Objective:To analyze the trend of major malignant tumor mortality in Shandong Province,eastern China from 1970 to 2021,and to provide the scientific basis for malignant tumor prevention and control.Methods:Cancer mort...Objective:To analyze the trend of major malignant tumor mortality in Shandong Province,eastern China from 1970 to 2021,and to provide the scientific basis for malignant tumor prevention and control.Methods:Cancer mortality data were sourced from three nationwide cause-of-death surveys and the Shandong Death Registration System.Trends in overall mortality and major causes of death were elucidated through indi-cators such as mortality rates and age-adjusted death rates,by comparing findings from the three comprehensive mortality surveys and the Shandong Death Registration System.The difference decomposing method was em-ployed to estimate the contributions of non-demographic and demographic factors to the observed changes in cancer mortality.Results:From 1970 to 2021,the crude mortality rate of malignant tumors witnessed an overall increase in Shan-dong Province.The age-standardized mortality rate initially rose before subsequently declining.The proportion of cancer deaths among all causes of death increased initially and then stabilized at a high level of approximately 25%.Both non-demographic and demographic factors played a role in the rise of the crude cancer mortality rate,with the proportion attributed to demographic factors gradually surpassing that of non-demographic factors.De-spite the continuous increase in the crude mortality rate,the adjusted mortality rate exhibited a downward trend since 1990.Significant changes were observed in the ranking of the mortality rates of major cancers.For exam-ple,the mortality rate of lung cancer exhibited a continuous upward trajectory,ascending from the fifth to the first place and marking a 7.69-fold increase from 1970 to 2021.Conversely,digestive system tumors,including gastric cancer,esophageal cancer,and liver cancer,displayed varying degrees of decline,particularly in the stan-dardized rates,which demonstrated a notable downward trend since 1990.The crude mortality rate of colorectal cancer and breast cancer showed an obvious upward trend,but the standardized rate did not rise significantly.For cervical cancer,both the crude and adjusted mortality rates displayed a pattern of initially decreasing and then increasing.Conclusions:Malignant tumors remain a significant threat to the residents of Shandong Province.The changing trends in various malignant tumors are inconsistent,underscoring the need for tailored intervention strategies to effectively control different types of malignant tumors.展开更多
Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sa...Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sample Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in China in 2005, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between occupation and income differences. It finds that inter-occupational income differences explain 12-17 percent of the total income disparity among urban employees. This inter-occupational income disparity is mainly caused by the fact that, first, different occupations have varying human capital requirements, leading to different labor remuneration, and second, labor market and regional segmentation impede the free flow of labor across different occupations. The first factor highlights the role of human capital, and should be seen as a positive effect of market-oriented reform, while the second reflects the incompleteness of this reform at the present stage. Therefore, to narrow unreasonable inter- occupational income gaps, we need to intensify reform and do our best to remove barriers hindering free mobility between occupations.展开更多
基金funded by the Shandong Science and Technol-ogy Development Plan Project(grant number:2016GSF201231)Med-ical and Health Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province(grant numbers:202012051127,202412051228)National Key Research and Development Program-Precision Medicine Research Key Project(grant number:2016YFC0901300).
文摘Objective:To analyze the trend of major malignant tumor mortality in Shandong Province,eastern China from 1970 to 2021,and to provide the scientific basis for malignant tumor prevention and control.Methods:Cancer mortality data were sourced from three nationwide cause-of-death surveys and the Shandong Death Registration System.Trends in overall mortality and major causes of death were elucidated through indi-cators such as mortality rates and age-adjusted death rates,by comparing findings from the three comprehensive mortality surveys and the Shandong Death Registration System.The difference decomposing method was em-ployed to estimate the contributions of non-demographic and demographic factors to the observed changes in cancer mortality.Results:From 1970 to 2021,the crude mortality rate of malignant tumors witnessed an overall increase in Shan-dong Province.The age-standardized mortality rate initially rose before subsequently declining.The proportion of cancer deaths among all causes of death increased initially and then stabilized at a high level of approximately 25%.Both non-demographic and demographic factors played a role in the rise of the crude cancer mortality rate,with the proportion attributed to demographic factors gradually surpassing that of non-demographic factors.De-spite the continuous increase in the crude mortality rate,the adjusted mortality rate exhibited a downward trend since 1990.Significant changes were observed in the ranking of the mortality rates of major cancers.For exam-ple,the mortality rate of lung cancer exhibited a continuous upward trajectory,ascending from the fifth to the first place and marking a 7.69-fold increase from 1970 to 2021.Conversely,digestive system tumors,including gastric cancer,esophageal cancer,and liver cancer,displayed varying degrees of decline,particularly in the stan-dardized rates,which demonstrated a notable downward trend since 1990.The crude mortality rate of colorectal cancer and breast cancer showed an obvious upward trend,but the standardized rate did not rise significantly.For cervical cancer,both the crude and adjusted mortality rates displayed a pattern of initially decreasing and then increasing.Conclusions:Malignant tumors remain a significant threat to the residents of Shandong Province.The changing trends in various malignant tumors are inconsistent,underscoring the need for tailored intervention strategies to effectively control different types of malignant tumors.
文摘Occupation is an important variable that determines employees＇ labor income and thereby influences income differences among residents. On the basis of the subsample of data from the One Percent National Population Sample Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in China in 2005, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between occupation and income differences. It finds that inter-occupational income differences explain 12-17 percent of the total income disparity among urban employees. This inter-occupational income disparity is mainly caused by the fact that, first, different occupations have varying human capital requirements, leading to different labor remuneration, and second, labor market and regional segmentation impede the free flow of labor across different occupations. The first factor highlights the role of human capital, and should be seen as a positive effect of market-oriented reform, while the second reflects the incompleteness of this reform at the present stage. Therefore, to narrow unreasonable inter- occupational income gaps, we need to intensify reform and do our best to remove barriers hindering free mobility between occupations.
