Hepatitis C is a liver disease that is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. An estimated 150 million individuals worldwide have been chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus(HCV). H...Hepatitis C is a liver disease that is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. An estimated 150 million individuals worldwide have been chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus(HCV). Hepatitis C shows significant genetic variation in the global population, due to the high rate of viral RNA mutation. There are six variants of the virus(HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), with 15 recorded subtypes that vary in prevalence across different regions of the world. A variety of devices are used to diagnose hepatitis C, including HCV antibody test, HCV viral load test, HCV genotype test and liver biopsy. Rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and robust analytical devices are therefore essential for effective diagnosis and monitoring of disease treatment. This review provides an overview of current electrochemical immunosensor and genosensortechnologies employed in HCV detection.There are a limited number of publications showing electrochemical biosensors being used for the detection of HCV.Due to their simplicity,specificity,and reliability,electrochemical biosensor devices have potential clinical applications in several viral infections.展开更多
Despite the widespread use of malaria rapid diagnostic test(RDT)in clinical practice,there are a lot of challenges.We conducted a secondary analysis of 129 malaria RDT data from rounds 5–8 of the World Health Organiz...Despite the widespread use of malaria rapid diagnostic test(RDT)in clinical practice,there are a lot of challenges.We conducted a secondary analysis of 129 malaria RDT data from rounds 5–8 of the World Health Organization(WHO)product testing summary and discuss the causes of false-negative(FN)results with a focus on low parasite density,improper RDT storage,operation and interpretation,and Plasmodium falciparum with a pfhrp2/3 gene deletion.The results demonstrated that the malaria RDTs currently commercially available might cause FN results in practice.展开更多
The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing ...The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana...<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The rapid diagnostic tests play a pivotal role in the screening of viral markers in blood qualification for transfusion in limited resource setting. Therefore, it is important to assess their analytical performances to ensure their proper functioning. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We performed a cross-</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sectional study by successive recruitment to assess the diagnostic value of rapid diagnostic tests algorithms using ELISA as a reference test. A total of 661 blood from donors were enrolled for this study. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and ELISA tests were performed for each sample by a couple of double-blinded biotechnologists. Data were collected on case report form and captured in Microsoft Excel then the file was imported and analyzed using R software version 4.0.3. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The diagnostic accuracy for the algorithms are summarized in </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. For HIV-algorithm</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the internal validity parameters were as follow: sensitivity (sens) 99.0% (95% CI = 97.8, 99.5);specificity (spec) 98.3% (95% CI = 90.9, 99.7);positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 57.4 (95% CI = 8.2, 401.0);negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.01 (95% CI = 0.0005, 0.02);diagnostic odd ratio (DOR) 4710. HBV-Ag/Ab RDTs achieve the following diagnostic accuracy: sens 99.7% (95% CI = 98.3, 99.9);spec 98.8% (95% CI = 96.9, 95.5);PLR 81.8 (95% CI = 30.9, 217.0);NLR 0.003 (95% CI = 0.0004, 0.02);DOR</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">14</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">110. The analytical performances of HCV-Ab RDTs were as follow: sens 98.7% (95% CI = 97.5, 99.4);spec 93.1% (95% CI = 78.0, 98.1);PLR 14.3 (95% CI = 3.8, 54.5);NLR 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8, 2.8);DOR 962.6. The parameters evaluating the external validity of RDTs screening for the three viral markers when the theorical prevalence was <</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5% are summarized in </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Figure </span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. At the prevalence < 5%, the NPV of the three RDTs were 99.96%</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 99.99% and 99.94%. At the same prevalence</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we found the following Positive Predictive Values (PPV) 70.82%, 77.59% and 37.35% for HIV-Ag/Ab RDTs, HBV-Ag RDTs and HCV-Ab RDTs algorithms, respectively. The overall areas under the received operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 98.6%</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 99.2% and 99.2%;95.9% for HIV-Ag/Ab RDTs, HBV-Ag RDTs and HCV-Ab RDTs algorithms, respectively. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> RDTs algorithms can play a pivotal role in the screening of HIV-Ab/Ag, HBs-Ag in the setting of resources limited-countries where financial and technical expertise shortages are a standard fare. However, their use for diagnostic purposes must be done with great caution and the result must necessarily be confirmed with an ELISA or molecular technique particularly for HCV-RDTs algorithm which achieved a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> NLR value > 0.1.</span></span></span>展开更多
Objective: this study focuses on the main causes and solutions of the routine blood test. Methods: in this study, 120 patients with the error in the routine blood test results from March 2020 to March 2021 were random...Objective: this study focuses on the main causes and solutions of the routine blood test. Methods: in this study, 120 patients with the error in the routine blood test results from March 2020 to March 2021 were randomly selected as the study subjects, and the clinical data of all the study subjects were analyzed retrospectively. All patients received 2mL blood collection from peripheral blood and 14ml of venous blood. The venous blood samples were divided into 7 groups, among which group 1 was tested immediately after collection, groups 2 and 3 were stored in refrigerator (4℃) and room temperature, groups 4 and 4 hours respectively, group 6 and 7 were treated with 1.6 mg/ml and 2.8 mg/ml anticoagulant respectively. Peripheral blood needs to be tested immediately. The root causes of common errors are summarized, and the influence of different blood collection location, placement time and anticoagulant concentration on the routine blood test indicators is discussed, and the corresponding solutions are summarized. Results: the results of this study showed that platelet content in peripheral blood samples was significantly lower than venous blood, with significantly different data between groups (P <0.05). Blood samples were retained for 2 hours after collection, the hemoglobin concentration and platelet content were lower than the 4-hour retained samples, and the data differences between groups were significant (P <0.05).Blood samples were stored in the refrigerator, the hemoglobin concentration was lower than those stored at room temperature, and there were significant differences between groups (P <0.05).After the blood samples were treated with 2.8 mg/ml anticoagulant concentration, the content of each index was significantly higher than that treated with 1.6 mg/ml, and the data between the two groups varied significantly (P <0.05).Among the routine blood tests, 120 subjects had the error in the routine blood test indicators, including the unreasonable anticoagulant concentration, long inspection time, unreasonable storage and personal factors of the subjects. Conclusion: in the routine blood test, many factors resulted in the test error. The hospital should clarify the main influencing factors, improve the efficiency and quality of routine blood test by strengthening the training of relevant personnel, actively communicating with the subjects, and making reasonable use of anticoagulant, reducing the probability of error, and provide reliable support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of doctors.展开更多
Objective: to analyze the diagnostic value of blood routine examination in children with bacterial infection. Methods: the clinical data of children with infectious diseases examined in our hospital were retrospective...Objective: to analyze the diagnostic value of blood routine examination in children with bacterial infection. Methods: the clinical data of children with infectious diseases examined in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. From March 2019 to March 2020, 45 children with bacterial infection were selected as the bacterial infection group, 45 children with viral infection were selected as the viral infection group, and 50 children who came to our hospital for physical examination at the same time were selected as the control group. All of them received blood routine examination. The WBC count and WBC positive rate of the three groups were compared. Results: WBC of bacterial infection group was (17.97 ± 3.54), significantly higher than that of virus infection group (10.33 ± 3.60) and control group (8.02 ± 2.54) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the virus infection group and the control group (P > 0.05). The positive rate of WBC in bacterial infection group was 80.00%, which was significantly higher than that in virus infection group (42.22%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: blood routine examination can provide reliable data for clinical diagnosis of bacterial infection in children.展开更多
Objective:To explore the accuracy and stability of the results of peripheral blood routine tests at different time points after anticoagulation and standing,providing a scientific basis for actual clinical work.Method...Objective:To explore the accuracy and stability of the results of peripheral blood routine tests at different time points after anticoagulation and standing,providing a scientific basis for actual clinical work.Methods:In this study,30 patients who visited the hospital in October 2023 were randomly selected and divided into two groups(15 cases in each group).The same collection method was used for routine blood tests.The tests were performed after anticoagulation and standing for 5 minutes,1 hour,and 5 minutes,2 hours respectively,and the routine blood test indicators at different time points were compared.Results:After comparison,there were no significant differences in the results of routine blood tests at 5 minutes after mixing,anticoagulating,and standing peripheral blood and those at 1 hour and 2 hours(P>0.05).Conclusion:The results of peripheral blood after mixing,anticoagulating,and standing for 5 minutes are stable compared with those after standing for 1 hour and 2 hours.In actual work,the pre-test turnaround time can be appropriately extended.展开更多
Malaria infection is the most common diagnosis made in Africa. Efficient diagnosis of malaria parasite is very vital for treatment of malaria infection. The efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in comparison to m...Malaria infection is the most common diagnosis made in Africa. Efficient diagnosis of malaria parasite is very vital for treatment of malaria infection. The efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in comparison to microscopy, the gold standard, in the diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria has not been fully ascertained. This study compared the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of RDTs available in Nigeria market with microscopy. Two RDT kits were used and their results were compared with the gold standard, microscopy using thick and thin blood films (TBF and tBF). TBF had sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 30%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.6%;tBF had sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 35%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 63.6%. Among the RDTs, Care Start HRP2 kit had sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 50%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 56.5%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59% while SD Bioline kit had sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 65%, PPV of 61%, and NPV of 59%. It can thus be inferred that rapid diagnostic test kits are not as sensitive as microscopy in diagnosis of malaria parasite, but they are more accurate and are thus suitable alternatives to microscopy.展开更多
According to the guidelines by the Japanese government, optical colonoscopy is the most strongly recommended diagnostic test after screening with the immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT), followed by double-...According to the guidelines by the Japanese government, optical colonoscopy is the most strongly recommended diagnostic test after screening with the immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT), followed by double-contrast barium enema (BE) or sigmoidoscopy. Our study was to assess patterns and trends of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnostic testing within 2 years after iFOBT. We analyzed both iFOBT results and claims data provided by employee health insurance societies in Japan from 2005 to 2010. 25,596 enrollees underwent iFOBT screening. The positive rate was 5.1%. 32.3% of those positive underwent diagnostic tests and 1.0% (12 patients) were confirmed as having cancer. The most common test was optical colonoscopy (77.2% of total tests), followed by BE (16.2%). From 2006 to 2009, the rate of optical colonoscopy for females increased from 55% to 82% and that of BE declined from 36% to 12%, while no significant changes were seen for males. Only one-third of those who tested positive underwent diagnostic test in the 2 years following screening iFOBT. As official guidelines for diagnostic testing of CRC recommend, optical colonoscopy is now the most commonly used diagnostic test after positive iFOBT result for enrollees in employee health insurance societies in Japan.展开更多
Background: Failure to demonstrate the presence of malaria parasites prior to treatment with anti-malarial drugs remains a challenge in Uganda, often resulting into over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs to febrile ...Background: Failure to demonstrate the presence of malaria parasites prior to treatment with anti-malarial drugs remains a challenge in Uganda, often resulting into over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs to febrile patients suspected of malaria. The aim of this study was to describe the role of utilization of malaria diagnostic tests and associated factors in the receipt of anti-malarial drugs among febrile patients suspected of malaria. Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, client-exit interviews with febrile patients and key-informant interviews with purposively selected health workers were conducted at outpatient clinics of health centre IV facilities in Mukono district. Data entry and analysis were done using EpiData 3.2 and STATA 10 respectively. Data were described using frequency distributions and proportions. Chi square was used in two by two tables, odds ratios as the measure of association and an alpha level of 0.05 was used in all significance tests. Results: Out of 408 respondents, the majority were female (252, 61.8%) and a third of the samples were aged five years and below. The mean age in years was 3.3 with a standard deviation of 2.1. More than half of the respondents (359, 88%) utilized malaria diagnostic tests and about half (241, 59%) received anti-malarial drugs. There were no statistically significant differences between utilizers and non-utilizers in most characteristics except age, history of indoor residual spraying and perceived satisfaction with services at outpatient clinics. Utilizers were 75% less likely to receive anti-malarial drugs than non-utilizers after controlling for age, sex and residence (OR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.66). Frequent power cut-offs as well as limited knowledge on malaria treatment guidelines amongst laboratory personnel were some of the major limitations to microscopic diagnosis of malaria. Conclusion: Utilizers were 75% less likely to receive anti-malarial drugs as opposed to non-utilizers. This implies that increasing utilization of malaria diagnostic tests can reduce the problem of over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs by 75% among those tested for malaria, since anti-malarial drugs would be received by only those with a parasi- tologically-confirmed diagnosis of malaria. Policy implications: To overcome the problem of over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs, there must be a policy that ensures a consistent power supply in all public health laboratories. Training of health workers should encompass all cadres and work-shifts for laboratory personnel should be established to enhance utilization of malaria diagnostic tests especially at night.展开更多
The two most common techniques available for diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria are microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, in diagnosing asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitaemia among donors, the preferred te...The two most common techniques available for diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria are microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, in diagnosing asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitaemia among donors, the preferred technique should not only be timely but must not compromise diagnosis. It should be more sensitive with minimal chances of false negative results. This study was carried out to compare microscopy and RDTs as effective tools for diagnosis of Plasmodium parasitaemia among blood donors in Port Harcourt. There were 200 donors involved in the study among which 135 (67.5%) tested positive and 65 (32.5%) tested negative on microscopy whereas 30 (15.0%) tested positive and 170 (85.0%) tested negative to RDT with a statistically significant difference between both techniques. Data were analysed using the statistical package epi-info version 7.02. We therefore recommend that microscopy using giemsa-stained blood films remain the method of choice for diagnosis of Plasmodium parasitaemia among blood donors to prevent the spread of transfusion malaria.展开更多
COVID 19 has caused capitulation from healthcare entities all over the world. First described in Hubei, China, the virus has spread to 185 countries, showing little signs of eradication or eradication. There does not ...COVID 19 has caused capitulation from healthcare entities all over the world. First described in Hubei, China, the virus has spread to 185 countries, showing little signs of eradication or eradication. There does not exist a medical treatment regimen or a vaccine to address COVID 19 definitively. The best response, to date, has been early diagnosis and immediate isolation or quarantine of the patient, with supportive care. As medical institutions all around the world struggle to keep up with this pandemic, there is not a consensus amongst medical professionals in the rapid diagnosis of this disease entity. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to review the literature and establish a test, or tests, that would aid the clinician in attaining a swift, yet accurate diagnosis. Methods: We searched PubMed and Google scholar and reviewed 32 articles. Keyword searches consisted of COVID 19, pandemic, diagnoses, diagnostic testing, pandemic amongst others. We compared the data obtained from these studies in an effort to find the best diagnostic test. Results: There were a total of 12,270 patients that were in our study [1]-[32]. This is the largest study to date in the literature addressing diagnosis of COVID 19. Fever, cough and fatigue, in that respective order were the most common clinical symptoms. Laboratory findings consisted of leukopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and elevated C-reactive protein, CRP. The gold standard test described in multiple studies was the RT-PCR. Serum assays of IgM and IgG were also drawn and found to be accurate in 93% of the time. CT Chest was both sensitive and specific, 90% and 86%. This diagnostic imaging was even more successful when coupled with clinical symptoms and approaching days 7 - 12 since the onset of clinical symptoms. Discussion: This is the largest study compiled to address diagnostic testing in COVID 19 patients. The patient population is spread vastly around the world, with access to many reported tests limited in certain countries. Given the significant sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic imaging, in the setting of clinical symptoms, we recommend patient undergo CT Chest in the face of COVID 19 exposure and clinical symptoms. While RT-PCR, IgM-IgG assays are beneficial, isolation, treatment, and possible quarantine of presumptive positive COVID 19 patients (based upon clinical symptoms and imaging) should not be delayed, for fear of increased infectivity and further risk to society at large.展开更多
This investigation deals with the intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction. A modified parallel algorithm for fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction is proposed. The algorithm...This investigation deals with the intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction. A modified parallel algorithm for fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction is proposed. The algorithm is allowed to optimize processing time on tests construction. A matrix model of data and knowledge representation, as well as various kinds of regularities in data and knowledge are presented. Applied intelligent system for diagnostic of mental health of population which is developed with the use of intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant DTs construction is suggested.展开更多
By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. D...By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. Due to different pull-push electronic effects of ligands, the fluorescence intensities of these terbium complexes significantly varied, that is： LⅡ·Tb 〉L（Ⅲ）·Tb〉 LⅠ·Tb. Meanwhile, the characteristic peaks at 492 nm（5D4→7F6） and 547 nm（5 D4→7F5） showed ＂Off–On–Off＂ fluorescence response to various p H conditions,which indicated that all of them can be used as the highly sensitive pH fluorescent probes. Notably, using LⅡ·Tb with the best fluorescence performance as a probe, some patients＇ urine samples can be easily monitored through the response triggered by pH value. Therefore, LⅡ·Tb has the potential to auxiliarily diagnose some diseases in clinical practice through p H detection of routine urine test.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze effects of antimicrobial peptides added to the diet of Tan sheep on their production, slaughter performance and blood composition. [Methods] Ninety two four-month-old Ta...[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze effects of antimicrobial peptides added to the diet of Tan sheep on their production, slaughter performance and blood composition. [Methods] Ninety two four-month-old Tan sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups according to their body weight, 46 in each group. The control check group(CK) was feed with conventional diet, and the experimental group was fed with the addition of antimicrobial peptide on the basis of the conventional diet, with the added amount of 2.5 g/sheep per day. The experimental period was 60 d. [Results] The incidence rate was 75.06% lower in the experimental group than in the CK. The average daily weight gain per sheep was 11.27% higher in the experimental group than in the CK(P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was 8.45% lower in the experimental group than in the CK(P<0.05). The average daily gross profit per sheep was 12.12% higher in the experimental group than in the CK. For slaughter performance, the data difference of each item was not significant. The PH at 45 min and 24 h after slaughter was within the normal range of fresh mutton. The cooked meat percentage and water loss rate showed no significant differences(P>0.05). The marbling ranged from 2.45 to 2.50, indicating that the fat content was moderate, and the difference between groups was not significant(P>0.05). The flesh color ranged from 3.00 to 3.15, between light red and bright red, belonging to the normal color of mutton, and the difference between groups was not significant(P>0.05). The shear force was between 2.50 and 2.65, without a significant difference between groups(P>0.05). The white blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets in the experimental group were lower than those in the CK(P<0.01). The erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the erythrocyte group were higher than those in the CK(P<0.05). The neutrophils and monocytes in the experimental group were lower than those in the CK(P<0.05). [Conclusions] This study provides a technical basis for the rational use of antimicrobial peptides and their application in ruminants.展开更多
This study tested a novel method designed to provide useful information for medical diagnosis and treatment. We measured electroencephalography (EEG) during a test of eye opening and closing, a common test in routine ...This study tested a novel method designed to provide useful information for medical diagnosis and treatment. We measured electroencephalography (EEG) during a test of eye opening and closing, a common test in routine EEG examination. This test is mainly used for measuring the degree of alpha blocking and sensitivity during eyes opening and closing. However, because these factors depend on the subject’s awareness, drowsiness can interfere with accurate diagnosis. We sought to determine the optimal EEG frequency band and optimal brain region for distinguishing healthy individuals from patients suffering from several neurophysiological diseases (including dementia, cerebrovascular disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, and epilepsy) while fully awake, and while in an early drowsy state. We tested four groups of subjects (awake healthy subjects, drowsy healthy subjects, awake patients and drowsy patients). The complexity of EEG band frequencies over five lobes in the human brain was analyzed using wavelet-based approximate entropy (ApEn). Two-way analysis of variance tested the effects of the two factors of interest (subjects’ health state, and subjects’ wakefulness state) on five different lobes of the brain during eyes opening and closing. The complexity of the theta and delta bands over frontal and central regions, respectively, was significantly greater in the healthy state during eyes opening. In contrast, patients exhibited increased complexity of gamma band activity over the temporal region only, during eyes-close. The early drowsy state and wakefulness state increased the complexity of theta band activity over the temporal region only during eyes-close and eyes-open states respectively, and this change was significantly greater in control subjects compared with patients. We propose that this method may be useful in routine EEG examination, to aid medical doctors and clinicians in distinguishing healthy individuals from patients, regardless of whether the subject is fully awake or in the early stages of drowsiness.展开更多
Objective: to explore the application of life test and routine test in the diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: 100 patients suspected of diabetic diseases were selected for biochemical test and routine test, and the resul...Objective: to explore the application of life test and routine test in the diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: 100 patients suspected of diabetic diseases were selected for biochemical test and routine test, and the results were compared. Results: compared with routine test, biochemical test has higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: biochemical test has more clinical value in the diagnosis of diabetes.展开更多
Objective: the differences of blood routine test results between venous blood and capillary blood were analyzed. Methods: The subjects of the study were 120 healthy outpatients from August 2019 to August 2021. They we...Objective: the differences of blood routine test results between venous blood and capillary blood were analyzed. Methods: The subjects of the study were 120 healthy outpatients from August 2019 to August 2021. They were divided into two groups according to the random method (n=60 for each group). The capillary blood was collected in the control group and venous blood was collected in the observation group. The results of WBC, HCT, RBC, Hb, PLT, MCHC, MCV and HCT were statistically compared between the two groups. Results: WBC of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, HCT, RBC, Hb, PLT and MCHC of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, p < 0.05 (the difference was statistically significant). Compared with the control group, the MCV and HCT of the observation group had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: venous blood collection in blood routine test can improve the accuracy of test results, and can be the preferred collection method in blood collection with high clinical value.展开更多
To study and analyze the influence of peripheral blood and venous blood on the test results in blood routine test. Methods: from September 2020 to June 2021, 152 patients who underwent blood routine test were included...To study and analyze the influence of peripheral blood and venous blood on the test results in blood routine test. Methods: from September 2020 to June 2021, 152 patients who underwent blood routine test were included in the laboratory department of our hospital. All patients collected peripheral blood and venous blood for blood routine test respectively. The blood source of peripheral blood for blood routine test was peripheral blood group, and the blood source of elbow vein blood for blood routine test was venous blood group, The differences of blood routine test results between the two groups at 0 min were compared, and the blood sources of the two groups were tested for many times at 0 min, 10 min and 30 min after blood collection. The test results were analyzed and compared, and the satisfaction of the two blood collection methods, time and pain were evaluated. Results: at 0 min of blood collection, the leukocyte count value of venous blood group was lower than that of peripheral blood group, while the erythrocyte count value, hemoglobin concentration value, platelet count value, erythrocyte backlog value and average hemoglobin concentration value of venous blood group were higher than those of peripheral blood group (P < 0.05);However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05);The test results of peripheral blood group and venous blood group were compared for multiple tests at 0 min, 10 min and 30 min after blood collection respectively. There was no significant difference in the test results of erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood group at each time period (P > 0.05), while the test results of leukocyte count and platelet count at 0 min were different from those at 10 min. There was significant difference in the results of 30 min test (P < 0.05), indicating that the index value will change with time;There was no significant difference in the test results of leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and platelet count in the venous blood group (P > 0.05), indicating that the indexes in the blood were relatively stable;Comparing the satisfaction scores of the two groups, the scores of the two groups were higher, and the satisfaction of peripheral blood was slightly higher, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: comparing the satisfaction of the two groups of patients, the acceptability of the two blood collection methods is very high. From the analysis of the test results, on the whole, the test results of peripheral blood are slightly lower than those of venous blood. It is analyzed that the reason for this result may be that the peripheral blood causes the damage of blood cells during the extrusion process and reduces the count, and the white blood cell count. The platelet count value will change over time and affect the test results, while the venous blood test results have little difference within 30min, indicating that various indexes in venous blood are relatively stable within a certain period of time, and the accuracy of test results is higher.展开更多
Objective: to study and analyze the application value of blood routine in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: into our hospital from February 2021 to January 2022 admitted 60 cases of suspecte...Objective: to study and analyze the application value of blood routine in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: into our hospital from February 2021 to January 2022 admitted 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection, collect peripheral blood after admission blood routine examination, and refer to clinical comprehensive diagnosis on the diagnostic efficiency of blood routine examination evaluation analysis, and this group of suspected upper respiratory tract infection blood routine examination qualitative and quantitative results analysis. Results: this group of 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases, the clinical comprehensive diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection in 45 cases, qualitative analysis of blood routine examination results for 43 cases, referring to clinical comprehensive diagnosis analysis, this group of 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases of blood routine examination, diagnosis compliance rate, specificity, sensitivity are higher, diagnostic efficiency is outstanding. Among the 43 cases with routine blood examination results being positive in this group of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases, the quantitative results of quantitative white blood cell count were higher than the 17 cases with negative results, which was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of blood routine white blood cell count in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection can provide a practical basis for the diagnosis and differentiation of upper respiratory tract infection, and the diagnostic efficiency is outstanding.展开更多
基金Supported by Brazilian funding agencies(Sao Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq)
文摘Hepatitis C is a liver disease that is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. An estimated 150 million individuals worldwide have been chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus(HCV). Hepatitis C shows significant genetic variation in the global population, due to the high rate of viral RNA mutation. There are six variants of the virus(HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), with 15 recorded subtypes that vary in prevalence across different regions of the world. A variety of devices are used to diagnose hepatitis C, including HCV antibody test, HCV viral load test, HCV genotype test and liver biopsy. Rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and robust analytical devices are therefore essential for effective diagnosis and monitoring of disease treatment. This review provides an overview of current electrochemical immunosensor and genosensortechnologies employed in HCV detection.There are a limited number of publications showing electrochemical biosensors being used for the detection of HCV.Due to their simplicity,specificity,and reliability,electrochemical biosensor devices have potential clinical applications in several viral infections.
基金supported by the National Grand Program on Key Infectious Disease(2018ZX10103002-001-007)the Biosafety Special Program(19SWAQ 13)。
文摘Despite the widespread use of malaria rapid diagnostic test(RDT)in clinical practice,there are a lot of challenges.We conducted a secondary analysis of 129 malaria RDT data from rounds 5–8 of the World Health Organization(WHO)product testing summary and discuss the causes of false-negative(FN)results with a focus on low parasite density,improper RDT storage,operation and interpretation,and Plasmodium falciparum with a pfhrp2/3 gene deletion.The results demonstrated that the malaria RDTs currently commercially available might cause FN results in practice.
文摘The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The rapid diagnostic tests play a pivotal role in the screening of viral markers in blood qualification for transfusion in limited resource setting. Therefore, it is important to assess their analytical performances to ensure their proper functioning. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We performed a cross-</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sectional study by successive recruitment to assess the diagnostic value of rapid diagnostic tests algorithms using ELISA as a reference test. A total of 661 blood from donors were enrolled for this study. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and ELISA tests were performed for each sample by a couple of double-blinded biotechnologists. Data were collected on case report form and captured in Microsoft Excel then the file was imported and analyzed using R software version 4.0.3. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The diagnostic accuracy for the algorithms are summarized in </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. For HIV-algorithm</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the internal validity parameters were as follow: sensitivity (sens) 99.0% (95% CI = 97.8, 99.5);specificity (spec) 98.3% (95% CI = 90.9, 99.7);positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 57.4 (95% CI = 8.2, 401.0);negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0.01 (95% CI = 0.0005, 0.02);diagnostic odd ratio (DOR) 4710. HBV-Ag/Ab RDTs achieve the following diagnostic accuracy: sens 99.7% (95% CI = 98.3, 99.9);spec 98.8% (95% CI = 96.9, 95.5);PLR 81.8 (95% CI = 30.9, 217.0);NLR 0.003 (95% CI = 0.0004, 0.02);DOR</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">14</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">110. The analytical performances of HCV-Ab RDTs were as follow: sens 98.7% (95% CI = 97.5, 99.4);spec 93.1% (95% CI = 78.0, 98.1);PLR 14.3 (95% CI = 3.8, 54.5);NLR 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8, 2.8);DOR 962.6. The parameters evaluating the external validity of RDTs screening for the three viral markers when the theorical prevalence was <</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5% are summarized in </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Figure </span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. At the prevalence < 5%, the NPV of the three RDTs were 99.96%</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 99.99% and 99.94%. At the same prevalence</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we found the following Positive Predictive Values (PPV) 70.82%, 77.59% and 37.35% for HIV-Ag/Ab RDTs, HBV-Ag RDTs and HCV-Ab RDTs algorithms, respectively. The overall areas under the received operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 98.6%</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 99.2% and 99.2%;95.9% for HIV-Ag/Ab RDTs, HBV-Ag RDTs and HCV-Ab RDTs algorithms, respectively. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> RDTs algorithms can play a pivotal role in the screening of HIV-Ab/Ag, HBs-Ag in the setting of resources limited-countries where financial and technical expertise shortages are a standard fare. However, their use for diagnostic purposes must be done with great caution and the result must necessarily be confirmed with an ELISA or molecular technique particularly for HCV-RDTs algorithm which achieved a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> NLR value > 0.1.</span></span></span>
文摘Objective: this study focuses on the main causes and solutions of the routine blood test. Methods: in this study, 120 patients with the error in the routine blood test results from March 2020 to March 2021 were randomly selected as the study subjects, and the clinical data of all the study subjects were analyzed retrospectively. All patients received 2mL blood collection from peripheral blood and 14ml of venous blood. The venous blood samples were divided into 7 groups, among which group 1 was tested immediately after collection, groups 2 and 3 were stored in refrigerator (4℃) and room temperature, groups 4 and 4 hours respectively, group 6 and 7 were treated with 1.6 mg/ml and 2.8 mg/ml anticoagulant respectively. Peripheral blood needs to be tested immediately. The root causes of common errors are summarized, and the influence of different blood collection location, placement time and anticoagulant concentration on the routine blood test indicators is discussed, and the corresponding solutions are summarized. Results: the results of this study showed that platelet content in peripheral blood samples was significantly lower than venous blood, with significantly different data between groups (P <0.05). Blood samples were retained for 2 hours after collection, the hemoglobin concentration and platelet content were lower than the 4-hour retained samples, and the data differences between groups were significant (P <0.05).Blood samples were stored in the refrigerator, the hemoglobin concentration was lower than those stored at room temperature, and there were significant differences between groups (P <0.05).After the blood samples were treated with 2.8 mg/ml anticoagulant concentration, the content of each index was significantly higher than that treated with 1.6 mg/ml, and the data between the two groups varied significantly (P <0.05).Among the routine blood tests, 120 subjects had the error in the routine blood test indicators, including the unreasonable anticoagulant concentration, long inspection time, unreasonable storage and personal factors of the subjects. Conclusion: in the routine blood test, many factors resulted in the test error. The hospital should clarify the main influencing factors, improve the efficiency and quality of routine blood test by strengthening the training of relevant personnel, actively communicating with the subjects, and making reasonable use of anticoagulant, reducing the probability of error, and provide reliable support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of doctors.
文摘Objective: to analyze the diagnostic value of blood routine examination in children with bacterial infection. Methods: the clinical data of children with infectious diseases examined in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. From March 2019 to March 2020, 45 children with bacterial infection were selected as the bacterial infection group, 45 children with viral infection were selected as the viral infection group, and 50 children who came to our hospital for physical examination at the same time were selected as the control group. All of them received blood routine examination. The WBC count and WBC positive rate of the three groups were compared. Results: WBC of bacterial infection group was (17.97 ± 3.54), significantly higher than that of virus infection group (10.33 ± 3.60) and control group (8.02 ± 2.54) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the virus infection group and the control group (P > 0.05). The positive rate of WBC in bacterial infection group was 80.00%, which was significantly higher than that in virus infection group (42.22%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: blood routine examination can provide reliable data for clinical diagnosis of bacterial infection in children.
基金Project of Guangdong Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Fund(A2022011)Major Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen Nanshan District Health System(NSZD2023067)Sub-project of Education(Health)Science and Technology Project of Nanshan District Technology Research and Development and Creative Design Project in Shenzhen(NS2022002)。
文摘Objective:To explore the accuracy and stability of the results of peripheral blood routine tests at different time points after anticoagulation and standing,providing a scientific basis for actual clinical work.Methods:In this study,30 patients who visited the hospital in October 2023 were randomly selected and divided into two groups(15 cases in each group).The same collection method was used for routine blood tests.The tests were performed after anticoagulation and standing for 5 minutes,1 hour,and 5 minutes,2 hours respectively,and the routine blood test indicators at different time points were compared.Results:After comparison,there were no significant differences in the results of routine blood tests at 5 minutes after mixing,anticoagulating,and standing peripheral blood and those at 1 hour and 2 hours(P>0.05).Conclusion:The results of peripheral blood after mixing,anticoagulating,and standing for 5 minutes are stable compared with those after standing for 1 hour and 2 hours.In actual work,the pre-test turnaround time can be appropriately extended.
文摘Malaria infection is the most common diagnosis made in Africa. Efficient diagnosis of malaria parasite is very vital for treatment of malaria infection. The efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in comparison to microscopy, the gold standard, in the diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria has not been fully ascertained. This study compared the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of RDTs available in Nigeria market with microscopy. Two RDT kits were used and their results were compared with the gold standard, microscopy using thick and thin blood films (TBF and tBF). TBF had sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 30%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.6%;tBF had sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 35%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 55.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 63.6%. Among the RDTs, Care Start HRP2 kit had sensitivity of 65%, specificity of 50%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 56.5%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59% while SD Bioline kit had sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 65%, PPV of 61%, and NPV of 59%. It can thus be inferred that rapid diagnostic test kits are not as sensitive as microscopy in diagnosis of malaria parasite, but they are more accurate and are thus suitable alternatives to microscopy.
文摘According to the guidelines by the Japanese government, optical colonoscopy is the most strongly recommended diagnostic test after screening with the immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT), followed by double-contrast barium enema (BE) or sigmoidoscopy. Our study was to assess patterns and trends of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnostic testing within 2 years after iFOBT. We analyzed both iFOBT results and claims data provided by employee health insurance societies in Japan from 2005 to 2010. 25,596 enrollees underwent iFOBT screening. The positive rate was 5.1%. 32.3% of those positive underwent diagnostic tests and 1.0% (12 patients) were confirmed as having cancer. The most common test was optical colonoscopy (77.2% of total tests), followed by BE (16.2%). From 2006 to 2009, the rate of optical colonoscopy for females increased from 55% to 82% and that of BE declined from 36% to 12%, while no significant changes were seen for males. Only one-third of those who tested positive underwent diagnostic test in the 2 years following screening iFOBT. As official guidelines for diagnostic testing of CRC recommend, optical colonoscopy is now the most commonly used diagnostic test after positive iFOBT result for enrollees in employee health insurance societies in Japan.
文摘Background: Failure to demonstrate the presence of malaria parasites prior to treatment with anti-malarial drugs remains a challenge in Uganda, often resulting into over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs to febrile patients suspected of malaria. The aim of this study was to describe the role of utilization of malaria diagnostic tests and associated factors in the receipt of anti-malarial drugs among febrile patients suspected of malaria. Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, client-exit interviews with febrile patients and key-informant interviews with purposively selected health workers were conducted at outpatient clinics of health centre IV facilities in Mukono district. Data entry and analysis were done using EpiData 3.2 and STATA 10 respectively. Data were described using frequency distributions and proportions. Chi square was used in two by two tables, odds ratios as the measure of association and an alpha level of 0.05 was used in all significance tests. Results: Out of 408 respondents, the majority were female (252, 61.8%) and a third of the samples were aged five years and below. The mean age in years was 3.3 with a standard deviation of 2.1. More than half of the respondents (359, 88%) utilized malaria diagnostic tests and about half (241, 59%) received anti-malarial drugs. There were no statistically significant differences between utilizers and non-utilizers in most characteristics except age, history of indoor residual spraying and perceived satisfaction with services at outpatient clinics. Utilizers were 75% less likely to receive anti-malarial drugs than non-utilizers after controlling for age, sex and residence (OR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.66). Frequent power cut-offs as well as limited knowledge on malaria treatment guidelines amongst laboratory personnel were some of the major limitations to microscopic diagnosis of malaria. Conclusion: Utilizers were 75% less likely to receive anti-malarial drugs as opposed to non-utilizers. This implies that increasing utilization of malaria diagnostic tests can reduce the problem of over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs by 75% among those tested for malaria, since anti-malarial drugs would be received by only those with a parasi- tologically-confirmed diagnosis of malaria. Policy implications: To overcome the problem of over-prescription of anti-malarial drugs, there must be a policy that ensures a consistent power supply in all public health laboratories. Training of health workers should encompass all cadres and work-shifts for laboratory personnel should be established to enhance utilization of malaria diagnostic tests especially at night.
文摘The two most common techniques available for diagnosis of malaria in Nigeria are microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, in diagnosing asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitaemia among donors, the preferred technique should not only be timely but must not compromise diagnosis. It should be more sensitive with minimal chances of false negative results. This study was carried out to compare microscopy and RDTs as effective tools for diagnosis of Plasmodium parasitaemia among blood donors in Port Harcourt. There were 200 donors involved in the study among which 135 (67.5%) tested positive and 65 (32.5%) tested negative on microscopy whereas 30 (15.0%) tested positive and 170 (85.0%) tested negative to RDT with a statistically significant difference between both techniques. Data were analysed using the statistical package epi-info version 7.02. We therefore recommend that microscopy using giemsa-stained blood films remain the method of choice for diagnosis of Plasmodium parasitaemia among blood donors to prevent the spread of transfusion malaria.
文摘COVID 19 has caused capitulation from healthcare entities all over the world. First described in Hubei, China, the virus has spread to 185 countries, showing little signs of eradication or eradication. There does not exist a medical treatment regimen or a vaccine to address COVID 19 definitively. The best response, to date, has been early diagnosis and immediate isolation or quarantine of the patient, with supportive care. As medical institutions all around the world struggle to keep up with this pandemic, there is not a consensus amongst medical professionals in the rapid diagnosis of this disease entity. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to review the literature and establish a test, or tests, that would aid the clinician in attaining a swift, yet accurate diagnosis. Methods: We searched PubMed and Google scholar and reviewed 32 articles. Keyword searches consisted of COVID 19, pandemic, diagnoses, diagnostic testing, pandemic amongst others. We compared the data obtained from these studies in an effort to find the best diagnostic test. Results: There were a total of 12,270 patients that were in our study [1]-[32]. This is the largest study to date in the literature addressing diagnosis of COVID 19. Fever, cough and fatigue, in that respective order were the most common clinical symptoms. Laboratory findings consisted of leukopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and elevated C-reactive protein, CRP. The gold standard test described in multiple studies was the RT-PCR. Serum assays of IgM and IgG were also drawn and found to be accurate in 93% of the time. CT Chest was both sensitive and specific, 90% and 86%. This diagnostic imaging was even more successful when coupled with clinical symptoms and approaching days 7 - 12 since the onset of clinical symptoms. Discussion: This is the largest study compiled to address diagnostic testing in COVID 19 patients. The patient population is spread vastly around the world, with access to many reported tests limited in certain countries. Given the significant sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic imaging, in the setting of clinical symptoms, we recommend patient undergo CT Chest in the face of COVID 19 exposure and clinical symptoms. While RT-PCR, IgM-IgG assays are beneficial, isolation, treatment, and possible quarantine of presumptive positive COVID 19 patients (based upon clinical symptoms and imaging) should not be delayed, for fear of increased infectivity and further risk to society at large.
文摘This investigation deals with the intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction. A modified parallel algorithm for fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction is proposed. The algorithm is allowed to optimize processing time on tests construction. A matrix model of data and knowledge representation, as well as various kinds of regularities in data and knowledge are presented. Applied intelligent system for diagnostic of mental health of population which is developed with the use of intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant DTs construction is suggested.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21572091 and 21472075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. lzujbky-2016-51) by Ministry of Education of China
文摘By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. Due to different pull-push electronic effects of ligands, the fluorescence intensities of these terbium complexes significantly varied, that is： LⅡ·Tb 〉L（Ⅲ）·Tb〉 LⅠ·Tb. Meanwhile, the characteristic peaks at 492 nm（5D4→7F6） and 547 nm（5 D4→7F5） showed ＂Off–On–Off＂ fluorescence response to various p H conditions,which indicated that all of them can be used as the highly sensitive pH fluorescent probes. Notably, using LⅡ·Tb with the best fluorescence performance as a probe, some patients＇ urine samples can be easily monitored through the response triggered by pH value. Therefore, LⅡ·Tb has the potential to auxiliarily diagnose some diseases in clinical practice through p H detection of routine urine test.
基金Supported by Ningxia Agricultural Reclamation Group Science and Technology Innovation ProjectNew Feed Technology Promotion Project of Ningxia Agriculture and Rural DepartmentNingxia Feed Industry Expert Technical Service Group Project。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze effects of antimicrobial peptides added to the diet of Tan sheep on their production, slaughter performance and blood composition. [Methods] Ninety two four-month-old Tan sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups according to their body weight, 46 in each group. The control check group(CK) was feed with conventional diet, and the experimental group was fed with the addition of antimicrobial peptide on the basis of the conventional diet, with the added amount of 2.5 g/sheep per day. The experimental period was 60 d. [Results] The incidence rate was 75.06% lower in the experimental group than in the CK. The average daily weight gain per sheep was 11.27% higher in the experimental group than in the CK(P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was 8.45% lower in the experimental group than in the CK(P<0.05). The average daily gross profit per sheep was 12.12% higher in the experimental group than in the CK. For slaughter performance, the data difference of each item was not significant. The PH at 45 min and 24 h after slaughter was within the normal range of fresh mutton. The cooked meat percentage and water loss rate showed no significant differences(P>0.05). The marbling ranged from 2.45 to 2.50, indicating that the fat content was moderate, and the difference between groups was not significant(P>0.05). The flesh color ranged from 3.00 to 3.15, between light red and bright red, belonging to the normal color of mutton, and the difference between groups was not significant(P>0.05). The shear force was between 2.50 and 2.65, without a significant difference between groups(P>0.05). The white blood cells, lymphocytes and platelets in the experimental group were lower than those in the CK(P<0.01). The erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the erythrocyte group were higher than those in the CK(P<0.05). The neutrophils and monocytes in the experimental group were lower than those in the CK(P<0.05). [Conclusions] This study provides a technical basis for the rational use of antimicrobial peptides and their application in ruminants.
文摘This study tested a novel method designed to provide useful information for medical diagnosis and treatment. We measured electroencephalography (EEG) during a test of eye opening and closing, a common test in routine EEG examination. This test is mainly used for measuring the degree of alpha blocking and sensitivity during eyes opening and closing. However, because these factors depend on the subject’s awareness, drowsiness can interfere with accurate diagnosis. We sought to determine the optimal EEG frequency band and optimal brain region for distinguishing healthy individuals from patients suffering from several neurophysiological diseases (including dementia, cerebrovascular disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, and epilepsy) while fully awake, and while in an early drowsy state. We tested four groups of subjects (awake healthy subjects, drowsy healthy subjects, awake patients and drowsy patients). The complexity of EEG band frequencies over five lobes in the human brain was analyzed using wavelet-based approximate entropy (ApEn). Two-way analysis of variance tested the effects of the two factors of interest (subjects’ health state, and subjects’ wakefulness state) on five different lobes of the brain during eyes opening and closing. The complexity of the theta and delta bands over frontal and central regions, respectively, was significantly greater in the healthy state during eyes opening. In contrast, patients exhibited increased complexity of gamma band activity over the temporal region only, during eyes-close. The early drowsy state and wakefulness state increased the complexity of theta band activity over the temporal region only during eyes-close and eyes-open states respectively, and this change was significantly greater in control subjects compared with patients. We propose that this method may be useful in routine EEG examination, to aid medical doctors and clinicians in distinguishing healthy individuals from patients, regardless of whether the subject is fully awake or in the early stages of drowsiness.
文摘Objective: to explore the application of life test and routine test in the diagnosis of diabetes. Methods: 100 patients suspected of diabetic diseases were selected for biochemical test and routine test, and the results were compared. Results: compared with routine test, biochemical test has higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: biochemical test has more clinical value in the diagnosis of diabetes.
文摘Objective: the differences of blood routine test results between venous blood and capillary blood were analyzed. Methods: The subjects of the study were 120 healthy outpatients from August 2019 to August 2021. They were divided into two groups according to the random method (n=60 for each group). The capillary blood was collected in the control group and venous blood was collected in the observation group. The results of WBC, HCT, RBC, Hb, PLT, MCHC, MCV and HCT were statistically compared between the two groups. Results: WBC of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, HCT, RBC, Hb, PLT and MCHC of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, p < 0.05 (the difference was statistically significant). Compared with the control group, the MCV and HCT of the observation group had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: venous blood collection in blood routine test can improve the accuracy of test results, and can be the preferred collection method in blood collection with high clinical value.
文摘To study and analyze the influence of peripheral blood and venous blood on the test results in blood routine test. Methods: from September 2020 to June 2021, 152 patients who underwent blood routine test were included in the laboratory department of our hospital. All patients collected peripheral blood and venous blood for blood routine test respectively. The blood source of peripheral blood for blood routine test was peripheral blood group, and the blood source of elbow vein blood for blood routine test was venous blood group, The differences of blood routine test results between the two groups at 0 min were compared, and the blood sources of the two groups were tested for many times at 0 min, 10 min and 30 min after blood collection. The test results were analyzed and compared, and the satisfaction of the two blood collection methods, time and pain were evaluated. Results: at 0 min of blood collection, the leukocyte count value of venous blood group was lower than that of peripheral blood group, while the erythrocyte count value, hemoglobin concentration value, platelet count value, erythrocyte backlog value and average hemoglobin concentration value of venous blood group were higher than those of peripheral blood group (P < 0.05);However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05);The test results of peripheral blood group and venous blood group were compared for multiple tests at 0 min, 10 min and 30 min after blood collection respectively. There was no significant difference in the test results of erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood group at each time period (P > 0.05), while the test results of leukocyte count and platelet count at 0 min were different from those at 10 min. There was significant difference in the results of 30 min test (P < 0.05), indicating that the index value will change with time;There was no significant difference in the test results of leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and platelet count in the venous blood group (P > 0.05), indicating that the indexes in the blood were relatively stable;Comparing the satisfaction scores of the two groups, the scores of the two groups were higher, and the satisfaction of peripheral blood was slightly higher, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: comparing the satisfaction of the two groups of patients, the acceptability of the two blood collection methods is very high. From the analysis of the test results, on the whole, the test results of peripheral blood are slightly lower than those of venous blood. It is analyzed that the reason for this result may be that the peripheral blood causes the damage of blood cells during the extrusion process and reduces the count, and the white blood cell count. The platelet count value will change over time and affect the test results, while the venous blood test results have little difference within 30min, indicating that various indexes in venous blood are relatively stable within a certain period of time, and the accuracy of test results is higher.
文摘Objective: to study and analyze the application value of blood routine in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: into our hospital from February 2021 to January 2022 admitted 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection, collect peripheral blood after admission blood routine examination, and refer to clinical comprehensive diagnosis on the diagnostic efficiency of blood routine examination evaluation analysis, and this group of suspected upper respiratory tract infection blood routine examination qualitative and quantitative results analysis. Results: this group of 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases, the clinical comprehensive diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection in 45 cases, qualitative analysis of blood routine examination results for 43 cases, referring to clinical comprehensive diagnosis analysis, this group of 60 cases of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases of blood routine examination, diagnosis compliance rate, specificity, sensitivity are higher, diagnostic efficiency is outstanding. Among the 43 cases with routine blood examination results being positive in this group of suspected upper respiratory tract infection cases, the quantitative results of quantitative white blood cell count were higher than the 17 cases with negative results, which was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of blood routine white blood cell count in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection can provide a practical basis for the diagnosis and differentiation of upper respiratory tract infection, and the diagnostic efficiency is outstanding.
