1|Introduction The Federal Republic of Somalia,often perceived as linguistically homogeneous,is home to a rich tapestry of dialects and minority languages that reflect its diverse cultural heritage.While Somali is the...1|Introduction The Federal Republic of Somalia,often perceived as linguistically homogeneous,is home to a rich tapestry of dialects and minority languages that reflect its diverse cultural heritage.While Somali is the official medium of communication,it is divided into two major dialects:Maxaa Tiri(spoken by approximately 60%of the population)and Maay(spoken by approximately 20%of the population)[1].Minority languages such as Bravanese(also known as Chimwiini or Chimbalazi),Mushunguli,Benadiri Somali,and Kibajuni are spoken by smaller communities,particularly in the southern and coastal regions[1].展开更多
Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain form...Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.展开更多
The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehen...The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehensive knowledge of within and among species song structure and distribution is informative for understanding the evolution of song repertoires and vocal behaviour.In this study,we explored variation in the song structure of the Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla),a widespread warbler(Family Parulidae)found in North American forests.We analyzed recordings from the 2021 breeding season to assess song type variation at a local(n=158 birds;Sault Ste.Marie,ON)and breeding range scale(n=512 birds;eBird).We characterized the local song types and tested whether Ovenbirds share song types with their neighbors more often than expected by chance.We then characterized song types of Ovenbirds across the breeding range to determine whether any geographic pattern of song clustering exists(i.e.,macro-dialects).We found 10 distinct song types and some evidence for song type clustering at the local study site(i.e.,song neighborhoods).We found 7 of those 10 song types throughout the breeding range and identified an additional 24 types that were not recorded in our local population.We found no evidence for song dialects across the Ovenbird breeding range.This study contributes to our understanding of Ovenbird song while simultaneously adding to our understanding of geographic structuring of warbler repertoires.Our work contributes to delineating a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting dialect development for this diverse group of songbirds.展开更多
Xueqin Cao’s Hongloumeng is recondite,yet always arousing passions in China and even the whole world in deep and significant ways.As media-translation and the transmission of Hongloumeng go abroad,Redology has alread...Xueqin Cao’s Hongloumeng is recondite,yet always arousing passions in China and even the whole world in deep and significant ways.As media-translation and the transmission of Hongloumeng go abroad,Redology has already developed into a diffuse academic field of study internationally.The locution in this masterpiece is magnificent,especially in the profound implications of its use of dialects,which are profuse and executed with exceptional literacy as well as aesthetic acuity.However,the specific strategies on how to translate the dialects may directly influence Western readers’appreciation of the masterful literary aesthetics.Currently,most scholars compare the translation research of dialects using different translation theories and analyze the respective gains and losses.Coded in Python,computer algorithms have also been written employing various translation theories,but thorough interdisciplinary,comparative analyses of the data are rare.Using the relative content as well as data integration of dialects in the first 80 chapters,this paper examines how the dialect translations in Hawks’s The Story of the Stone are undertaken and then follows up with manual proofreading of the data from the algorithms.In terms of the analysis on crawling data,reconsidering Hongloumeng with Python programming may contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the dialect words,and provide acute insight into translation strategies and the process of the translator.展开更多
Based on geographical distribution and literature survey, the present study constructs the historical strata of the appellation words referring to ＂FATHER＂ in Jin Dialects. It holds that the patterns of the appellat...Based on geographical distribution and literature survey, the present study constructs the historical strata of the appellation words referring to ＂FATHER＂ in Jin Dialects. It holds that the patterns of the appellation words are the result of superposition of different historical periods. But their leading words directly inherit the appellation words of standard language of the Song Dynasty and are mainly monosyllabic words. Words used before the Song Dynasty as living fossils of the words only retain in some districts or localities. The different evolution route of＂pa （爸）＂ and ＂tiε （爹）＂ either in Jin dialects or in mandarin is a further proof that Jin dialects and mandarin evolves asynchronously. In addition, it maintains that the formulation of the historical strata is the interaction of the horizontal transmission of languages and systemic changes of local dialects.展开更多
This article makes the claim that the difference between typologically Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural, is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabi...This article makes the claim that the difference between typologically Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural, is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabic went through in the seventh century in the conquered territories. Contact induced linguistic processes of koineization and structural simplification in the newly established urban centers in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the Arab conquests helped enhance the gender development that was already in effect before the Arab conquests. By comparing Bedouin and urban dialects to Classical Arabic, the article establishes that the three varieties were in a process of development in gender. Classical Arabic stopped at a particular stage, and Bedouin and urban dialects continued. Comparing Central Asian dialects to urban dialects of Egypt, they can see that at least to the eighth century, gender was a common feature of peninsular dialects. The article concludes by stating that the urban dialects developed further to lose all gender distinction in the plural because of the leveling and borrowing processes of the koineization in the urban centers in their formative period.展开更多
Researchers attaching great emphasis on language attitudes in sociolinguistic all over the world hold the views that an individual’s or a community’s attitudes toward their own language or other languages will affec...Researchers attaching great emphasis on language attitudes in sociolinguistic all over the world hold the views that an individual’s or a community’s attitudes toward their own language or other languages will affect how they learn and use a language and lead to a language’s further development or extinction. The research will be conducted on the relationship between people’s language attitude （LA） and the protection of dialects in China, where a great variety of dialects and Standard Chinese （SC） used by the speakers from 56 minorities co-exist and implement each other.With Standard Chinese promoted for 60 years, migration led by the development of social economy after the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, urbanization further promoted since 21st century, the status of Standard Chinese is rising while that of dialects is on the decline, and to some extent regional dialects in some ethnic minorities are dying out, resulting in the disappearance of their unique cultures and cultural forms, such as operas.Based on a review of previous studies on LA, the research will be conducted with questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire will suggest speakers’ conscious, overt attitude towards SC and dialects, the frequency they use SC and dialects, the situation in which they use SC and dialects and so on. Interview conducted indicates the interviewees’ unconsciousness and covert attitudes towards SC and dialects.The questionnaire and interviews conducted, three findings are obtained. First of all, parents’ LA plays a significant part in their children’s language learning or language use, further resulting into the decreasing number of dialect users in China. The second, the promotion of SC in schools varying from kindergartens to universities facilitates the widespread use of SC and extinction of dialects in that kids start to learn and use SC from so early ages that they have fewer chances of picking up a single dialect and the kids’ using SC offers their parents more opportunities to use SC in their daily family communication. The third, different attitudes towards SC users and dialect users from a community have great impacts on what language they will choose to communicate. Although SC plays a significant role in China’s economic development and urbanization, dialects are heritage of regional cultures; therefore, with the promotion of SC, dialects must be sustained and further developed.展开更多
As a Chinese dialect that bears the greatest resemblance to Standard Mandarin,Northeastern Mandarin is the closest relative of Standard Mandarin in terms of vocabularies,rhetorical devices and grammatical rules.The tr...As a Chinese dialect that bears the greatest resemblance to Standard Mandarin,Northeastern Mandarin is the closest relative of Standard Mandarin in terms of vocabularies,rhetorical devices and grammatical rules.The traditional Chinese folk culture of Errenzhuan(two-people rotation)1 is an epitome of traditional Chinese culture,full of humor and wittiness.This paper aims to explore the necessity and feasibility of incorporating Errenzhuan into teaching Chinese as a foreign language as a way to spark greater student interest,increase the fun of learning and enrich teaching methods,which ultimately serves to improve the quality of Chinese teaching worldwide,spread traditional Chinese folk culture and strengthen China’s cultural confidence.展开更多
Recently, a change in the Chinese textbooks used in Shanghai＇s pri mary schools triggered a buzz on the Internet. In the second-gradeChinese textbook published hy Shanghai Educational Publishing House, ＂tuaipo＂ wa...Recently, a change in the Chinese textbooks used in Shanghai＇s pri mary schools triggered a buzz on the Internet. In the second-gradeChinese textbook published hy Shanghai Educational Publishing House, ＂tuaipo＂ was changed to ＂laolao.＂ These two terms have the same meaning, both referring to one＇s maternal grandmother. In most regions of south China, including Shanghai.展开更多
Putonghua, more commonly known as Mandarin in English, is China＇s official standard language. Efforts to popularize it across the country began as early as 1955. Today, the necessity of further popularizing it is bei...Putonghua, more commonly known as Mandarin in English, is China＇s official standard language. Efforts to popularize it across the country began as early as 1955. Today, the necessity of further popularizing it is being stressed once more. Recently, China＇s media watchdog, the State General Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, issued a notification, requesting all TV and radio presenters to speak standard putonghua and refrain from using any dialectica vocabulary, slang, or foreign languages during programs, except for special cases where it is necessary. The administration said that presenters should take the lead in promoting the use of standard putonghua.展开更多
In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted...In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.展开更多
In view of the theories of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, the more firmly consolidated the basis of a first language becomes, the greater resistance and prejudices deriving from the framework of hi...In view of the theories of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, the more firmly consolidated the basis of a first language becomes, the greater resistance and prejudices deriving from the framework of his original language will be. By analyzing the students' English articulator problems shows that Shaanxi dialects have negative influence on their English pronunciation. To solve this problem, we must distinguish their phonetic difference between these two languages and reduce the negative transfer of dialect pronunciation.展开更多
The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, ...The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, vowel type, and other acoustic characteristics. Data from different speakers of different dialects is usually used in training machine learning algorithms. Based on this data, an algorithm is created to accurately identify the speaker’s dialect. Arabic dialects can be detected and classified using several models and techniques available in literature. Various models have been proposed from different perspectives. Therefore, this paper discussed different studies about AD for building an understanding of conceptual deep learning model to detect and classify Arabic dialects. The model captured the semantic, syntactic, and phonological characteristics of these dialects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). The proposed model consists of six stages: Natural Language Processing (NLP) stage, feature engineering techniques, neural networks, language models, optimization techniques, and evaluation techniques. Each stage of the proposed model has several techniques that can be used to detect and classify AD. The accuracy and capability of the proposed model will be performed in the future work.展开更多
In the field of sociolinguistics,language attitude is an important content which reflects the conception and perception of language by speakers.The paper tries to explore different language attitudes towards standard ...In the field of sociolinguistics,language attitude is an important content which reflects the conception and perception of language by speakers.The paper tries to explore different language attitudes towards standard language and dialect among international students and English instructors in the ESL language school.Participants were all interviewed by means of conversation recordings in the ESL language school.The results indicated that the majority of the ESL language school speakers kept a positive attitude towards their standard languages and dialects.The educational methods of parents had an influence on the choice of standard language and dialect towards speakers,and participants also expressed a strong social identity when they talked about their languages.Those findings illustrate the significance of the study of language attitudes in the ESL language school center.展开更多
The study^1 investigates dispersion and variability of the vowels of three Chinese dialects,namely Yongding,Cantonese,and Wenling with the three-,seven-,and eleven-vowel systems,respectively.Measurements of formant fr...The study^1 investigates dispersion and variability of the vowels of three Chinese dialects,namely Yongding,Cantonese,and Wenling with the three-,seven-,and eleven-vowel systems,respectively.Measurements of formant frequencies were obtained through spectral analysis of speech data from ten male and ten female speakers of each dialect Results show that a larger vowel inventory correlates a more expanded acoustical vowel space for the three Chinese dialects,which supports the prediction of the vowel dispersion theory that the larger the vowel inventory is,the more expanded vowel space will be.However,the difference in vowel space is not linearly related to the difference in vowel inventory size.Furthermore,the vowel dispersion theory’s prediction that variability in vowel formant frequencies is inversely related to vowel inventory size is not supported by the vowel formant data from the three Chinese dialects.展开更多
This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous st...This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous studies showed that,without considering tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are more frequently observed in the/_a/context than in the/_i/context.The results of the typological survey in this study indicate that,when tone is considered,the/n/vs./l/contrasts turn out to be more frequently observed in the/_i/context than in the/_a/context.When comparing different tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are further shown to be more frequently observed when a tone starts with a High tonal target,e.g.,HH,HM,HL,than when it starts with a Mid(i.e.,MM,MH,ML)or Low(i.e.,LL,LM,LH)tone.In terms of level and contour tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts occur more frequently with falling tones(i.e.,HM,HL,ML)than with level tones(i.e.,HH,MM,LL)or rising tones(i.e.,LM,LH,MH).展开更多
文摘1|Introduction The Federal Republic of Somalia,often perceived as linguistically homogeneous,is home to a rich tapestry of dialects and minority languages that reflect its diverse cultural heritage.While Somali is the official medium of communication,it is divided into two major dialects:Maxaa Tiri(spoken by approximately 60%of the population)and Maay(spoken by approximately 20%of the population)[1].Minority languages such as Bravanese(also known as Chimwiini or Chimbalazi),Mushunguli,Benadiri Somali,and Kibajuni are spoken by smaller communities,particularly in the southern and coastal regions[1].
文摘Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Canadian Foundation for Innovation(CFI)+1 种基金Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation(OMRI)Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation(NOHFC)。
文摘The song systems of oscine passerines(songbirds)are complex and diverse.Because songs are used for both mate attraction and territory defense and are therefore important signals for survival and reproduction,comprehensive knowledge of within and among species song structure and distribution is informative for understanding the evolution of song repertoires and vocal behaviour.In this study,we explored variation in the song structure of the Ovenbird(Seiurus aurocapilla),a widespread warbler(Family Parulidae)found in North American forests.We analyzed recordings from the 2021 breeding season to assess song type variation at a local(n=158 birds;Sault Ste.Marie,ON)and breeding range scale(n=512 birds;eBird).We characterized the local song types and tested whether Ovenbirds share song types with their neighbors more often than expected by chance.We then characterized song types of Ovenbirds across the breeding range to determine whether any geographic pattern of song clustering exists(i.e.,macro-dialects).We found 10 distinct song types and some evidence for song type clustering at the local study site(i.e.,song neighborhoods).We found 7 of those 10 song types throughout the breeding range and identified an additional 24 types that were not recorded in our local population.We found no evidence for song dialects across the Ovenbird breeding range.This study contributes to our understanding of Ovenbird song while simultaneously adding to our understanding of geographic structuring of warbler repertoires.Our work contributes to delineating a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting dialect development for this diverse group of songbirds.
文摘Xueqin Cao’s Hongloumeng is recondite,yet always arousing passions in China and even the whole world in deep and significant ways.As media-translation and the transmission of Hongloumeng go abroad,Redology has already developed into a diffuse academic field of study internationally.The locution in this masterpiece is magnificent,especially in the profound implications of its use of dialects,which are profuse and executed with exceptional literacy as well as aesthetic acuity.However,the specific strategies on how to translate the dialects may directly influence Western readers’appreciation of the masterful literary aesthetics.Currently,most scholars compare the translation research of dialects using different translation theories and analyze the respective gains and losses.Coded in Python,computer algorithms have also been written employing various translation theories,but thorough interdisciplinary,comparative analyses of the data are rare.Using the relative content as well as data integration of dialects in the first 80 chapters,this paper examines how the dialect translations in Hawks’s The Story of the Stone are undertaken and then follows up with manual proofreading of the data from the algorithms.In terms of the analysis on crawling data,reconsidering Hongloumeng with Python programming may contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the dialect words,and provide acute insight into translation strategies and the process of the translator.
文摘Based on geographical distribution and literature survey, the present study constructs the historical strata of the appellation words referring to ＂FATHER＂ in Jin Dialects. It holds that the patterns of the appellation words are the result of superposition of different historical periods. But their leading words directly inherit the appellation words of standard language of the Song Dynasty and are mainly monosyllabic words. Words used before the Song Dynasty as living fossils of the words only retain in some districts or localities. The different evolution route of＂pa （爸）＂ and ＂tiε （爹）＂ either in Jin dialects or in mandarin is a further proof that Jin dialects and mandarin evolves asynchronously. In addition, it maintains that the formulation of the historical strata is the interaction of the horizontal transmission of languages and systemic changes of local dialects.
文摘This article makes the claim that the difference between typologically Bedouin and urban dialects of Arabic in gender representation in the plural, is a function of the urbanization process the urban dialects of Arabic went through in the seventh century in the conquered territories. Contact induced linguistic processes of koineization and structural simplification in the newly established urban centers in the Middle East and North Africa immediately after the Arab conquests helped enhance the gender development that was already in effect before the Arab conquests. By comparing Bedouin and urban dialects to Classical Arabic, the article establishes that the three varieties were in a process of development in gender. Classical Arabic stopped at a particular stage, and Bedouin and urban dialects continued. Comparing Central Asian dialects to urban dialects of Egypt, they can see that at least to the eighth century, gender was a common feature of peninsular dialects. The article concludes by stating that the urban dialects developed further to lose all gender distinction in the plural because of the leveling and borrowing processes of the koineization in the urban centers in their formative period.
文摘Researchers attaching great emphasis on language attitudes in sociolinguistic all over the world hold the views that an individual’s or a community’s attitudes toward their own language or other languages will affect how they learn and use a language and lead to a language’s further development or extinction. The research will be conducted on the relationship between people’s language attitude （LA） and the protection of dialects in China, where a great variety of dialects and Standard Chinese （SC） used by the speakers from 56 minorities co-exist and implement each other.With Standard Chinese promoted for 60 years, migration led by the development of social economy after the adoption of reform and opening-up policy, urbanization further promoted since 21st century, the status of Standard Chinese is rising while that of dialects is on the decline, and to some extent regional dialects in some ethnic minorities are dying out, resulting in the disappearance of their unique cultures and cultural forms, such as operas.Based on a review of previous studies on LA, the research will be conducted with questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire will suggest speakers’ conscious, overt attitude towards SC and dialects, the frequency they use SC and dialects, the situation in which they use SC and dialects and so on. Interview conducted indicates the interviewees’ unconsciousness and covert attitudes towards SC and dialects.The questionnaire and interviews conducted, three findings are obtained. First of all, parents’ LA plays a significant part in their children’s language learning or language use, further resulting into the decreasing number of dialect users in China. The second, the promotion of SC in schools varying from kindergartens to universities facilitates the widespread use of SC and extinction of dialects in that kids start to learn and use SC from so early ages that they have fewer chances of picking up a single dialect and the kids’ using SC offers their parents more opportunities to use SC in their daily family communication. The third, different attitudes towards SC users and dialect users from a community have great impacts on what language they will choose to communicate. Although SC plays a significant role in China’s economic development and urbanization, dialects are heritage of regional cultures; therefore, with the promotion of SC, dialects must be sustained and further developed.
文摘As a Chinese dialect that bears the greatest resemblance to Standard Mandarin,Northeastern Mandarin is the closest relative of Standard Mandarin in terms of vocabularies,rhetorical devices and grammatical rules.The traditional Chinese folk culture of Errenzhuan(two-people rotation)1 is an epitome of traditional Chinese culture,full of humor and wittiness.This paper aims to explore the necessity and feasibility of incorporating Errenzhuan into teaching Chinese as a foreign language as a way to spark greater student interest,increase the fun of learning and enrich teaching methods,which ultimately serves to improve the quality of Chinese teaching worldwide,spread traditional Chinese folk culture and strengthen China’s cultural confidence.
文摘Recently, a change in the Chinese textbooks used in Shanghai＇s pri mary schools triggered a buzz on the Internet. In the second-gradeChinese textbook published hy Shanghai Educational Publishing House, ＂tuaipo＂ was changed to ＂laolao.＂ These two terms have the same meaning, both referring to one＇s maternal grandmother. In most regions of south China, including Shanghai.
文摘Putonghua, more commonly known as Mandarin in English, is China＇s official standard language. Efforts to popularize it across the country began as early as 1955. Today, the necessity of further popularizing it is being stressed once more. Recently, China＇s media watchdog, the State General Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, issued a notification, requesting all TV and radio presenters to speak standard putonghua and refrain from using any dialectica vocabulary, slang, or foreign languages during programs, except for special cases where it is necessary. The administration said that presenters should take the lead in promoting the use of standard putonghua.
文摘In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.
文摘In view of the theories of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition, the more firmly consolidated the basis of a first language becomes, the greater resistance and prejudices deriving from the framework of his original language will be. By analyzing the students' English articulator problems shows that Shaanxi dialects have negative influence on their English pronunciation. To solve this problem, we must distinguish their phonetic difference between these two languages and reduce the negative transfer of dialect pronunciation.
文摘The Arabic Dialect (AD) detection method involves analyzing the matching sound wave for various characteristics that identify the speaker’s dialect. Among these features are accent, intonation, stress, vowel length, vowel type, and other acoustic characteristics. Data from different speakers of different dialects is usually used in training machine learning algorithms. Based on this data, an algorithm is created to accurately identify the speaker’s dialect. Arabic dialects can be detected and classified using several models and techniques available in literature. Various models have been proposed from different perspectives. Therefore, this paper discussed different studies about AD for building an understanding of conceptual deep learning model to detect and classify Arabic dialects. The model captured the semantic, syntactic, and phonological characteristics of these dialects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). The proposed model consists of six stages: Natural Language Processing (NLP) stage, feature engineering techniques, neural networks, language models, optimization techniques, and evaluation techniques. Each stage of the proposed model has several techniques that can be used to detect and classify AD. The accuracy and capability of the proposed model will be performed in the future work.
文摘In the field of sociolinguistics,language attitude is an important content which reflects the conception and perception of language by speakers.The paper tries to explore different language attitudes towards standard language and dialect among international students and English instructors in the ESL language school.Participants were all interviewed by means of conversation recordings in the ESL language school.The results indicated that the majority of the ESL language school speakers kept a positive attitude towards their standard languages and dialects.The educational methods of parents had an influence on the choice of standard language and dialect towards speakers,and participants also expressed a strong social identity when they talked about their languages.Those findings illustrate the significance of the study of language attitudes in the ESL language school center.
基金supported by a GRF grant(#9041514/CityU#144609)from the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
文摘The study^1 investigates dispersion and variability of the vowels of three Chinese dialects,namely Yongding,Cantonese,and Wenling with the three-,seven-,and eleven-vowel systems,respectively.Measurements of formant frequencies were obtained through spectral analysis of speech data from ten male and ten female speakers of each dialect Results show that a larger vowel inventory correlates a more expanded acoustical vowel space for the three Chinese dialects,which supports the prediction of the vowel dispersion theory that the larger the vowel inventory is,the more expanded vowel space will be.However,the difference in vowel space is not linearly related to the difference in vowel inventory size.Furthermore,the vowel dispersion theory’s prediction that variability in vowel formant frequencies is inversely related to vowel inventory size is not supported by the vowel formant data from the three Chinese dialects.
文摘This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous studies showed that,without considering tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are more frequently observed in the/_a/context than in the/_i/context.The results of the typological survey in this study indicate that,when tone is considered,the/n/vs./l/contrasts turn out to be more frequently observed in the/_i/context than in the/_a/context.When comparing different tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are further shown to be more frequently observed when a tone starts with a High tonal target,e.g.,HH,HM,HL,than when it starts with a Mid(i.e.,MM,MH,ML)or Low(i.e.,LL,LM,LH)tone.In terms of level and contour tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts occur more frequently with falling tones(i.e.,HM,HL,ML)than with level tones(i.e.,HH,MM,LL)or rising tones(i.e.,LM,LH,MH).
