Background： Frequent outbreaks of insects and diseases have been recorded in the native forests of western North America during the last few decades, but the distribution of these outbreaks has been far from uniform....Background： Frequent outbreaks of insects and diseases have been recorded in the native forests of western North America during the last few decades, but the distribution of these outbreaks has been far from uniform. In some cases, recent climatic variations may explain some of this spatial variation along with the presence of expansive forests composed of dense, older trees. Forest managers and policy makers would benefit if areas especially prone to disturbance could be recognized so that mitigating actions could be taken. Methods： We use two ponderosa pine-dominated sites in western Montana, U.S.A. to apply a modeling approach that couples information acquired via remote sensing, soil surveys, and local weather stations to assess where bark beetle outbreaks might first occur and why. Although there was a general downward trend in precipitation for both sites over the period between 1998 and 2010 （slope =-1.3, R2 = 0.08）, interannual variability was high. Some years showed large increases followed by sharp decreases. Both sites had similar topography and fire histories, but bark beetle activity occurred earlier （circa 2000 to 2001） and more severely on one site than on the other. The initial canopy density of the two sites was also similar, with leaf area indices ranging between 1.7-2.0 m2. m-2. We wondered if the difference in bark beetle activity was related to soils that were higher in clay content at site I than at site II. To assess this possibility, we applied a process-based stand growth model （3-PG） to analyze the data and evaluate the hypotheses. Results： We found that when wet years were followed by drier years, the simulated annual wood production per unit of leaf area, a measure of tree vigor, dropped below a critical threshold on site I but not on site II. Conclusion： We concluded that the difference in vulnerability of the two stands to beetle outbreaks can be explained largely by differences in gross photosynthesis attributed to the fact that an equivalent amount of stored water in the rooting zone （100 mm） is extracted less efficiently from fine-textured soils than from coarse-textured ones.展开更多
Foreword Since the foundation of P.R.C.,the China's power grid develops with a high rate.By now,grids in all provinces except Xinjiang,Tibet,Hainan and Taiwan are AC/DC interconnected together,forming the structur...Foreword Since the foundation of P.R.C.,the China's power grid develops with a high rate.By now,grids in all provinces except Xinjiang,Tibet,Hainan and Taiwan are AC/DC interconnected together,forming the structure of power grid interconnection in the whole country.展开更多
China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the d...China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the diversification of its automobiles, with multi-grades and functions. The steady increase in output of automobiles is a significant feature in China’s auto industry in recent years. In the 1980s, the industry developed rapidly, with fluctuations at times.展开更多
This article is a detailed abstract of the strategic objectives and policy suggestions for China’s sustainable development in the national 10th Five-year Plan (2001-2005) and the decade-long National Scheme by 2010, ...This article is a detailed abstract of the strategic objectives and policy suggestions for China’s sustainable development in the national 10th Five-year Plan (2001-2005) and the decade-long National Scheme by 2010, proposed in a report on China’s current actualities by a joint research team on national conditions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University.展开更多
Important tasks involving four major topics will be allocated priority in China’s science and technology (S&T) development during the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (2001-2005), according to Zhu Lilan, minister of Sc...Important tasks involving four major topics will be allocated priority in China’s science and technology (S&T) development during the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (2001-2005), according to Zhu Lilan, minister of Science and Technology. These include: strengthening technological innovation to provide strong momentum展开更多
Ⅳ.Development of Printing Technology i.16 characters guideline and 28 characters guidefine directed the development of China’s printing technology Mr.Fan Muhan chaired 16 characters guideline in September,1982,which...Ⅳ.Development of Printing Technology i.16 characters guideline and 28 characters guidefine directed the development of China’s printing technology Mr.Fan Muhan chaired 16 characters guideline in September,1982,which includes laserphototypesetting,展开更多
(connected to the last month’s Print China) V.Regional Economy Regional imbalance appeared in development of China’s printing industry because of impact of gov-
The 30 years since kaige kaifang, or the implementation of reform and openingup policies, are a period when human rights in China have had the fastest development. Human rights development in these years has followed ...The 30 years since kaige kaifang, or the implementation of reform and openingup policies, are a period when human rights in China have had the fastest development. Human rights development in these years has followed this thread： economic development -emancipation of the mind-social opening-international cooperation.展开更多
Effects on sustainable development of climate change have been going further nowadays.National Five Year Development Plan in China should have specific policies on how to take climate change impacts into account throu...Effects on sustainable development of climate change have been going further nowadays.National Five Year Development Plan in China should have specific policies on how to take climate change impacts into account through the environmental planning.Key fields distribute in three levels of natural bearing capacity,production system and human settlements,and include seven aspects:ecosystems,water resources,disasters and risks,low-carbon economy,vulnerable departments,urbanization,and coastland.展开更多
Consumption pattern of beta carotene rich foods from 500 households of Coimbatore district was elicited. Through market surveys in four seasons namely: summer, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and winter, a year...Consumption pattern of beta carotene rich foods from 500 households of Coimbatore district was elicited. Through market surveys in four seasons namely: summer, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and winter, a year calendar of beta carotene rich foods was developed. The total and beta carotene contents of five commonly consumed beta carotene rich foods both in raw and cooked states were determined. Results indicated that greens were mainly purchased from market and consumed 2-3 times per week. Cooking loss was maximum in boiling and minimum in shallow fat frying. Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii),amaranth tender (Amaranthus gangeticus), agathi (Sesbania grandopra), and ponnanganni (Alternanthera sessilis) were the carotene rich foods available round the year. Cost of most greens was highest in summer and lowest in north-east monsoon. Within a cost of 13-14 ps in summer, 4-10 ps in south-west monsoon and north-west monsoon and 4-12 ps in winter season, the entire day's requirement of beta carotene (2400μg) could be obtained in the form of agathi/amaranth throughout the year: in the form of drumstick leaves and mint in south-west monsoon; as curry leaves and coriander leaves in winter and as agathi,paruppukeerai and amaranth in summer. From this year calendar, according to seasonal availability and cost, low-cost high carotene foods can be selected and used for increasing the beta carotene intake in the intervention programmes and in the community展开更多
It is a particular privilege for me to have been invited by CAFIU to share my views on the 30 years of partnership between the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU) and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftun...It is a particular privilege for me to have been invited by CAFIU to share my views on the 30 years of partnership between the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU) and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in developing cooperation between Germany and China.Since I have been directly involved in展开更多
In celebration of JIPB＇s 60th anniversary, this paper summarizes and reviews the development process of the journal. To start, we offer our heartfelt thanks to JIPB＇s pioneer Editors-in-Chief who helped get the jour...In celebration of JIPB＇s 60th anniversary, this paper summarizes and reviews the development process of the journal. To start, we offer our heartfelt thanks to JIPB＇s pioneer Editors-in-Chief who helped get the journal off the ground and make it successful. Academic achievement is the soul of academic journals, and this paper summarizes JIPB＇s course of academic development by analyzing it in four stages： the first two stages are mostly qualitative analyses, and the latter two stages are dedicated to quantitative analyses. Most-cited papers were statistically analyzed. Improvements in editing, pub- lication, distribution and online accessibility--which are detailed in this paper--contribute to JIPB＇s sustainable development. In addition, JIPB＇s evaluation index and awards are provided with accompany- ing pictures. At the end of the paper, JIPB＇s milestones are listed chronologically. We believe that JIPB＇s development, from a national journal to an international one, parallels the development of the Chinese plant sciences.展开更多
The system for flood control and disaster relief should be upgraded. Flood- control systems for major rivers and lakes should be built. Broken dikes for water reservoirs should be repaired. An
文摘Background： Frequent outbreaks of insects and diseases have been recorded in the native forests of western North America during the last few decades, but the distribution of these outbreaks has been far from uniform. In some cases, recent climatic variations may explain some of this spatial variation along with the presence of expansive forests composed of dense, older trees. Forest managers and policy makers would benefit if areas especially prone to disturbance could be recognized so that mitigating actions could be taken. Methods： We use two ponderosa pine-dominated sites in western Montana, U.S.A. to apply a modeling approach that couples information acquired via remote sensing, soil surveys, and local weather stations to assess where bark beetle outbreaks might first occur and why. Although there was a general downward trend in precipitation for both sites over the period between 1998 and 2010 （slope =-1.3, R2 = 0.08）, interannual variability was high. Some years showed large increases followed by sharp decreases. Both sites had similar topography and fire histories, but bark beetle activity occurred earlier （circa 2000 to 2001） and more severely on one site than on the other. The initial canopy density of the two sites was also similar, with leaf area indices ranging between 1.7-2.0 m2. m-2. We wondered if the difference in bark beetle activity was related to soils that were higher in clay content at site I than at site II. To assess this possibility, we applied a process-based stand growth model （3-PG） to analyze the data and evaluate the hypotheses. Results： We found that when wet years were followed by drier years, the simulated annual wood production per unit of leaf area, a measure of tree vigor, dropped below a critical threshold on site I but not on site II. Conclusion： We concluded that the difference in vulnerability of the two stands to beetle outbreaks can be explained largely by differences in gross photosynthesis attributed to the fact that an equivalent amount of stored water in the rooting zone （100 mm） is extracted less efficiently from fine-textured soils than from coarse-textured ones.
文摘Foreword Since the foundation of P.R.C.,the China's power grid develops with a high rate.By now,grids in all provinces except Xinjiang,Tibet,Hainan and Taiwan are AC/DC interconnected together,forming the structure of power grid interconnection in the whole country.
文摘China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the diversification of its automobiles, with multi-grades and functions. The steady increase in output of automobiles is a significant feature in China’s auto industry in recent years. In the 1980s, the industry developed rapidly, with fluctuations at times.
文摘This article is a detailed abstract of the strategic objectives and policy suggestions for China’s sustainable development in the national 10th Five-year Plan (2001-2005) and the decade-long National Scheme by 2010, proposed in a report on China’s current actualities by a joint research team on national conditions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University.
文摘Important tasks involving four major topics will be allocated priority in China’s science and technology (S&T) development during the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (2001-2005), according to Zhu Lilan, minister of Science and Technology. These include: strengthening technological innovation to provide strong momentum
文摘Ⅳ.Development of Printing Technology i.16 characters guideline and 28 characters guidefine directed the development of China’s printing technology Mr.Fan Muhan chaired 16 characters guideline in September,1982,which includes laserphototypesetting,
文摘(connected to the last month’s Print China) V.Regional Economy Regional imbalance appeared in development of China’s printing industry because of impact of gov-
文摘The 30 years since kaige kaifang, or the implementation of reform and openingup policies, are a period when human rights in China have had the fastest development. Human rights development in these years has followed this thread： economic development -emancipation of the mind-social opening-international cooperation.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40976021,40901081,41101141)
文摘Effects on sustainable development of climate change have been going further nowadays.National Five Year Development Plan in China should have specific policies on how to take climate change impacts into account through the environmental planning.Key fields distribute in three levels of natural bearing capacity,production system and human settlements,and include seven aspects:ecosystems,water resources,disasters and risks,low-carbon economy,vulnerable departments,urbanization,and coastland.
文摘Consumption pattern of beta carotene rich foods from 500 households of Coimbatore district was elicited. Through market surveys in four seasons namely: summer, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and winter, a year calendar of beta carotene rich foods was developed. The total and beta carotene contents of five commonly consumed beta carotene rich foods both in raw and cooked states were determined. Results indicated that greens were mainly purchased from market and consumed 2-3 times per week. Cooking loss was maximum in boiling and minimum in shallow fat frying. Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii),amaranth tender (Amaranthus gangeticus), agathi (Sesbania grandopra), and ponnanganni (Alternanthera sessilis) were the carotene rich foods available round the year. Cost of most greens was highest in summer and lowest in north-east monsoon. Within a cost of 13-14 ps in summer, 4-10 ps in south-west monsoon and north-west monsoon and 4-12 ps in winter season, the entire day's requirement of beta carotene (2400μg) could be obtained in the form of agathi/amaranth throughout the year: in the form of drumstick leaves and mint in south-west monsoon; as curry leaves and coriander leaves in winter and as agathi,paruppukeerai and amaranth in summer. From this year calendar, according to seasonal availability and cost, low-cost high carotene foods can be selected and used for increasing the beta carotene intake in the intervention programmes and in the community
文摘It is a particular privilege for me to have been invited by CAFIU to share my views on the 30 years of partnership between the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU) and the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in developing cooperation between Germany and China.Since I have been directly involved in
文摘In celebration of JIPB＇s 60th anniversary, this paper summarizes and reviews the development process of the journal. To start, we offer our heartfelt thanks to JIPB＇s pioneer Editors-in-Chief who helped get the journal off the ground and make it successful. Academic achievement is the soul of academic journals, and this paper summarizes JIPB＇s course of academic development by analyzing it in four stages： the first two stages are mostly qualitative analyses, and the latter two stages are dedicated to quantitative analyses. Most-cited papers were statistically analyzed. Improvements in editing, pub- lication, distribution and online accessibility--which are detailed in this paper--contribute to JIPB＇s sustainable development. In addition, JIPB＇s evaluation index and awards are provided with accompany- ing pictures. At the end of the paper, JIPB＇s milestones are listed chronologically. We believe that JIPB＇s development, from a national journal to an international one, parallels the development of the Chinese plant sciences.
文摘The system for flood control and disaster relief should be upgraded. Flood- control systems for major rivers and lakes should be built. Broken dikes for water reservoirs should be repaired. An
