19.1%)than BLF(34.2%)(P<0.05).Deglycosylation accelerated proteolysis by 1.23-fold at I10 min for HLF and 1.20-fold at I5 min for BLF(P<0.05),without altering secondary structure,but associated with premature tertiary unfolding(fluorescence red-shift~6 nm)and increased surface electronegativity at I5 min(ζ-potential:21.1 vs16.8 mV,P<0.05).Molecular docking suggested glycan shielding may reduce enzyme binding by 0.3-2.1 kcal/mol.Glycoproteomic analysis identified the intact glycopeptide harboring Asn138-glycan adjacent to a trypsin cleavage site.These results indicated that N-glycans may confer resistance by ste-rically shielding proteolytic cleavage sites and modulating surface charge.The complex sialylated glycans of HLF were associated with greater resistance compared to the simpler oligomannose structures of BLF.These findings suggest N-glycosylation as an important structural contributor of lactoferrin digestibility and offer insights for designing glycoengineered lactoferrin for infant nutrition.展开更多
Background:The ingestion of golden thread contaminated with heavy metals through the food chain leads to detrimental effects to human health.During digestion,not all of the heavy metals could be released to the gastro...Background:The ingestion of golden thread contaminated with heavy metals through the food chain leads to detrimental effects to human health.During digestion,not all of the heavy metals could be released to the gastrointestinal tract and readily to be absorbed by human body.Thus,bioaccessibility is an important issue in health risk assessments.Aims and Objectives:The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the bioaccessibility of Cd in golden thread and assess the associated health risks based on the exposure to bioaccessible Cd.Materials and Methods:Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)has been applied to determine the Cd content in golden thread.Physiologically based extraction test(PBET)digestion was performed in the in vitro/Caco2 cell model to investigate the bioaccessibility of Cd in golden thread.Furthermore,the target hazard quotient(THQ)was used to assess the risks of the total and the bioaccessible content of Cd in golden thread.Results:The results revealed that the total Cd content in six batches of golden thread ranged from 3.203 to 5.723 mg/kg.After uptake by Caco2 cells,the bioaccessibility of Cd ranged from 42.36%to 59.73%.The results of the risk assessment indicated that prior to uptake by Caco2 cells,the THQ values of Cd for all batches of golden thread were greater than 1.However,after uptake by Caco2 cells,the THQ values of Cd in all samples were less than 1,thus suggesting that the risks were at a safe level.Conclusion:This study was the first to perform health risk assessment with bioaccessible heavy metals present in traditional Chinese medicine by PBET digestion using an in vitro/Caco2 cell model,thus enabling us to obtain more accurate and objective results while allowing us to avoid unnecessary government intervention and to establish more reasonable limit standards for heavy metals.展开更多
With the increase in global life expectancy,the research on the specific digestive patterns of the elderly is becoming highly essential.We simulated the digestion process of older individuals in vitro and investigated...With the increase in global life expectancy,the research on the specific digestive patterns of the elderly is becoming highly essential.We simulated the digestion process of older individuals in vitro and investigated the effects of various high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)treatments on the protein structure,digestibility,and antioxidant activity of whey protein isolate(WPI),as well as the antioxidant peptides produced from its digest.The HHP treatment specifically affected on the secondary and tertiary protein structures along with the free sulfhydryl content of WPI.Protein microstructure revealed a significant increase in the number and depth of pores.Highest in vitro digestibility and cellular antioxidant activity was observed after HHP treatment at 600 MPa for 30 min.In the intestinal digest,15 antioxidant peptides were identified whose characteristics matched those of bioactive peptides.Of these,the LGSDMEDLR peptide sequence had the highest"-CDOCKER Energy"and formed the salt bridge,attractive charge,conventional hydrogen bond,carbon hydrogen bond,and van der Waals with Arg380,Arg415,Arg483,Tyr334 and Asn382,which all located in the binding site of the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction.Overall,HHP appeared to be a potential method for the application of dairy products among the elderly.展开更多
This study aimed to compare the digestibility of proteins and lipids in cow milk-based infant formula(CMF),goat milk-based infant formula(GMF),and human milk(HM).An in vitro dynamic digestion model simulating the infa...This study aimed to compare the digestibility of proteins and lipids in cow milk-based infant formula(CMF),goat milk-based infant formula(GMF),and human milk(HM).An in vitro dynamic digestion model simulating the infant gastrointestinal system was employed to analyze physicochemical changes and digestion patterns using SDS-PAGE,Kjeldahl methods and lipidomics.Results demonstrated that GMF exhibited significantly higher protein and lipid digestion rates than CMF and HM.After 120 min of intestinal digestion,protein digestibility reached 28.3%for GMF,21.9%for HM,and 16.2%for CMF,which may be due to GMF forming low-density protein aggregates during digestion,enhancing enzymatic efficiency.Lipid analysis revealed that GMF contained higher proportions of short-and medium-chain fatty acids,as well as sn-2 palmitic acid,contributing to its lipid digestion profile.The similarity score of lipid digestion products between GMF and HM reached 85.5,significantly surpassing that of CMF(67.12).These findings provide scientific insights for optimizing infant formula composition to better mimic the nutritional properties of human milk.展开更多
基金support obtained from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472450).
文摘Polylactic acid(PLA)and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT)are food contact materials that can generate biodegradable microplastics(BMPs)during food interaction,which may pose potential health risks upon ingestion.However,research on the formation of oligomers during the digestion of these BMPs and their effects on human gut microbiota remains insufficient.In this study,PLA and PBAT BMPs with irregular shapes and particle sizes less than 100μm were prepared using cryogenic milling.An in vitro digestion model revealed that these BMPs exhibited surface erosion in both the stomach and small intestine,generating smaller BMPs(2-5μm for PLA,and 4-10μm for PBAT).PLA oligomers formed in the stomach were subsequently completely degraded,while PBAT oligomers increased continuously,with linear oligomers being predominant.In vitro colonic fermentation demonstrated that PLA BMPs elevated the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced beneficial bacterial populations to alleviate intestinal stress,whereas PBAT BMPs reduced this ratio and increased the risk of intestinal inflammation.Notably,human gut microbiota contributes to PBAT oligomers formation.PLA BMPs increased butyric acid levels,and PBAT BMPs elevated pentanoic acid levels but inhibited propionic and hexanoic acids levels.PBAT BMPs may pose greater hazards than PLA BMPs,with larger BMPs having greater impacts.This study provides a foundation for the risk management of BMPs migrating into food.
基金The authors express their sincere gratitude to Prof.Dr.Praveenkumar Shetty,Director(R&D),Nitte(DU)and Prof.Dr.Anirban Chakraborty,Director(NUCSER),Nitte(DU)for providing research facilities.The authors are grateful to Prof.Dr.Indrani Karunasagar,Director(DST-NUTEC),Nitte(DU)and Prof.Dr.Iddya Karunasagar,Advisor(Research and Patent),Nitte(DU)for their constant support and guidance.The authors also extend their gratitude to Prof.KK Bhat,Former HOD,Sensory Science Dept.,CFTRI,Mysore for his valuable suggestions.The authors acknowledge the Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi,India for funding this study.
文摘Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hydrophobicity of the compound is further challenging,its lipophilicity can be utilized to micellize and thereby improve its oral bioavailability.Currently,available data on the effects of dietary fats on lutein micellization and permeation is limited and needs further exploration.In this study,the influence of 17 carrier type edible oils on lutein micellization and permeation,was investigated in a simulated digestion model.The overall effectiveness of these oils to permeate micellized lutein was attributed to its Fatty Acid(FA)profile.While 94%of the edible oils exhibited a positive influence on the permeation of micellized lutein,the micellization and permeation efficiency of these oils were significantly(p≤0.05)modulated by the saturation of FA in the order Saturated(SFA)>Mono-Unsaturated(MUFA)>Poly-Unsaturated(PUFA).The highest apparent permeability coefficient was exhibited by lutein micellized in ghee(3.01×10^(-6) cm/s)and butter(2.93×10^(-6) cm/s),which was 1.28 and 1.24 folds higher than lutein alone(2.35×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.Exceptionally MUFA rich olive oil and PUFA rich flaxseed oil improved lutein permeation by 1.19(2.80×10^(-6) cm/s)and 1.14 folds(2.69×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.This study is the first to report the influence of saturated fatty acids on micellization and permeation of lutein.Furthermore,the outcomes of this study offer the field of lutein delivery systems a fresh perspective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22306111)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.ZR2022QB242 and ZR2020ZD20).
文摘Considerable levels of methylmercury(MeHg)have been found rice-based infant cereals as a result of MeHg transfer from the rice as a raw material to the products,hence consumption of rice products may pose a potential health risk to infants who may receive cereals as the major diets and are susceptible to toxicity of MeHg.Determination of bioaccessibility of MeHg would provide a more accurate assessment of MeHg exposure through consumption of rice-based cereals,yet this information remains lacking.Further,the re-adsorption of methylmercury on the residual food will affect the accurate assessment of its bioaccessibility.Our goals in this work were 1)to determine the bioaccessibility of MeHg in infant rice cereals commonly available on the market by using a typical in vitro artificial gastrointestinal digestionmodel and 2)to evaluate the effects of MeHg re-adsorption on the in vitro assessment of MeHg bioaccessibility.The determined bioaccessibility of MeHg in the studied rice cereals after the standard dual-step(using gastric followed by intestinal juice)protocol ranged from 25%to 74%,a wide range comparable to that of fish samples observed here and in previous studies.The surprisingly higher bioaccessibility of MeHg in fish and rice cereals after the gastric step only,in comparison to after the complete two-step gastrointestinal digestion,suggests the re-adsorption of MeHg on the residual food.Separate experiments with spiked MeHg standards confirmed that the MeHg released by the acetic gastric juice was re-adsorbed on the residues during the intestinal step at neutral pH.This study provided first-hand data on the bioaccessibility of MeHg in infant rice cereals and methodological implications on using in vitro digestion to evaluate the bioaccessibility of MeHg and metal contaminants in general.
基金supported by the Interdisciplinary Research Program Project of Shihezi University(Grant No.JCYJ202311)Tianchi Innovation Leading Talent Development Fund in Xinjiang Bingtuan(Grant No.CZ002710)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31800828).
文摘The In Vitro Bionic Digestion Model(IVBDM)are used to simulate the digestion process of food or pharmaceuticals in corresponding digestion tracts for obtaining the digestion data,which are expected to replace in vivo experiments with ani-mals in the early stages of functional food or drug development,and thus have broad applications prospects.However,little is known so far about how the factors including the Young's modulus of the model,the level,location and direction of the applied load,affect the peristalsis amplitude of the IVBDM.Based on an In Vitro Bionic Rat Stomach Model(IVBRSM),simulation and experimental analysis were conducted to examine the factors effecting the peristalsis amplitude of the IVBRSM.It is shown that Young's modulus of the model significantly affects the peristalsis amplitude,with lower Young's modulus resulting in larger amplitude.Load level,location,and direction also influence the peristalsis amplitude.Addition-ally,IVBRSM size and wall thickness play a role,with larger models requiring higher load levels or lower Young's modulus for the same peristalsis amplitude.Simulation data correlate well with experimental results.These findings contribute to the understanding of the peristalsis state of IVBRSM under different conditions and can guide the design and fabrication of such in vitro bionic digestion models.
基金support of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372246)the National Foreign Expert Project of China(H20250240)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP202416004).
文摘This study explored how N-glycosylation influences the resistance of human lactoferrin(HLF)and bovine lac-toferrin(BLF)to digestion during simulated infant gastrointestinal conditions.Native and deglycosylated lac-toferrins were subjected to in vitro simulated infant gastrointestinal digestion,followed by structural and biochemical analyses.The results showed that natural HLF retained approximately 24.5%intact protein at I10 min,whereas BLF was almost completely degraded(<5%).The degree of hydrolysis at I10 min was significantly lower for HLF(19.1%)than BLF(34.2%)(P<0.05).Deglycosylation accelerated proteolysis by 1.23-fold at I10 min for HLF and 1.20-fold at I5 min for BLF(P<0.05),without altering secondary structure,but associated with premature tertiary unfolding(fluorescence red-shift~6 nm)and increased surface electronegativity at I5 min(ζ-potential:21.1 vs16.8 mV,P<0.05).Molecular docking suggested glycan shielding may reduce enzyme binding by 0.3-2.1 kcal/mol.Glycoproteomic analysis identified the intact glycopeptide harboring Asn138-glycan adjacent to a trypsin cleavage site.These results indicated that N-glycans may confer resistance by ste-rically shielding proteolytic cleavage sites and modulating surface charge.The complex sialylated glycans of HLF were associated with greater resistance compared to the simpler oligomannose structures of BLF.These findings suggest N-glycosylation as an important structural contributor of lactoferrin digestibility and offer insights for designing glycoengineered lactoferrin for infant nutrition.
基金financially supported by the 13th Five-Year National Significant New Drugs Creation Feature Subjects grant(2018ZX09735006)by the Project for Medicine and Medical Instruments Review and Approval System Reform grant(ZG2016-1)
文摘Background:The ingestion of golden thread contaminated with heavy metals through the food chain leads to detrimental effects to human health.During digestion,not all of the heavy metals could be released to the gastrointestinal tract and readily to be absorbed by human body.Thus,bioaccessibility is an important issue in health risk assessments.Aims and Objectives:The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the bioaccessibility of Cd in golden thread and assess the associated health risks based on the exposure to bioaccessible Cd.Materials and Methods:Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)has been applied to determine the Cd content in golden thread.Physiologically based extraction test(PBET)digestion was performed in the in vitro/Caco2 cell model to investigate the bioaccessibility of Cd in golden thread.Furthermore,the target hazard quotient(THQ)was used to assess the risks of the total and the bioaccessible content of Cd in golden thread.Results:The results revealed that the total Cd content in six batches of golden thread ranged from 3.203 to 5.723 mg/kg.After uptake by Caco2 cells,the bioaccessibility of Cd ranged from 42.36%to 59.73%.The results of the risk assessment indicated that prior to uptake by Caco2 cells,the THQ values of Cd for all batches of golden thread were greater than 1.However,after uptake by Caco2 cells,the THQ values of Cd in all samples were less than 1,thus suggesting that the risks were at a safe level.Conclusion:This study was the first to perform health risk assessment with bioaccessible heavy metals present in traditional Chinese medicine by PBET digestion using an in vitro/Caco2 cell model,thus enabling us to obtain more accurate and objective results while allowing us to avoid unnecessary government intervention and to establish more reasonable limit standards for heavy metals.
文摘With the increase in global life expectancy,the research on the specific digestive patterns of the elderly is becoming highly essential.We simulated the digestion process of older individuals in vitro and investigated the effects of various high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)treatments on the protein structure,digestibility,and antioxidant activity of whey protein isolate(WPI),as well as the antioxidant peptides produced from its digest.The HHP treatment specifically affected on the secondary and tertiary protein structures along with the free sulfhydryl content of WPI.Protein microstructure revealed a significant increase in the number and depth of pores.Highest in vitro digestibility and cellular antioxidant activity was observed after HHP treatment at 600 MPa for 30 min.In the intestinal digest,15 antioxidant peptides were identified whose characteristics matched those of bioactive peptides.Of these,the LGSDMEDLR peptide sequence had the highest"-CDOCKER Energy"and formed the salt bridge,attractive charge,conventional hydrogen bond,carbon hydrogen bond,and van der Waals with Arg380,Arg415,Arg483,Tyr334 and Asn382,which all located in the binding site of the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction.Overall,HHP appeared to be a potential method for the application of dairy products among the elderly.
基金supported by the Jiangxi Provincial Forestry Bureau’s Camellia Oil Research Special Project[Grant No.YCYJZX20220302].
文摘This study aimed to compare the digestibility of proteins and lipids in cow milk-based infant formula(CMF),goat milk-based infant formula(GMF),and human milk(HM).An in vitro dynamic digestion model simulating the infant gastrointestinal system was employed to analyze physicochemical changes and digestion patterns using SDS-PAGE,Kjeldahl methods and lipidomics.Results demonstrated that GMF exhibited significantly higher protein and lipid digestion rates than CMF and HM.After 120 min of intestinal digestion,protein digestibility reached 28.3%for GMF,21.9%for HM,and 16.2%for CMF,which may be due to GMF forming low-density protein aggregates during digestion,enhancing enzymatic efficiency.Lipid analysis revealed that GMF contained higher proportions of short-and medium-chain fatty acids,as well as sn-2 palmitic acid,contributing to its lipid digestion profile.The similarity score of lipid digestion products between GMF and HM reached 85.5,significantly surpassing that of CMF(67.12).These findings provide scientific insights for optimizing infant formula composition to better mimic the nutritional properties of human milk.
