The solubility and hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in binary mixture of diethylene glycol diethyl ether and water are studied as a function of composition. The use of an aqueous solution of diethylene glycol diethyl et...The solubility and hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in binary mixture of diethylene glycol diethyl ether and water are studied as a function of composition. The use of an aqueous solution of diethylene glycol diethyl ether enhances the solubility and hydrolysis rate of carbonyl sulfide compared with that in pure water. The composition of the mixture with maximum hydrolysis rate varies with temperature. The thermophysical properties including density, viscosity, and surface tension as a function of composition at 20℃ under atmospheric pressure as well as liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data over the temperature range from 28℃ to 90℃ are also measured for the binary mixture.展开更多
The copolymer poly（3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene-co-3-methylthiophene） was successfully prepared from mixtures of 3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene （FPT） and 3-methylthiophene （MET） via electrochemical oxidation in ...The copolymer poly（3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene-co-3-methylthiophene） was successfully prepared from mixtures of 3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene （FPT） and 3-methylthiophene （MET） via electrochemical oxidation in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） and its mixed electrolytes with acetonitrile （ACN）. The influence of monomer concentration ratios on the copolymerization was investigated by using linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. The structure and morphology of these copolymer films were elucidated by UV-Vis, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The results showed that the molar ratio of FPT and MeT units, when copolymer was electrodeposited from feed ratio of FPT：MeT = 1：2, was about 1.08：1. In addition, the introduction of ACN into BFEE has little effect on the properties of as-formed copolymers.展开更多
The copolymerization of dibenzofuran(DBF)and 3-methylthiophene(MET)was successfully achieved electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of the monomer mixtures in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate.The effects of ap...The copolymerization of dibenzofuran(DBF)and 3-methylthiophene(MET)was successfully achieved electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of the monomer mixtures in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate.The effects of applied polymerization potential and the monomer concentration ratios on the copolymerization were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry(CV).The structure of copolymer films were investigated by UV-Vis,infrared spectroscopy,thermal analysis.As-formed novel copolymers own...展开更多
High quality poly（5-cyanoindole） （P5CI） films were electrosynthesized by direct anodic oxidation of 5-cyanoindole on stainless steel sheet in the mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） a...High quality poly（5-cyanoindole） （P5CI） films were electrosynthesized by direct anodic oxidation of 5-cyanoindole on stainless steel sheet in the mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） and diethyl ether （EE） （by volume 1：1） ＋ 0,05 mol L^-1 Bu4NBF4. The film formed can be peeled off the electrode into freestanding films, The addition of EE into BFEE can improve the solubility of monomer. P5CI films obtained from this medium showed excellent electrochemical behavior with conductivity of 10^-2 S cm^-1, Structural studies showed that the polymerization of 5-cyanoindole occurred at the 2,3 position. As-formed P5CI films were thoroughly soluble in strong polar organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） while partly soluble in tetrahydrofuran （THF） or acetone. Fluorescence spectral studies indicated that P5CI was a good blue-ight emitter.展开更多
Diethyl ether(DEE,C_(4)H_(10)O)has emerged as a promising renewable alternative to conventional diesel fuels,offering potential solutions for sustainable energy development.This review systematically examines the fund...Diethyl ether(DEE,C_(4)H_(10)O)has emerged as a promising renewable alternative to conventional diesel fuels,offering potential solutions for sustainable energy development.This review systematically examines the fundamental combustion characteristics of DEE,including pyrolysis and oxidation behaviors,kinetic modeling,and actual combustion characteristics.It comprehensively summarized the key research progress and main findings in this field.Research has indicated that DEE demonstrates excellent ignition performance,whether used alone or as an additive,and significantly reduces soot formation during combustion by limiting the discharge of C_(3)-C_(4)hydrocarbon species.However,a complete mechanistic understanding of DEE combustion still remains limited by the lack of key coupling reaction pathways,which directly restricted the accuracy of the reaction kinetic model.At the actual combustion level in devices,the effects of DEE on engine performance,combustion behavior,and emissions has been investigated.Although a large number of experiments have confirmed that DEE has a significant improvement effect in the above aspects,certain performance degradation phenomena and their internal mechanism still require further elucidation.Based on these insights,this review also analyzes the key challenges facing DEE in practical applications and discusses possible solutions,aiming to build a complete research framework spanning from fundamental studies to engineering application future development.展开更多
A new water-stable europium MOF,(Me_(2)NH_(2))[Eu(abtc)(phen)]·2H_(2)O (1),has been synthesized from Eu(NO_(3))_(3)·6H_(2)O with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 3,3′,5,5′-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid (H_4...A new water-stable europium MOF,(Me_(2)NH_(2))[Eu(abtc)(phen)]·2H_(2)O (1),has been synthesized from Eu(NO_(3))_(3)·6H_(2)O with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 3,3′,5,5′-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid (H_4abtc) ligands under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,IR,TGA and PXRD.It crystallizes in monoclinic system,C2/c space group,with a=16.278(3),b=14.261(3),c=27.936(5)?,b=103.464(3)°,V=6307(2)A^(3),Z=8,C_(30)H_(26)Eu N_5O_(10),M_(r)=768.5,D_(c)=1.543 g/cm^(3),F(000)=2912,m(Mo Ka)=2.044 mm^(-1),R=0.0315 and w R=0.0663.In the structure of 1,the Eu O_7N_(2) polyhedra are assembled into a 2D layer with rhombic windows and these layers are further condensed to form a 3D framework.It can be used as selective and sensitive fluorescence sensors capable of detecting diethyl ether vapor.展开更多
The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana l...The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana leaves were considered as substrates for biogas production.Biogas is taken as the primary fuel in dual fuel(DF)operations to maximize possible diesel savings.The performance and combustion assessment were executed in a low heat rejection(LHR)engine using 5%diethyl ether by volume blended with diesel(5DEE)as pilot fuel.The combustion attributes of the engine reveal that the apex of net heat release rate(NHRR)curve retarded a bit as compared to apex of base result.The peak cylinder pressure was noted to be 6.19 MPa in the LHR engine running with 5DEE+biogas at 11.7°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(aTDC)compared to 5.23 MPa for the diesel alone operation at the same position.The apex point for NHRR was observed to be 54.51 J(°)^(−1)for 5DEE+biogas in LHR engine positioned at 3.2°aTDC.The brake thermal efficiency at full engine load operation decreased by 12.7%and 5.2%for biogas substitutions of 0.8 kg h^(−1)with diesel and 5DEE,respectively,compared to the base result.The smoke opacity and nitric oxide emissions were reduced during the DF run accompanied by diethyl ether as a fuel additive.展开更多
Renewable energy sources support energy security and decrease dependence on dwindling fossil fuel resources.The utilization of renewable energy as a sustainable alternative aids in emissions reduction from diesel engi...Renewable energy sources support energy security and decrease dependence on dwindling fossil fuel resources.The utilization of renewable energy as a sustainable alternative aids in emissions reduction from diesel engines.A numerical study was conducted to investigate the application of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)in a diesel engine,which was fueled with a diesel-biodiesel blend and diethyl ether(DEE)as an additive.The validation was performed using the experimental data of a diesel engine fueled by an 80%diesel and a 20%biodiesel blend(D80B20);good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results.The aim of the current study is to reduce the concentration of the nitrogen O_(x)ide(NO_(x))emissions by applying the EGR technique while utilizing an optimum value of 5%DEE in a diesel-biodiesel blend.The numerical study was conducted using the Ricardo WAVE program.The EGR proportions used were 10%,20%,and 30%.The NO_(x)emissions decreased by 59%when 30%EGR was applied,with a decrease of only 5.6%in the engine thermal efficiency.In addition,when 30%EGR was applied,the heat release rate decreased by 27.6%,the combustion duration increased from 33.7°to 48.8°,and the ignition delay increased by 5.3%.These results indicate that applying EGR and DEE can significantly decrease the concentration of NO_(x)emissions from diesel engines.展开更多
Multi-stage ignition and/or double NTC(negative temperature coefficient)behavior resulted from the low-temperature oxidation of ether compounds are still not clearly explained.We have investigated the oxidation mechan...Multi-stage ignition and/or double NTC(negative temperature coefficient)behavior resulted from the low-temperature oxidation of ether compounds are still not clearly explained.We have investigated the oxidation mechanism of a stoichiometric DEE(diethyl ether)/air mixture by using a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile to see the detail of low-temperature weak flame structure.The simulation was also performed to understand the chemical kinetics mechanism of observed weak flame structure.Chemiluminescence measurement showed separated weak flame in the temperature range of 600 K-800 K.The simulation also qualitatively reproduced this separated weak flame,and showed four peak of heat release.From the reaction flow analysis,it was found that(1)O-O bond scission reaction of keto-hydroperoxide produced by DEE,(2)O-O bond scission reaction of CH3O2H,CH3CO3H,and C2H5O2H,(3)O-O bond scission reaction of H2O2,and(4)H+O2=O+OH are key chain branching reactions to explain the multi-stage oxidation.展开更多
Combustion characteristics of premixed diethyl ether-air mixtures were studied at different equivalence ratios and elevated initial pressures using schlieren photography and spherically propagating flame. Laminar burn...Combustion characteristics of premixed diethyl ether-air mixtures were studied at different equivalence ratios and elevated initial pressures using schlieren photography and spherically propagating flame. Laminar burning velocities, Markstein number and critical radii at onset of cellular structure were obtained. The results show that an increase in initial pressure leads to a decrease in the unstretched laminar burning velocities. Laminar burning velocities give their peak values at the equivalence ratio of 1.1. Markstein number decrease with the increase of initial pressure and equivalence ratio, indicating that the instability of flame front is increased with the increase of initial pressure and equivalence ratio. The critical radii at onset of cellular flame structure are decreased with the increase of initial pressure.展开更多
Synthesis and electrochemical polymerization of 9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene （EO-F） into poly[9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene] （EO-PF） films are reported....Synthesis and electrochemical polymerization of 9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene （EO-F） into poly[9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene] （EO-PF） films are reported. The boron trifluoride diethyl etherate electrolyte enables facile preparation of EO-PF films at lower potential compared to LiCIOa/MeCN and the electrochemical polymerizations are discussed. The EO-PF shows good electrochemical behavior and can be dissolved in solvents such as DMSO and THF. The solubility of EO-PF in THF is 2 mg.mL-1 and the number average molecular weight is 35300 with a polydispersity index of 1.65. The side chains on C9 position of the monomer maintain unchanged aRer electrooxidation into corresponding polymer. The EO-PF dissolved in THF under 365 nm ultraviolet light is sky blue light emitting with the Commission Internationale de L＇Eclairage-CIE coordinates of （0.19, 0.15）. The electropolymerized EO-PF is used for the first time in chemosensing metal ions, demonstrating fluorescence quenching for Mn2＋ and Fe3＋ while fluorescence enhancement for Cr6＋ ions.展开更多
文摘The solubility and hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in binary mixture of diethylene glycol diethyl ether and water are studied as a function of composition. The use of an aqueous solution of diethylene glycol diethyl ether enhances the solubility and hydrolysis rate of carbonyl sulfide compared with that in pure water. The composition of the mixture with maximum hydrolysis rate varies with temperature. The thermophysical properties including density, viscosity, and surface tension as a function of composition at 20℃ under atmospheric pressure as well as liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data over the temperature range from 28℃ to 90℃ are also measured for the binary mixture.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20564001)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (No. 050017)
文摘The copolymer poly（3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene-co-3-methylthiophene） was successfully prepared from mixtures of 3-（4-fluorophenyl）thiophene （FPT） and 3-methylthiophene （MET） via electrochemical oxidation in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） and its mixed electrolytes with acetonitrile （ACN）. The influence of monomer concentration ratios on the copolymerization was investigated by using linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. The structure and morphology of these copolymer films were elucidated by UV-Vis, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The results showed that the molar ratio of FPT and MeT units, when copolymer was electrodeposited from feed ratio of FPT：MeT = 1：2, was about 1.08：1. In addition, the introduction of ACN into BFEE has little effect on the properties of as-formed copolymers.
基金This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50663001,20564001)Ministry of Education(No.2007-207058).
文摘The copolymerization of dibenzofuran(DBF)and 3-methylthiophene(MET)was successfully achieved electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of the monomer mixtures in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate.The effects of applied polymerization potential and the monomer concentration ratios on the copolymerization were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry(CV).The structure of copolymer films were investigated by UV-Vis,infrared spectroscopy,thermal analysis.As-formed novel copolymers own...
基金This work was supported by the Jiangxi Research Center for Material Science & Engineering(No.ZX200401008)the Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University.
文摘High quality poly（5-cyanoindole） （P5CI） films were electrosynthesized by direct anodic oxidation of 5-cyanoindole on stainless steel sheet in the mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） and diethyl ether （EE） （by volume 1：1） ＋ 0,05 mol L^-1 Bu4NBF4. The film formed can be peeled off the electrode into freestanding films, The addition of EE into BFEE can improve the solubility of monomer. P5CI films obtained from this medium showed excellent electrochemical behavior with conductivity of 10^-2 S cm^-1, Structural studies showed that the polymerization of 5-cyanoindole occurred at the 2,3 position. As-formed P5CI films were thoroughly soluble in strong polar organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） while partly soluble in tetrahydrofuran （THF） or acetone. Fluorescence spectral studies indicated that P5CI was a good blue-ight emitter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52376115 and 52306213)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20220955)。
文摘Diethyl ether(DEE,C_(4)H_(10)O)has emerged as a promising renewable alternative to conventional diesel fuels,offering potential solutions for sustainable energy development.This review systematically examines the fundamental combustion characteristics of DEE,including pyrolysis and oxidation behaviors,kinetic modeling,and actual combustion characteristics.It comprehensively summarized the key research progress and main findings in this field.Research has indicated that DEE demonstrates excellent ignition performance,whether used alone or as an additive,and significantly reduces soot formation during combustion by limiting the discharge of C_(3)-C_(4)hydrocarbon species.However,a complete mechanistic understanding of DEE combustion still remains limited by the lack of key coupling reaction pathways,which directly restricted the accuracy of the reaction kinetic model.At the actual combustion level in devices,the effects of DEE on engine performance,combustion behavior,and emissions has been investigated.Although a large number of experiments have confirmed that DEE has a significant improvement effect in the above aspects,certain performance degradation phenomena and their internal mechanism still require further elucidation.Based on these insights,this review also analyzes the key challenges facing DEE in practical applications and discusses possible solutions,aiming to build a complete research framework spanning from fundamental studies to engineering application future development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972060)。
文摘A new water-stable europium MOF,(Me_(2)NH_(2))[Eu(abtc)(phen)]·2H_(2)O (1),has been synthesized from Eu(NO_(3))_(3)·6H_(2)O with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 3,3′,5,5′-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid (H_4abtc) ligands under solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,IR,TGA and PXRD.It crystallizes in monoclinic system,C2/c space group,with a=16.278(3),b=14.261(3),c=27.936(5)?,b=103.464(3)°,V=6307(2)A^(3),Z=8,C_(30)H_(26)Eu N_5O_(10),M_(r)=768.5,D_(c)=1.543 g/cm^(3),F(000)=2912,m(Mo Ka)=2.044 mm^(-1),R=0.0315 and w R=0.0663.In the structure of 1,the Eu O_7N_(2) polyhedra are assembled into a 2D layer with rhombic windows and these layers are further condensed to form a 3D framework.It can be used as selective and sensitive fluorescence sensors capable of detecting diethyl ether vapor.
基金The authors acknowledge the support received from the Alternative Fuel and Energy Lab of S‘O’A deemed to be University.
文摘The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana leaves were considered as substrates for biogas production.Biogas is taken as the primary fuel in dual fuel(DF)operations to maximize possible diesel savings.The performance and combustion assessment were executed in a low heat rejection(LHR)engine using 5%diethyl ether by volume blended with diesel(5DEE)as pilot fuel.The combustion attributes of the engine reveal that the apex of net heat release rate(NHRR)curve retarded a bit as compared to apex of base result.The peak cylinder pressure was noted to be 6.19 MPa in the LHR engine running with 5DEE+biogas at 11.7°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(aTDC)compared to 5.23 MPa for the diesel alone operation at the same position.The apex point for NHRR was observed to be 54.51 J(°)^(−1)for 5DEE+biogas in LHR engine positioned at 3.2°aTDC.The brake thermal efficiency at full engine load operation decreased by 12.7%and 5.2%for biogas substitutions of 0.8 kg h^(−1)with diesel and 5DEE,respectively,compared to the base result.The smoke opacity and nitric oxide emissions were reduced during the DF run accompanied by diethyl ether as a fuel additive.
文摘Renewable energy sources support energy security and decrease dependence on dwindling fossil fuel resources.The utilization of renewable energy as a sustainable alternative aids in emissions reduction from diesel engines.A numerical study was conducted to investigate the application of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)in a diesel engine,which was fueled with a diesel-biodiesel blend and diethyl ether(DEE)as an additive.The validation was performed using the experimental data of a diesel engine fueled by an 80%diesel and a 20%biodiesel blend(D80B20);good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results.The aim of the current study is to reduce the concentration of the nitrogen O_(x)ide(NO_(x))emissions by applying the EGR technique while utilizing an optimum value of 5%DEE in a diesel-biodiesel blend.The numerical study was conducted using the Ricardo WAVE program.The EGR proportions used were 10%,20%,and 30%.The NO_(x)emissions decreased by 59%when 30%EGR was applied,with a decrease of only 5.6%in the engine thermal efficiency.In addition,when 30%EGR was applied,the heat release rate decreased by 27.6%,the combustion duration increased from 33.7°to 48.8°,and the ignition delay increased by 5.3%.These results indicate that applying EGR and DEE can significantly decrease the concentration of NO_(x)emissions from diesel engines.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K06112Collaborative Research Project of the Institute of Fluid Science,Tohoku University。
文摘Multi-stage ignition and/or double NTC(negative temperature coefficient)behavior resulted from the low-temperature oxidation of ether compounds are still not clearly explained.We have investigated the oxidation mechanism of a stoichiometric DEE(diethyl ether)/air mixture by using a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile to see the detail of low-temperature weak flame structure.The simulation was also performed to understand the chemical kinetics mechanism of observed weak flame structure.Chemiluminescence measurement showed separated weak flame in the temperature range of 600 K-800 K.The simulation also qualitatively reproduced this separated weak flame,and showed four peak of heat release.From the reaction flow analysis,it was found that(1)O-O bond scission reaction of keto-hydroperoxide produced by DEE,(2)O-O bond scission reaction of CH3O2H,CH3CO3H,and C2H5O2H,(3)O-O bond scission reaction of H2O2,and(4)H+O2=O+OH are key chain branching reactions to explain the multi-stage oxidation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50821604 and 50636040)
文摘Combustion characteristics of premixed diethyl ether-air mixtures were studied at different equivalence ratios and elevated initial pressures using schlieren photography and spherically propagating flame. Laminar burning velocities, Markstein number and critical radii at onset of cellular structure were obtained. The results show that an increase in initial pressure leads to a decrease in the unstretched laminar burning velocities. Laminar burning velocities give their peak values at the equivalence ratio of 1.1. Markstein number decrease with the increase of initial pressure and equivalence ratio, indicating that the instability of flame front is increased with the increase of initial pressure and equivalence ratio. The critical radii at onset of cellular flame structure are decreased with the increase of initial pressure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50903078,21274134)New Century Excellent Talents in Universities(No.NCET-11-0473)
文摘Synthesis and electrochemical polymerization of 9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene （EO-F） into poly[9,9-bis（2-（2-（2-methoxy ethoxy）ethoxy）ethyl）-fluorene] （EO-PF） films are reported. The boron trifluoride diethyl etherate electrolyte enables facile preparation of EO-PF films at lower potential compared to LiCIOa/MeCN and the electrochemical polymerizations are discussed. The EO-PF shows good electrochemical behavior and can be dissolved in solvents such as DMSO and THF. The solubility of EO-PF in THF is 2 mg.mL-1 and the number average molecular weight is 35300 with a polydispersity index of 1.65. The side chains on C9 position of the monomer maintain unchanged aRer electrooxidation into corresponding polymer. The EO-PF dissolved in THF under 365 nm ultraviolet light is sky blue light emitting with the Commission Internationale de L＇Eclairage-CIE coordinates of （0.19, 0.15）. The electropolymerized EO-PF is used for the first time in chemosensing metal ions, demonstrating fluorescence quenching for Mn2＋ and Fe3＋ while fluorescence enhancement for Cr6＋ ions.
